Staphylococcus lugdunensis

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Staphylococcus lugdunensis
Systematics
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Staphylococcaceae
Genre : Staphylococcus
Type : Staphylococcus lugdunensis
Scientific name
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
Freney et al. 1988

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a bacterium belonging to the genus Staphylococci . It was firstdescribedin Lyon in1988and named after the Latin name for Lyon. Nasal strains of the bacterium produce a substance that has an antibiotic effect, which its discoverers at the University of Tübingen called Lugdunin .

features

Appearance

Staphylococcus lugdunensis forms immobile, gram-positive cocci with a diameter of 0.8 to 1 µm. They grow individually, in pairs, in small clusters or in chains three to five cells in length; endospores are not formed.

The morphology and pigmentation of the strains are variable and depend on the nutrient medium and the duration of the incubation . Staphylococcus lugdunensis forms round, smooth, shiny colonies 1 to 4 mm in diameter on P-agar and P-agar with milk after incubation at 35 ° C. for 72 hours. The edges of the colonies are quite flat, the center slightly raised. Some colonies are rough and dull with irregular edges. The color of the colonies is pale yellowish after 1 to 2 days, depending on the strain, and pale yellowish to golden or cream colored after 3 to 5 days.

Growth and metabolism

As usual for Staphylococcus species, the catalase test is positive and the oxidase test is negative. Staphylococcus lugdunensis is facultatively anaerobic ; H. it can grow with or without oxygen . In the absence of oxygen, fermentation is carried out to generate energy, during which mainly D - (-) - lactate (the anion of D - (-) - lactic acid ) is formed from glucose . Further information can be found in the Evidence section .

Common nutrient media are suitable for cultivation ; the bacteria can be found on P agar, which is not defined in the first description , but also on Columbia blood agar , casein soy peptone agar (CASO agar) and in brain and heart broth to breed. On Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood, the colonies develop a characteristic odor that is reminiscent of hypochlorites used as bleaching agents and is also typical of Eikenella corrodens . This odor is also formed on Columbia agar with calf blood or human blood, but not when horse blood is used. It is believed that the smell is a breakdown product of certain fatty acids in the erythrocytes , which differ depending on the origin of the red blood cells.

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is mesophilic , optimal growth takes place at a temperature of 37 ° C, good growth takes place in a temperature range of 30–45 ° C, weak growth takes place at 20 ° C. The bacterium is halo tolerant and continues to grow in culture media with a sodium chloride - a mass concentration of 100 g / l (10% (w / v)) good, occurs at a NaCl-mass concentration of 150 g / l (15% (w / v)) or weak growth.

Chemotaxonomic Features

The cell wall made up of many layers of murein in gram-positive bacteria is of the A3alpha L-Lys-Gly 5-6 type . The teichonic acids anchored in the murein layers contain glycerol , glucose and glucosamine .

Antibacterial substances

Staphylococcus lugdunensis reacts to antibacterial substances as follows : It is resistant to lysozyme (400 mg / ml) and the bacteriocins bacitracin and vibriostatic component O / 129. In contrast, the bacterium is sensitive to the bacteriocin lysostaphin (25 mg / ml) and to the antibiotic novobiocin (0.12 µg / ml). The antibiograms carried out at the first description show similar results for S. lugdunensis and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, the bacteria are, for example, sensitive to penicillin G , oxacillin , gentamicin , erythromycin and clindamycin .

genetics

The GC content , ie the proportion of the nucleobases guanine and cytosine in the bacterial DNA , is 32 mol percent in the type strain N860297  . Recent sequencing of the genome shows a GC content of about 33.9 mole percent. Currently (as of 2020) 17 complete genome sequencing of different strains have been carried out, the genome is available as a circular bacterial chromosome and has a size of 2,540 to 2,695 kilobase pairs (kb). The genome of the type strain contains 2,422 coding genes , 2,292 of which are suspected genes with regard to annotation for proteins . In addition, 51 pseudogenes , 59 tRNAs and 16 rRNAs were identified. By some sequencing, plasmids could be detected, their size is between 3 and 12 kb.

