Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum

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Triumphal column of Tiberius, Noviomagus Batavorum, 15 AD,
FO: Kastell Valkhof, AO: Museum Het Valkhof

Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum is the name of a former Roman municipality that later became the city of Nijmegen in what is now the Dutch province of Gelderland .

Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum developed from the civilian settlement Oppidum Batavorum (city of the Batavians ), also Batavodurum , which arose from the Canabae legionis of this camp at a Roman legionary camp. The legionary camp was laid out on the Hunnerberg at the beginning of the second decade BC and, in addition to at least one legion (including probably Legio VIII Augusta ), probably also housed Batavian auxiliary troops . 12 BC It was replaced by a smaller vexillation fort on the neighboring Kops plateau until it was abandoned in connection with the Batavian uprising . A new camp was established soon after the events of the Four Emperor's Year , this time again on the Hunnerberg and again as a legionary camp, perhaps by the Legio II Adiutrix , and was subsequently one of the most important bases in the Roman province of Germania Inferior . From 71 to 104 the Legio X Gemina pia fidelis was stationed there. Their stationing was accompanied by an economic upswing in the region. After it was moved to the Balkans, the Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix from Vetera and the Legio VIIII Hispana from Eburacum used the camp for a short time until it was abandoned by the Lower Germanic army of the Romans ( Exercitus Germaniae inferioris ) by 175 at the latest . Presumably under Emperor Valentinian I , the dilapidated forts on the road to Lugdunum Batavorum ( Katwijk ), which had been built for the last time towards the end of the third century, including in Noviomagus, were repaired once again to accommodate the grain deliveries from Britain for the Secure the Rhine Army. Roman supremacy on the Rhine ended at the beginning of the 5th century.

The civil settlement was under Trajan moved, changed its name to Noviomagus Batavorum (Celtic / Latin: "the new market of the Batavians"), was granted market rights and became after the gentile name of the emperor, Ulpius , with Ulpia referred. When it was elevated to a municipality towards the end of the 2nd century, it already had around 6,000 inhabitants, making it the third largest city in the province of Germania inferior after the Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium and the Colonia Ulpia Traiana and, in the late Roman period, still 1000 to 1300 inhabitants an important city in the province of Germania secunda . With the withdrawal of the Roman troops by 410 it became Franconian.

location

Noviomagus Batavorum in the 1st century

Noviomagus Batavorum in the 2nd century

The Roman relics of Nijmegen are located on the southern bank of the Waal , at the foot of a glacial compression moraine from the Saale Ice Age , which stretches from southeast to northwest through the Lower Rhine plain to the knee of the Waal near Nijmegen. With its northern steep slope, the moraine forms a natural barrier belt that drops from a height of 65 m NAP in the southeast to around 10 m NAP in the northwest. This created a plateau-shaped relief with smaller incisions on the north and a valley on the south. The east-south-east part of this ridge is the Kops Plateau, the west-north-west the Hunnerberg. From this ridge, the Rhine-Maas delta unfolds to the west. Two main traffic routes collided in the region, the Rhine Valley Road and a traffic artery that followed the course of the Maas . The Tabula Peutingeriana saw Noviomagus Batavorum at the crossing point of a route that came from Argentorate via Harenatium and from Noviomagus on via Castra Herculis to Lugdunum Batavorum , as well as a route that came from Ceuclum via Ad Duodecimum parallel to the first connection to Traiectum .

In today's cityscape, the monuments are distributed as follows:

• The fort on the Kops Plateau was located in the park of the same name, the area of ​​which is hardly built on.
• Fort Hunnerberg was located in the east of the district with the same name, roughly between Ubbergseweg in the north, Berg en Dalseweg in the south, Broerweg in the east and Charles Estourgiestraat to the west.
• The Valkhof Fort was on the eastern edge of the city center in a park of the same name.
• In the western part of the city center was the Municipium Noviomagus Batavorum, immediately south of the Waal and east of the railway line that crosses the river. The Roman bridge also stood here in ancient times.
• All the military installations were surrounded by civil settlements, and burial fields stretched along their arterial roads.

The Roman relics are also represented outside of today's urban area, for example:

• The aqueduct runs in large sections over the area of ​​the municipality of Berg en Dal to the south-east of Nijmegen .
• Also in the area of ​​Berg en Daal was a pottery factory run by the legionnaires from Noviomagus, in which the so-called Holdeurner earthenware was produced. Both the former production area and the living area of ​​this company are listed as Rijksmonumente.
• Traces of settlement can be found in the same area, especially in the Ubbergen district .
• Further traces of settlement, probably the remains of two villae rusticae , can be found in the area of ​​the municipality of Beuningen, west of Nijmegen . One of the villas is located in the district of Ewijk, the other in the district of Winssen.

Sources and research history

Noviomagus Batavorum is mentioned both in Tacitus , in the Historiae , and in the "Roman History" of Cassius Dio . On the Tabula Peutingeriana you can find Noviomagus with the symbol of two houses between Castra Herculis in the west and Harenatium in the east.

Johannes Smetius
pastel copy by Rutger van Langevelt (1669) after an older painting (1630–1640)
AO: Museum Het Valkhof

The urban area of ​​Nijmegen has been known as the site of Roman antiquities since the 17th century. A first collection was created by the two clerics Johannes Smetius (1590–1651) and his son Johannes Smetius junior (1636–1704). The more than 10,000 Roman coins already contained therein and over 4500 other finds were published by the two in 1645 and 1678, making them one of the pioneers of ancient studies in the Netherlands and Europe. In 1834 Caspar Reuvens and Conradus Leemans uncovered a 90 m by 60 m stone building, the function of which has not yet been conclusively clarified. After the city archivist Mattheus PM Daniëls discovered the legionary camp on the Hunnerberg in 1916, it was scientifically examined by Jan Hendrik Holwerda in the following years from 1917 to 1921 .

In the 1920s and 1930s, the work in Nijmegen was mainly carried out by Willem Vermeulen and the Belgian archaeologist Jacques Breuer , in the 1950s and 1960s mainly by Hendrik Brunsting (1902–1997), who had already received his doctorate in 1937 on Roman burial grounds in Nijmegen was, whose closest collaborator and excavation technician Reint Woudstra and by Petrus JJ Stuart , who received his doctorate in 1963 on the earthenware from Noviomagus.