Pathogenicity

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is  assigned to risk group 2 by the Biological Agents Ordinance in conjunction with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 . The virulence factors typical for some Staphylococcus species , such as enterotoxins A, B and C, TSST-1 (Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1) and exfoliatin, are not produced by S. lugdunensis . On Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood , there is weak hemolysis ; it is β-hemolysis , which becomes visible after two days of incubation. Hemolysis does not occur on Columbia Agar with 5% horse blood.

proof

Biochemical features, such as the enzymes present and the resulting metabolic properties, can be used in a colored row to identify Staphylococcus lugdunensis or to distinguish it from other Staphylococcus species. S. lugdunensis utilizes the following carbohydrates and sugar alcohols with acid formation: D - glucose, D - fructose , D - mannose , lactose , maltose , sucrose , trehalose and glycerol. L - arabinose , D - ribose , D - xylose , cellobiose , melibiose , raffinose , D - mannitol and xylitol are not used under acid formation .

Nitrate will nitrite reduced and from pyruvate is acetoin formed (positive Voges-Proskauer test ). Also has S. lugdunensis via the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), Pyrolidonyl aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase for the cleavage of N-acetylglucosamine . In contrast, the detection of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase , arginine dihydrolase (ADH), β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase is negative. These examinations can be used for miniaturized test systems (e.g. the API-ID-32 Staph system). The results for Staphylococcus lugdunensis can be viewed in the freely accessible database BacDive of the DSMZ ( German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures ). Systems that are automated in terms of equipment (e.g. the Vitek system) are also based on the metabolic properties.

The enzymes or reactions typical for some representatives of the genus do not occur in S. lugdunensis , the coagulase reaction is negative, no heat-stable nuclease and no staphylokinase are formed. However, as with Staphylococcus aureus of the Clumping Factor A formed with the human blood plasma reacts. The characteristic odor of the colonies on Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood can serve as an indication of S. lugdunensis .

meaning

Occurrence

Staphylococcus lugdunensis belongs to the coagulase-negative staphylococci , is part of the skin flora and usually colonizes the perineum . The eleven strains examined at the time of the first description were isolated from blood , from an intrauterine device (“coil”), a chest drain , an abscess drain , the navel and an axillary lymph node. Normally, however, the bacterium is an ectocommensal that is part of the normal skin flora of the groin region and other parts of the body that have apocrine sweat glands , such as the armpit , ear canal , eyelid and areola of the female breast. The bacterium is present in women in higher numbers than in men.

Medical importance

Staphylococcus lugdunensis can in rare cases lead to an endocarditis at one of the heart valves leading, frequently the bacterium is of superficial infections of the skin involved. According to an analysis by Danish scientists of 491 infections caused by S. lugdunensis , 36% of the cases were skin abscesses , 25% wound infections and 13% paronychia (inflammation of the nail bed). 3% of the cases involved serious, invasive infections, such as those caused by Staphylococcus aureus . The scientists conclude that S. lugdunensis is a common pathogen associated with skin and soft tissue infections that is mistaken for other coagulase-negative staphylococci due to inadequate diagnostics. With regard to the clinical symptoms, these infections caused by S. lugdunensis and S. aureus (coagulase-positive) cannot be distinguished.

A systematic review from 2011 lists S. lugdunensis as a cause of osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone marrow), septic arthritis and postoperative endophthalmitis . When compared to other coagulase-negative staphylococci, mortality appears to be higher in endocarditis caused by S. lugdunensis . Therefore, cases of bacteremia should also be evaluated for endocarditis.

Infections from implanted medical devices are often caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci and S. aureus . This also applies to S. lugdunensis , which can form biofilms that protect the bacteria from antibiotics and defense reactions of the immune system . The S. lugdunensis biofilms contain proteins .

Production of bacteriocins

Staphylococcus lugdunensis produces a bacteriocin called lugdunin after the epithet . Lugdunin, which is mainly formed by nasally occurring strains, prevents colonization with S. aureus . The examination of nasal swabs from 187 people showed that S. aureus is only detectable there in 5.9% of the cases of people with a nasal colonization with S. lugdunensis . If, on the other hand, S. lugdunensis is not present in the nose, S. aureus can be detected there in 34.7% of the cases. Lugdunin or the bacterium that produces this substance is therefore suitable for reducing the likelihood of infections by S. aureus .

Systematics and Etymology

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is one of more than 50 species of the genus Staphylococcus Rosenbach 1884 (Approved Lists 1980) from the family of Staphylococcaceae grinder & Bell 2010. phenotypically similar to S. lugdunensis the type Staphylococcus hominis , however, ODC-positive and has the fibrinogen affinity factor on . Staphylococcus lugdunensis Freney et al. 1988 is defined by the type trunk N860297. The type strain isolated from an axillary lymph node is listed in other strain collections as ATCC 43809, CCUG 25348, CIP 103642, DSM 4804, LMG 13346, NCTC 12217 and NRRL B-14774.

The bacteria examined as part of the initial description came from medical samples collected in Lyon , France. Freney et al. chose this location for the epithet, lugdunensis is the Latin adjective of Lugdunum , the Latin name of Lyon. Another species was first described by the same study, Staphylococcus schleiferi .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Species Staphylococcus lugdunensis. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved March 7, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b c Alexander Zipperer, Martin C. Konnerth, Claudia Laux, Anne Berscheid, Daniela Janek, Christopher Weidenmaier, Marc Burian, Nadine A. Schilling, Christoph Slavetinsky, Matthias Marschal, Matthias Willmann, Hubert Kalbacher, Birgit Schittek, Heike Brötz- Oesterhelt, Stephanie Grond, Andreas Peschel, Bernhard Krismer: Human commensals producing a novel antibiotic impair pathogen colonization . In: Nature . tape 535 , July 27, 2016, p. 511-516 , doi : 10.1038 / nature18634 .
  3. ↑ a b Bacterium in the nose produces antibiotic. In: Website Spiegel Online . July 28, 2016, accessed March 7, 2020 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Jean Freney, Yvonne Brun, Michele Bes, Helene Meugnier, Francine Grimont, Patrick AD Grimont, Chantal Nervi, Jean Fleurette: Staphylococcus lugdunensis sp. nov. and Staphylococcus schleiferi sp. nov., Two Species from Human Clinical Specimens . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 38 , no. 2 , April 1988, pp. 168-172 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-38-2-168 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ): Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Type strain. In: Website BacDive . Retrieved March 7, 2020 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h Sidsel Böcher, Birgitte Tønning, Robert L. Skov, Jørgen Prag: Staphylococcus lugdunensis, a Common Cause of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the Community . In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology . tape 47 , no. 4 , February 2009, p. 946-950 , doi : 10.1128 / JCM.01024-08 , PMID 19244465 , PMC 2668335 (free full text).
  7. ↑ a b Staphylococcus lugdunensis overview. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome website . Retrieved March 7, 2020 .
  8. ↑ Staphylococcus lugdunensis. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome website . Retrieved March 7, 2020 .
  9. ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). August 25, 2015, p. 415 , accessed on March 7, 2020 (last change on August 14, 2019).
  10. ↑ Elizabeth Babu, John Oropello: Staphylococcus lugdunensis: the coagulase-negative staphylococcus you don't want to ignore . In: Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy . tape 9 , no. 10 , October 2011, p. 901-907 , doi : 10.1586 / eri.11.110 , PMID 21973302 .
  11. ↑ Antonino Missineo, Antonella Di Poto, Joan A. Geoghegan, Simonetta Rindi, Simon Heilbronner, Valentina Gianotti, Carla Renata Arciola, Timothy J. Foster, Pietro Speziale, Giampiero Pietrocolaa: IsdC from Staphylococcus lugdunensis Induces Biofilm Formation under Low-Iron Growth Conditions . In: Infection and Immunity . tape 82 , no. 6 , June 2014, p. 2448-2459 , doi : 10.1128 / IAI.01542-14 , PMID 24686057 , PMC 4019187 (free full text).
  12. ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Staphylococcus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved March 7, 2020 .