Even if Holwerda had already worked out the uniqueness of the find region, the Terrein waarin sporen van bewoning uit de Romeinse Tijd in Nijmegen (areas of Nijmegen in which there are traces of the Roman period) was only protected as a Rijksmonument with the number 397576 at the beginning of the 1970s posed. The major excavation campaigns between the 1960s and the turn of the millennium were then carried out in particular under the direction of the chair holder for Provincial Roman Archeology at Radboud University Nijmegen , Julianus Egidius Bogaers , and his long-time assistant and successor Jan Kees Haalebos . In particular in the archaeological journal Numaga - Tijdschrift gewijd aan heden en verleden van Nijmegenen omgeving ("Journal devoted to the past and present of the area around Nijmegen") the latest excavation findings and finds were regularly reported.

After the early death of Haalebos in 2001, archaeological activities in Nijmegen came to a standstill, and the chair of Provincial Roman Archeology at Radbout University was finally canceled in 2008.

prehistory

The ridge, and especially the Kops Plateau, was used extensively in prehistoric times even before the arrival of the Romans . Our knowledge of these pre-Roman phases is limited. It is mainly based on grave finds, which means that while we know a great deal about burial customs, we know little about the daily life of this early peasant population. Individual finds date back to the Upper Palaeolithic , the occupation of the graves begins in the late Neolithic and then extends from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age . The native population consisted of the Batavians , who are considered to be a Germanic tribe related to the Eburones and Chatti . On the northern side of the Waal, the region of an undeveloped area at today's Willem van Arenbergstraat were Mesolithic and Neolithic settlement traces discovered and made available as Rijksmonument under protection. Just a good 500 m further north-west, immediately north of the Keizer Hendrik Vi-Singel , traces of Mesolithic and Neolithic settlement as well as those of the Iron Age were found. This undeveloped area is now a protected ground monument as a Rijksmonument.

• Prehistoric finds from the province of Gelderland
• 

  Combination tools: awl and scraper,
  Upper Palaeolithic , so-called Hamburg culture , approx. 12,900 - 11,800 BC Chr.,
  FO: Barneveld -Stroe
  AO: Museum Het Valkhof

• 

  Sleeping Stone, Late Neolithic B, approx. 2450 to 2000 BC Chr.
  FO: Hengelo
  AO: Museum Het Valkhof

• 

  Clay figurine,
  Bronze Age, approx. 1000 to 800 BC Chr.
  FO: Wijchen
  AO: Museum Het Valkhof

• 

  
  Bronze ax Bronze Age, approx. 1000 to 800 BC Chr.
  FO: Tiel
  AO: Museum Het Valkhof

• 

  Bronze bracelet from the
  Middle Iron Age (500-250 BC)
  FO: Meteren (Gelderland)
  AO: Museum Het Valkhof

Military installations

Hunnerberg, 1st phase (19 BC to 12/10 BC)

Legion camp Hunnerberg, 1st phase
limes	ORL NN ( RLK )
Dating (occupancy)	1.) 19 v. BC to 12/10 BC Chr.
Type	1.) Legion camp
unit	1.) unknown legion (s); maybe Legio VIII Augusta plus Batavian auxilia (e) (?)
size	1.) 42 ha
Construction	1.) Wood-earth stock
State of preservation	Ground monument
place	Nijmegen
Geographical location	51 ° 50 '23.2 "  N , 5 ° 53' 7"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 50 '23.2 "  N , 5 ° 53' 7"  E
height	52  m NAP

The research spanned decades from the establishment of the first legionary camp on the Hunnerberg at the beginning of the Drusus campaigns in 12 BC. Started out. More recent investigations and the re-evaluation of old excavation results suggest, however, that these were already in 19 BC. Took place. Its foundation is therefore likely to be in a temporal and strategic context with the early so-called "Camp A" of Novaesium under the second governorship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (20 to 18 BC). At the time, the Romans had some problems with Germanic tribes raiding Gaul. These military problems reached their climax in the so-called Clades Lolliana (17/16 BC), which the Romans felt as humiliating . Chr. Augustus personally and in the company of his adopted son, general and later successor Tiberius tried to Gaul to ensure order on the Rhine border and also to prepare an occupation of Germania to the north and east.

The earliest camp aimed for a rectangular shape, but was ultimately given an irregular polygonal shape due to the consideration of topographical conditions, especially on the northern steep slope as well as on the south side. It covered an area of ​​around 42 hectares and thus offered enough space for two legions or one legion and a corresponding number of additional auxiliary units. The camp was surrounded by two trenches, which and their mighty gate construction on the eastern side were excavated by Hendrik Brunsting in 1960. The gate building had the dimensions of around 27 m by 10 m and had a kind of kennel . The largest interior structure determined had an almost square floor plan with 35.5 m by 36.5 m and had a 24 m by 36.5 m large peristyle on the south side . The living rooms were located around a larger (14.5 m by 12 m) and a smaller, 5.5 m square courtyard. Due to its architecture, this building was referred to as a Praetorium (apartment of the legion commander). A few other wooden houses measuring up to 22 m by 20 m probably served as officers' apartments. The teams were probably not housed in barracks but in tents.

The knowledge of the troops stationed on the Hunnerberg is limited. Legio VIII Augusta is documented in writing. The camp is far too big for a single legion. An area of ​​42 hectares suggests a legionary camp with numerous additional auxiliary troops or vexillations, or a double legion camp or even a double legion camp with additional auxiliary units.

In the years 12/10 BC The camp on the Hunnerberg was abandoned and replaced by a smaller fort on the Kops plateau.

Kops plateau

Fort Kops Plateau
limes	Lower Germanic Limes
Dating (occupancy)	1.) at 12/10 BC Until around 10 AD 2.) 10 to 35/40 AD 3.) 35/40 to 69 AD
Type	1.) Headquarters and vexillation fort 2.) Headquarters and vexillation fort plus auxiliary fort 3.) Alenkastell
unit	1. – 2.) unknown Batavian (?) Auxilia (e), vexillatio of a Legio IG (?), Vexillatio of the Legio XIII Gemina (?) 3.) Ala I Batavorum
size	1.) up to 4.5 ha 2.) 300 m × 250 m = 7.5 ha 3.) unknown
Construction	Wood-earth warehouse
State of preservation	Ground monument
place	Nijmegen
Geographical location	51 ° 50 '16.7 "  N , 5 ° 53' 28.1"  E
height	64  m NAP
Previous	Ad Duodecimum (northwest)
Subsequently	Ceuclum (south)
Upstream	Traiectum (north)

After or during the closing of the camp on the Hunnerberg in 12/10 BC. This was replaced by a smaller fort on the Kops plateau just a few hundred meters to the east. Although already discovered by Holwerda (who had still suspected that it would be a civilian settlement), it was only during investigations and analyzes in the 1980s and 1990s that it was found that this garrison, compared to the Hunnerberg, was much smaller in the first must have been a very special warehouse in both construction phases. In all three construction phases, the camps had a strongly polygonal floor plan, taking into account the topographical features of the plateau. Its exact course and the resulting precise area sizes could not be determined in some cases, as the excavations were not completed, especially on the western flank of the plateau. Today the area of ​​the camp and the associated burial ground, located southwest of it on the edge of the plateau, are listed as Rijksmonumente.

Kops Plateau, 1st phase (12/10 BC to around 10 AD)

Silver sauce pan, possibly from the Kops Plateau
Date: unknown
FO: unknown
AO: Museum Het Valkhof

In particular, the first phase was completely out of line due to the architectural effort, the luxury of the found material itself, as well as the exoticism of the archaeobotanical and archaeozoological remains. The praetorium , the commander's apartment, resembled a Roman villa in its architectural style and exclusivity, as it was known from the Mediterranean region, from the Gulf of Naples and, with its dimensions of 60 m by 35 m, took up around 2,100 square meters of living space. The found material consisted of the finest and most valuable ceramics. The waste from a single meal included the bones of around two hundred different fish (including carp, eel, pike, tench, bream, perch and mackerel from Spain) as well as the bones of duck, beef, hare, suckling pig and chicken, as well as barley, lentils and Olives. At that time, the fort had a maximum size of 4.5 hectares.

It is therefore highly probable that the camp on the Kops Plateau of the first construction phase was the Roman headquarters of the planned Germania offensives and that Drusus himself, or other high-ranking members of the imperial house or who were very close to the imperial house after him, were high-ranking Personalities had taken up quarters there. Although the camp was not nearly big enough to hold an entire legion, the presence of legionary soldiers in the Augustan period has been proven by finds. For example, graffiti on Terra sigillata in Arretia testify to the presence of soldiers from Italy. The first enclosure of the camp consisted of a single, very steeply sunk ditch, which was soon replaced by a double ditch system and a 3.5 m wide wood-earth wall. During this time, only a single entrance gate on the south side could be determined. A third phase of the fence corresponded to the construction method of the second, but another gate was built on the west side of the camp. In a fourth phase, the double trench system was replaced by a single, very wide and very deep trench and a new wall. The findings from the backfilling of the trench indicate that the fort of the first phase came to an end due to fire.

Inscriptions testify to the presence of soldiers from the Legio IG and Legio XIII Gemina in the early phase of the fort . The finds of the Legio VIII Augusta that also occur in this phase are interpreted as "brought in", since this legion was definitely not yet active in Lower Germany at that time (see below). It remains unclear whether these are vexillations or possibly just individual soldiers. For the presence of a vexillation of Legio XIII Gemina, the occurrence of two inscription finds was given. A potter's stamp LEG (IONIS) XIII VERN (A) FE (CIT) (“Verna of the 13th Legion did this”) on an Arretian terra-sigillata vessel of the “Service Ib” type came to light on the Kops plateau . In addition, a Montefortino type helmet was excavated from the Meuse in Buggenum, around 70 km as the crow flies , bearing the punched inscription KAPXIII.G . Harald von Petrikovits interpreted the inscription as the tria nomina of a soldier of the 13th Gemina Legion. The interpretation of the inscription for a soldier of the "Legio IG", however, remains problematic. It could be the Legio I Germanica , which is proven to be 16 BC. Moved to Germania and placed under the command of Drusus. However, the Dutch researchers did not consider it impossible that between 19 BC. And 9 AD a Legio I Gallica could have existed.

Kops Plateau, 2nd phase (10 to 35/40 AD)

During the second construction phase, the camp on the Kops Plateau was significantly enlarged by adding at least three annex forts and reached a total area of ​​7.5 hectares. However, it did not lose its previous material exclusivity. Presumably in the context of the reorganization of the Rhine Army after the Clades Variana in 9 AD, it was reinforced by additional auxiliary troops in 10 AD and then served during the Germania operations of Tiberius (in 11/12 AD. ) and Germanicus (in the years 12 to 16 AD) as one of the starting points, if not as the headquarters of these offensives.

The southern annex fort with a size of 0.75 hectares could be completely excavated, whereby traces of stables were exposed, which clearly speaks for the presence of mounted troops. At this stage the fort was surrounded by a single pointed ditch and a 3.5 m wide wood-earth wall. The fence was renewed once after the trench was almost completely silted up and renovation work on the wall became necessary.

Kops Plateau, 3rd phase (35/40 to 69 AD)

Silver-coated iron equestrian mask, as found on the Kops plateau.
Dating: 2nd half of the 1st century.
FO: Waal near Nijmegen
AO: Museum Het Valkhof

Aureus des Nero vom Kops Plateau, struck around 65/66
FO: Canabae legionis of the Legio X
AO: Museum Het Valkhof

Presumably in the time of Caligula (37–41), the fort, which had previously served as headquarters, was converted into an ordinary auxiliary troop camp of the Lower Germanic Limes . It can be assumed that an Ala milliaria, i.e. a cavalry unit of double strength (around 1000 men), was stationed here. In particular, the Ala I Batavorum is assumed here, but this does not appear to be entirely certain. The composition of the finds makes it clear that it must have been a mounted unit. During the excavations, over 1000 metal fragments were found from harnesses, some of which were of outstanding quality. There are decorated and silver-plated pendants, bronze and iron bridles , saddle horns made of bronze, and an astonishingly high number of so-called hackarmors for horses with particularly sensitive mouths. Another outstanding find consisted of a total of twelve iron equestrian helmets from the time of Tiberius (14-37) and Nero (41-54). These included five face helmets (parade helmets) that had apparently been buried as offerings. Overall, the helmet finds are made up as follows:

No.	Dating	Type	Hoard find	Find context
1	tiberian	Weisenau	Yes	Ceramics
2	tiberian	Auxiliary cavalry, hamlet type	not clear
3	Claudian	Auxiliary Cavalry	maybe	Ceramics
4th	Claudian	Auxiliary Cavalry	Yes	Ceramics
5	Claudian	Auxiliary Cavalry	Yes	Ceramics
6th	Claudian	Auxiliary Cavalry	Yes	Ceramics
7th	not clear	Face helmet	Yes
8th	not clear	Face helmet	Yes
9	Claudian-Neronian	Face helmet	Yes	Pottery, chicken bones
10	claudisch (?)	Face helmet	not clear
11	Claudian	not clear	No
12	Claudian	Face helmet	No

The defense of the third phase again consisted only of a single pointed ditch. The wood-earth wall behind it was 3.75 m wide. A total of two renovations were found. While the first consisted of only minor repairs, in the second both the wall and the moat were completely renewed.

A tombstone of a centurion of Legio XX was found at this time :

L. CORNELIV
L F POLL CINNA
MVTINA VET EX LEG
XX ANN LXV
H SE
PRIMA CON

Reading: L. Corneliu [s] / L (uci) F (ilius) Poll (ia tribu) Cinna / Mutina vet (eranus) ex leg (ione) / XX ann (orum) LXV / h (ic) s (itus) e (st) / Prima con (iunx) (posuit) .

Translation: “Lucius Cornelius Cinna, son of Lucius, from the Pollia tribe in Modena , veteran of the 20th Legion, 65 years old, is buried here. His first wife built (this stone) ”.

The find shows only once more the dynamism and mobility of the Roman period. Because the Legio XX was never stationed in the Noviomagus area, but in Cologne-Alteburg and then in Novaesium . Apparently, the veteran had settled in Nijmegen after his discharge from military service.

During the Batavian revolt in 69/70 AD, the camp on the Kops Plateau was abandoned. Destruction can be excluded due to the lack of fire layers. However, all other auxiliary camps were destroyed during this time, so a connection with the ethnic origin of the Ala cannot be ruled out. Since the excavations were not completed, especially towards the east, only guesses can be made about the size of the camp. It is assumed that it was a little smaller than in the first, but in any case significantly smaller than in the second construction phase.

Temporary warehouse

For the importance of the Nijmegen military base during the phase of the offensive Germanic policy of the Roman Empire, there were also a number of temporary vexillation and / or auxiliary troop camps, some of which were located at, some a little further away from the large garrisons on the Hunnerberg and the Kops Plateau.

• The three annex forts of the second phase on the Kops Plateau have already been mentioned above.
• In the area of ​​today's Keizer Traianusplein there was already a small fort in the Julian-Claudian period , the crew of which probably had the order to secure a crossing over the Waal located there.

Deployment of Legio VIII Augusta, camp of Legio II Adiutrix (70/71 AD)

Deployment of Legio VIII Augusta

Medal of Caius Aquilus Proculus, Centurio of Legio VIII Augusta
Date: around 70 AD
FO: Kops Plateau
AO: Museum Het Valkhof

In the years 70/71 the Legio VIII Augusta or a vexillatio of the same must have been in the area of ​​Noviomagus and have participated in the suppression of the Batavian revolt. This is supported by the unusual find of a bronze disc with sheet silver coating. Its decorations are made in niello and, using the same technique, there is an inscription on it:

C. AQVILLI
PROCVLI
LEG VIII
AVG

It is therefore a piece of jewelry or equipment belonging to Centurios Aquillius Proculus of the eighth Augustan Legion. This legion was originally located in Mirebeau-sur-Bèze near Dijon and was assigned to the Rhine to fight the Batavian uprising. It can then be permanently traced in Argentorate from the 80s / 90s .

Legio II Adiutrix camp

Soon after the end of the Batavian uprising or after the events of the first year of the Four Emperors, another legionary camp was built, possibly again on the Hunnerberg. However, the actual location of this legion's camp is still unsecured. Since, on the one hand, there are only a few finds from this period, and on the other hand there are no clear archaeological findings, this question must be left to future generations to answer. The quarter may have to be found further west of the Hunnerberg in the area of ​​the Valkhof. One of the few findings that refers to the year 70 consists of building traces from this period, which were uncovered during excavations in St. Josephshof, located around 300 m south of the Valkhof. In the winter of 2010/2011, Harry Eckevort found traces of a ditch and the presumed praetorium of a camp that had been built on the ash layer of the Batavorum oppidum and only existed for a short time. Due to the lack of Flavian finds, this camp was interpreted as that of the Legio II Adiutrix.

The troops entrusted with the construction of the new legionary camp were probably the Legio II Adiutrix , a legion formed from marines in Classe in the year 70 , which was also entrusted with the construction of the Rhine bridge in Noviomagus. After being drafted in northern Italy, she was only briefly busy in the area of ​​what is now Gelderland with the suppression of the Batavian uprising and the aforementioned pioneering activities in Nijmegen, before she was withdrawn to Britain in 71 and replaced by the Legio X Gemina , which for the the following decades became the regular crew on the Hunnerberg.

Hunnerberg, 2nd to 4th phase

Fort Hunnerberg, 2nd to 5th phase
limes	Lower Germanic Limes
Dating (occupancy)	2. – 3.) 71 to 104 4.) 104 to 175 at the latest
Type	2.) Legion camp 3.) Reduced legion camp 4.) Vexillation fort
unit	2.) Legio X Gemina 3.) six cohorts of Legio X Gemina 4.) Vexillations of Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix and Legio VIIII Hispana , Vexillatio Britannica
size	2.) 430 m × 690 m = 29.7 ha 3.) over 15 ha 4.) 16.5 ha
Construction	3.) Wood-earth warehouse 4.) Wood-earth warehouse with stone buildings 5.) Stone warehouse
State of preservation	overbuilt ground monument
place	Nijmegen
Geographical location	51 ° 50 ′ 23.2 "  N , 5 ° 53 ′ 7"  E
height	52  m NAP
Previous	Ad Duodecimum (northwest)
Subsequently	Ceuclum (south)
Upstream	Traiectum (north)

Silver denarius of Vespasian vom Hunnerberg, minted 75
FO: Canabae legionis Hunnerberg
AO: Museum Het Valkhof

The Legio X Gemina was also involved in the suppression of the Batavian revolt. In the autumn of the year 70 she moved into her winter quarters in Harenatium (Kleve cattle) and was then assigned to the Hunnerberg, where she occupied a new camp. Your long-term stationing at this point seems to have corresponded to a strategic plan of Vespasian that linked two goals. On the one hand, their function was to prevent a repetition of the events of the year 69 through their mere presence, on the other hand they should contribute to a thorough Romanization of the region as quickly as possible. Furthermore, tactical considerations (combination of defensive auxiliaries along the Rhine) and offensive options (battlefield superiority of the legion) and, as a consequence, a control of the apron that can quickly reach into the depths of the enemy space may have played a role in the choice of location.

For Dutch Provincial Roman Archeology , the situation is of particular importance as the Hunnerberg in Nijmegen is the only place in the Netherlands where an entire legion has been stationed for a long period of time.

Hunnerberg, 2nd and 3rd phase (71 to 104)

For the construction of the new, Flavian camp, the area of ​​the Augustan fort was chosen and, since of course the previously occupied 42 hectares were by no means needed, within this area only the northeastern part and also a little more area reaching beyond. This choice was made for topographical, traffic and logistical reasons. The fort was positioned in such a way that its northern front was built hard on the steep slope, while the defensive wall on the eastern flank rose above a natural valley cut. Due to the fact that the valley was not at right angles to the steep slope and was not straight either, the ideal rectangular shape could only be aimed for, but again not achieved. The resulting bulges on the valley side were used to build magazines, workplaces and cisterns.

Possibly in the Domitian period (81−96) the storage area was drastically reduced to almost half. The new area no longer offered space for a full legion, so it is assumed that some cohorts of the Legio X Gemina have been assigned as vexillatio to other locations ( Tegularia transrhenana , quarries in the Eifel and Lorraine ) and probably only six cohorts remained in the camp. The traditionally larger first cohort was also reduced in size. While in the early Flavian phase it was still 1000 men strong and housed in a total of ten team barracks, the number of barracks was reduced to four in the 1980s.

For the civil settlements and the rural population in the area, the permanent settlement of at least 5000 (later 3000) soldiers with their purchasing power was a huge economic factor that ensured an enormous economic boom and continuous prosperity in the entire region. The Legion itself was also actively involved in economic life by running both a brickworks and a pottery in nearby De Holdeurn , a peasantry in the Berg en Dal area . The pottery even developed its own type of ceramic, which has entered the literature under the terms Holdeurns aardewerk ( Holdeurner earthenware ) or Nijmeegs-Holdeurns aardewerk . Legionaries also worked in the quarries of the Eifel and Lorraine to meet their own needs for building materials.

In the Flavian find complexes, stamps on roof tiles came to light that come from legions that were not stationed in the Nijmegen area at the time and whose production can be dated to the pre-Flavian period. These included stamps from the Legio V Alaudae , the Legio XV Primigenia and the Legio XVI Gallica . It is unclear whether these bricks come from demolished buildings from the Claudian-Neronian era or whether they were brought to Noviomagus for secondary use by the garrisons in Neuss and Xanten.

In 104 the Legio X Gemina was assigned to Aquincum (Budapest) in the province of Pannonia and from there took part in the second Dacian War of Trajan in 105/106 .

Hunnerberg, 4th phase (104 to 175 at the latest)

After the Legio X Gemina withdrew, the Vetera legionary camp, located around 45 kilometers to the southeast, remained the only location of a large, closed military force in the region. However, the Hunnerberg was still used for at least two decades by vexillations, initially by the Legio VIIII Hispana stationed in Eburacum / Britain and then by the Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix, which was in Vetera from 121/122 . Furthermore, brick stamps of the Legio I Minervia Legio VI Victrix and the Legio XXII Primigenia , as well as a Vexillatio Britannica , further Vexillationes and the Exercitus Germanicus Inferioris ("Lower Germanic Army", in the sense of "Lower Germanic Army Group ") were found. The Scottish historian Lawrence Keppie even suspected that during and as a result of the Second Dacian War not only parts, but the entire Legio VIIII between 105 and 108 was still or again stationed in Nijmegen. The above-mentioned Vexillatio Britannica was probably a mixed detachment of departments of various legions and auxiliae stationed in Britain, which possibly operated together with the Legio VIIII Hispana.

While Bogaers had assumed that there was no more military occupation on the Hunnerberg after 175, brick stamps and more recent coin finds suggest that the Roman military may have been - at least temporarily - on the Hunnerberg until the end of the second century.

Late Roman fortification Valkhof

Valkhof Castle
limes	Lower Germanic Limes
Dating (occupancy)	1.) around 300 to Valentinian I. 2.) Valentinian I. to the beginning of the 5th century.
Type	Late antique fortress
size	200 m × 250 m = 5 ha
Construction	1.) Wood-earth storage 2.) Stone storage
State of preservation	Ground monument
place	Nijmegen
Geographical location	51 ° 50 '54.5 "  N , 5 ° 52' 11.9"  E
height	35  m NAP
Previous	Ad Duodecimum (northwest)
Subsequently	Burgus Heumensoord (south)
Upstream	Traiectum (north)

During the transition from the third to the fourth quarter of the third century, the quiet and economically prosperous times on the Rhine were over. The clashes between the regular Roman emperor Aurelian (270–275) and Tetricus I (271–274), the last emperor of the Imperium Galliarum (260–274), had severely weakened Rome's military resources and exposed the Rhine border; an invitation for the people of the Franks, hungry for booty and land . From 275 on they crossed the Rhine almost unhindered and plundered through the Roman border areas deep into Gaul. Only Constantius I (293–305 Caesar, 305–306 Augustus of the western part of the empire) was able to become their master after around 20 years and settle them as federates south and west of the Rhine.

According to the previous view in Constantinian times, according to a more recent view already at the end of the third century, a Roman fortress was built again on the area of ​​the hill Valkhof and later, possibly already under Julian (360-363), at the latest and more likely under Valentinian I. (364–375) renewed or expanded again. The building was part of the border security system of the province now known as Germania secunda . With its dimensions of 200 m by 250 m, it covered an area of ​​five hectares. A mighty earth wall and two 10 m and 12.5 m wide and four meter deep trenches served as obstacles to approach. The entire defensive belt was approximately 50 m wide. To top it off, a second double trench system was dug a few dozen meters in front of it. During the repair work under Valentinian, the wall was provided with a one and a half meter thick stone wall. The garrison garrison garrison crew was presumably recruited locally, which is likely to have been Francs that had only been settled in the region two generations earlier. They stayed in place when the western part of the Roman Empire collapsed in the fifth century, beginning with the Rhine crossing in 406 .

Transition to the Middle Ages and post-ancient use

The Valentinian fortress already had architectural elements of the later medieval castle construction and the complex on the Valkhof was still used after the Romans withdrew, so that one must see the immediate predecessor of the later Valkhofburg in the late Roman fort . Charlemagne had a palace built here before 777, and the square played a not insignificant role in the history of the German Middle Ages in the centuries that followed.

• For the further history of the Valkhof see the main article Valkhof .

The last traces of the Roman garrison can be found in the so-called "Barbarossa Ruin", the relic of a palace complex in the Valkhof that was begun in the 12th century under Friedrich Barbarossa and completed at the latest under Henry IV , which partly still consists of spoils from the late antique fortress .

Civil settlements: Canabae, Vici, Oppidum and Municipium

In Roman times, the area of ​​today's city of Nijmegen formed a complex agglomeration of spatially diverging, sometimes overlapping military, military-civil and civil settlement areas.

Canabae and Vici

To the west of the Augustan camp on the Hunnerberg and the fortifications that were added later, the Canabae legionis and the vici of the subsequent fort developed. After the Batavian uprising in 69/70, the structure of the Roman military presence changed fundamentally (see above), which also had consequences for the civilian settlement. The presence of a full legion (around 5000 soldiers), later still 3000 men, equipped with the appropriate purchasing power, ensured the town's economic prosperity. Bronze and iron processing, glass and pottery production, and butchers' shops all flourished. The population of the place consisted mostly of former soldiers and their relatives. Some distance away, in the area of ​​today's Lindberghafen ⊙, there was a harbor-like landing stage on the Waal.

Oppidum Batavorum

At the beginning of the second century, the living conditions of the civilian population changed dramatically. It remains unclear whether there is a connection with the withdrawal of the Legio X Gemina and the reasons for a thick layer of fire in the area of ​​the civilian settlement during this time. In any case, the majority of the civilians then moved away from the Hunnerberg to a point about one and a half kilometers further west-northwest on the lower bank of the Waal, where a local settlement called Oppidum Batavorum was already located. It was possibly the capital of the Batavian civitas . This civitas was not headed by Duoviri , as usual, but by a summus magistratus (“highest magistrate”). It is not clear whether the resettlement took place voluntarily or on official orders. The occurrence of finds in the Hunnerberg will be significantly lower for the second century than that of the previous 100 years. Presumably only civilians with closer private or economic ties to the troops remained on the mountain.

Ulpia Noviomagus

The new city, which now consisted of a mixed, Batavian-Roman population, was given the name Ulpia Noviomagus [Batavorum] ("Ulpian new field (in the sense of 'market') of the Batavians") and was given the ius nundinarum , the market rights, which should possibly compensate for the economic losses caused by the greater physical distance to the troops and / and the fundamentally significant reduction in troop strength. Even if the settlement was given the honorary name Ulpia (i.e. the gentile name of the emperor Marcus Ulpius Traianus ), it is doubtful that it was elevated to a municipality at that time, since under Trajan only very few places were given this status.

The new settlement received the usual Roman infrastructure with all the amenities of that time: bathing buildings, forum, theater, temple and other public facilities were a matter of course. There has been much discussion about the dating of a city wall that has been exposed over a length of 60 m; it cannot have been built before the middle of the second century due to a find below its foundations. Its length on the east side was interpolated to more than 450 m. Immediately to the west of the city wall, a pottery was found, the activity of which was probably stopped when the fence was built. In today's townscape, the site was found east of Bronsgeeststraat and south of Weurtseweg . It turned out that the vessels produced there were very similar to the Holdeurn earthenware. The total built-up area of ​​the city may have taken up more than 40 hectares. The exact calculation of the number of inhabitants is problematic. In his time, Hendrik Brunsting, based on the occupation of the associated burial ground in the Hees district , where he had found 12,500 burials, calculated with a hypothetical mortality rate to arrive at a population of 3,000. Overall, the estimates and calculations in the literature vary between a population of 2000 to 6000 people.

The investigations of Ulpia Noviomagus showed that in the north-western part of this area many of the findings had been carried away by the Waal, and the few remaining traces were covered with a one-meter-thick layer of alluvial clay. In Roman times, the river bed was probably more north than it is today.
As early as 1920/1921, two Gallo-Roman temples had been uncovered in the area of Maasplein , one of which was dedicated to Fortuna and one to Mercurius , i.e. the gods of luck and trade, which speaks for brisk trading activity in Noviomagus. The two temples were probably destroyed in a big fire in 180 and not rebuilt afterwards. Their floor plans were made visible in today's road surface. In 1985 further traces of pottery kilns and a possible metal foundry were excavated immediately east of the Dijkstraat . Overall there was brisk economic activity in production and trade. Probably due to the small number of farms in the surrounding area, the missing grain had to be imported. This is supported by the presence of negotiatoris frumentarii (grain dealers ), who could even be raised to the decurion booth in Noviomagus , which rarely happened with dealers and therefore indicates a corresponding importance of this booth for the city.

The temporal distribution of the found coins may allow conclusions to be drawn about the economic development of the city. About 65% of the coins found had been minted before Hadrian came to power. In addition, 40% of the stamped terra sigillata come from workshops in southern Gaul. From this it can perhaps be concluded that the most important factor in the economic prosperity of the city is to be found in the presence of the Legio X. and that prosperity declined with the departure of the Legion. The granting of city rights, i.e. the elevation to the Municipium , probably took place either in the second century under Marcus Aurelius (161-180) or during the transition to the third century under Septimius Severus (193-211), at the latest in the early third century, possibly in Connection with the Constitutio Antoniniana des Caracalla (211-217) in the year 212. The dedicatory inscription of a decurion with the name of the consul of the year 227, which was found in Kapel-Avezaath , shows that the Municipium Batavorum was already in this year at the latest was known outside of Noviomagus.

In the late third century, the situation on the right bank of the Rhine changed fundamentally. The Franks who settled there initially formed loose alliances for raids and defensive measures. From these alliances a tribal association or tribal union emerged over time. When the Imperium Romanum went through a prolonged period of weakness in the third century , they and other Germanic tribes used this for extensive raids. The first massive Franconian forays into Roman territory took place from 257 onwards, increased more and more in the following period and led their booty communities via Gaul to Spain. As a result of the capture of Valerian , the Roman border defense collapsed, in 260 the western territories were separated and the Gallic Empire ( Imperium Galliarum ) was formed under the usurper Postumus , through whose efforts the border was initially able to be stabilized again. The disputes between Tetricus I (271–274), the last emperor of the Imperium Galliarum (260–274) and the regular Roman emperor Aurelian (270–275) weakened the military resources of Rome, however, and exposed the Rhine border of military protection; another invitation for the Franks hungry for booty and land to break through the Limes . From 275 on, they crossed the Rhine almost unhindered and roamed plundering through the Roman border areas deep into Gaul. Noviomagus was presumably sacked and destroyed in 276 and then abandoned by the Romanized population of the Batavians and Canninefats . Only Constantius I (293−305 Caesar, 305−306 Augustus of the western part of the empire) was able to force them to a peace treaty after around 20 years and settle them south and west of the Rhine as federates . From this time on at the latest, one must assume a dominant and steadily growing Franconian population in the Nijmegen area, civil as well as military. The Romanised part of the population founded a new settlement in the area of ​​the Valkhof (see above). The population of the late ancient Noviomagus is estimated at 1000 to 1300 people (see below).

Beginning with the Rhine crossing in 406 , the - partial - withdrawal of the Roman troops and the abandonment of administrative functions by 410 at the latest, Noviomagus finally becomes a Franconian city. Even if the findings from the fifth and sixth centuries are sparse, they point to a probable continuity of settlement from the Roman Noviomagus to medieval Nijmegen.

aqueduct

To supply the several thousand soldiers with their mules and horses, as well as the numerous civilians, more water was required than was available or could be obtained directly on site. The technical solution was to build an aqueduct system. Small lakes and springs east and south of the settlement area were tapped and the water obtained in this way was diverted from east to north by means of an aqueduct and with the help of smaller dams and canals, some of which are still visible in the area today. The entire pipeline system for the water supply of ancient Nijmegen extended over a distance of around seven kilometers and is likely to represent one of the most important Roman engineering achievements in the Dutch area of ​​ancient times.

Burial grounds

Gravestone of Gaius Iulius Claudius, Legio X veteran

Gravestone of Lucius Cassius, soldier of the Legio X.

Between the individual Roman, military and civilian settlement sites and around them, numerous larger and smaller burial grounds from all Roman periods were found in the area of ​​the later city of Nijmegen Nijmegen. One of them, on the Kops Plateau, (burial ground "KKH") is specially protected as a ground monument by being included in the Dutch list of Rijksmonumente.

The largest burial ground was that of Ulpia Noviomagus in the Nijmegen district of Hees 51 ° 50 ′ 24.5 ″  N , 5 ° 49 ′ 37.5 ″  E , the number of which was around 12,500. The excavations of these graves, which were mostly carried out before his time and were not always complete and professional, as well as the evaluation of the grave inventories were presented by Hendrik Brunsting in his dissertation in 1937, which is still considered the standard work on this necropolis today. In his publication from 1963, Petrus Stuart also explicitly refers to the grave fields “KKH” (see above), “Br” (at the southeast corner of the camp on the Hunnerberg) and “RK” (south of the Hunnerberg in the area of ​​the districts of Altrade and Nijmegen -Oost). In 1984, Bogaers and Haalebos published, among other things, on a burial ground on the north-western edge of the Hunnerberg legionary camp.

The discovery of the burial ground of Nijmegen-Hatert, a good four kilometers south-southwest of the former Noviomagus, in 1979 and the excavation of the burial ground in Nijmegen-West in 1981/1982 were remarkable. The grave field in Hatert measured about 200 m by 80 m, in it more than 200 cremations could be uncovered, whereby the total number is estimated at about 250. The oldest finds date to the first quarter of the first century AD. In the course of the first century the occupancy increased, reached its peak in the second century and thinned out significantly after 175. The vast majority of burials were campfire graves , only a single urn grave was an exception. The simplest burials consisted of only one grave pit. A little more than half of the graves were surrounded by a round, square or rectangular ditch, sometimes two or three graves were surrounded by such a ditch. The burial ground belonged to a nearby smaller settlement that was largely destroyed when a pond was built.

The graves uncovered in Nijmegen-West in 1981/1982 highlighted the social differences between the population of Roman Nijmegen. The grave inventory of some of these graves from the first century eclipsed everything that was known from Nijmegen up to that point. On the one hand, the amount of objects given to the dead, as well as the preciousness of the artefacts made of amber, rock crystal, glass and bronze, speak inevitably to the fact that the buried must have been members of the local upper class. The dead were obviously not only extremely wealthy, but also had a certain education, as the ink pots and writing implements found indicate, and they were also integrated into a military context, as the weapons provided speak for. The results of the excavation of the foundation trenches already mentioned by Brunsting in the north of the grave field were remarkable. These were the remains of the walls of three connected cemeteries, of which the middle one was the oldest and with its dimensions of 38 m by 38 m the largest. It was flanked on both sides by 15 m by 15 m measuring, also walled areas. From the grave inventory this area could be dated to the last quarter of the second or the beginning of the third century.

Furthermore, two burial ground areas are known from late antiquity . 834 burials were unearthed in cemetery “B” (inner city). The total number of graves that were in this area, which had been dug since Smetius' time, was mathematically interpolated to around 6500. A further 489 burials were unearthed in the “OO” (Nijmegen-Oost) cemetery, the previous total is estimated at over 8,000. The minting dates of the coin finds from the late Roman graves fall into the period between 298 and 402. Based on the number of graves and the period of occupancy, assuming different mortality rates, a population size of 1000 to 1300 in the late Roman period is concluded.

Finds, museum presentations and monument protection

Special finds

One of the most important finds from the earliest times is the triumphal column of Tiberius (see picture at the top right). Tiberius is then crowned by Victoria while making an offering by pouring wine on an altar. The deities Apollo, Ceres and Diana are also depicted. The figure with the Phrygian cap is interpreted as Bacchus.

During other excavations in Nijmegen, among other things, parade helmets with face masks were found, which were probably used by the Batavian riders staying here or other mounted units only temporarily stationed here. Particularly noteworthy were the twelve helmets from the Kops Plateau - some of which were probably buried ritually - (see above), including five face helmets. The oldest was of the Weisenau type and came from the Tiberian period, as was a helmet of the auxiliary cavalry of the Weiler type. Four other helmets of the same type were dated to the Claudian period. The five parade helmets could partly be assigned to the Claudian and the Claudian-Neronian times.

In 1857, when the St. Nicholas Church, located directly at the Bavarian Fort Pfünz , was demolished, the consecration altar of Decurios Titus Flavius ​​Romanus , who came from Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum, was found. The officer with the nickname Romanus (the Roman) served in an Ala I Flavia (1st Flavian cavalry unit). The closest Ala of this name from Pfünz was Ala I Flavia singularium civium Romanorum pia fidelis in Fort Pförring , who was granted Roman citizenship . The oldest evidence of this Ala in Raetia dates from June 30, 107. With the Germanic invasions around 254, the troops stationed in Raetia probably also perished.

Museum Kam

→ Main article : Museum Kam

Front view of the Kam Museum

Atrium of the Kam Museum

The Museum Kam was an archaeological museum of the city of Nijmegen. The Rotterdam entrepreneur Gerard Marius Kam (1836–1922) was an amateur archaeologist and lived in Nijmegen. In 1919 he donated his collection to the state and between 1919 and 1922 had a museum building erected in Nijmegen at his own expense, which was named after him.

The building itself, which was designed by the architect Oscar Leeuw , is a listed building as an imperial monument. Architecturally, it is based on the fantasy of a Roman Villa Urbana and was executed in an eclectic mixture of Art Deco and Expressionist elements. It was badly damaged in the Second World War and could not be reopened until 1951.

In 1999, the contents of the Kam Museum were merged with those of a second museum, opened in 1969, which was housed in the historic Commanderie van Sint Jan building, which dates back to 1196, is used in various ways, also for gastronomic and multicultural purposes , and in a new museum building , exhibited at the Museum Het Valkhof . Today, the Commanderie is once again a popular gastronomic meeting point in the city, while the Kam'schen building houses an archaeological study center with a specialist library comprising 11,000 volumes.

Museum Het Valkhof

→ Main article : Museum Het Valkhof

Front view of the Het Valkhof museum
(as it was in spring 2000)

Interior view of the Museum Het Valkhof
(status summer 2013)

The Het Valkhof Museum, which came into being through the merger of the GM Kam Museum and the Commanderie van St. Jan in 1999, includes, in addition to the two collections for ancient and modern art, an extensive archaeological section. This department is divided into various subject areas such as religion , death and burial , trade, as well as handicrafts and everyday life. Most of the artifacts come from the excavations in Nijmegen and the surrounding area and are therefore naturally of Roman provenance.

Monument protection

Large areas of today's Nijmegen are given special protection as registered Rijksmonumente on the basis of the monumentenwet (Monument Protection Act) of 1988 because of the Roman remains in the ground . In total, the official list of archaeological monuments has the following eleven positions:

• Rijksmonument number 397576: Terrein waarin sporen van bewoning uit de Romeinse Tijd in Nijmegen .
  ("Terrain with traces of Roman settlement in Nijmegen")
• Rijksmonument number 395952: Terrein waarin sporen van bewoning (burgerlijk en militair) uit de Romeinse Tijd, sporen van bewoning en graving uit de Vroege en Late Middeleeuwen en de resten van een burcht uit de Late Middeleeuw in Nijmegen .
  ("Terrain with traces of settlement (civil and military) from Roman times, traces of settlement and burial from the early and late Middle Ages and the remains of a castle from the late Middle Ages in Nijmegen")
• Rijksmonument number 45811: Militaire versterkingen t. b. v. legioenen in Nijmegen .
  ("Military reinforcement for legions in Nijmegen")
• Rijksmonument number 45809: Terrein waarin sporen van bewoning uit de Prehistorie en de Romeinse Tijd in Nijmegen .
  ("Land with traces of settlement from prehistory and Roman times in Nijmegen")
• Rijksmonument number 45810: Grafveld in Nijmegen .
  ("Grave field in Nijmegen" (1st century))
• Rijksmonument number 531084: Mariënboom in Nijmegen .
  ("Mariënboom in Nijmegen" (Roman aqueduct))
• Rijksmonument number 515197: Terrein waarin nederzettingsresten in Nijmegen .
  ("Area with settlement remains in Nijmegen" (Mesolithic and Neolithic))
• Rijksmonument number 46052: Terrein waarin overblijfselen van bewoning in Persingen .
  ("Area with settlement remains in Persingen" (Roman times and Middle Ages, municipality of Ubbergen , east of Nijmegen))
• Rijksmonument number 511804: Terrein met daarin restanten van bewoning in Nijmegen .
  ("Area with remains of habitation in Nijmegen" (Mesolithic, Neolithic and Iron Age))
• Rijksmonument number 46053: Terrein waarin de overblijfselen en de aanleg van een kasteel in Persingen .
  ("Area with the remains and the grounds of a castle in Persingen" (Middle Ages, municipality of Ubbergen , east of Nijmegen))
• Rijksmonument number 45294: Terrein waarin overblijfselen van een nederzetting in Beuningen .
  ("Area with remains of a settlement in Beuningen" (Roman times, Beuningen municipality , west of Nijmegen))

Literature (selection)

Monographs

• Hendrik Brunsting : Het grafveld onder Hees bij Nijmegen. A bijdrage tot de kennis van Ulpia Noviomagus . Arch.-Hist. Bijdragen IV, Amsterdam 1937.
• Mark Driessen : Bouwen om te blijven. De topography, bewoningscontinuïteit en monumentaliteit van Romeins Nijmegen. RACM Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg 151, RACM, Amersfoort, 2007, ( also digitized as pdf ).
• Harry van Enckevort , Jan Kees Haalebos and Jan RAM Thijssen : Nijmegen. Legerplats en stad in the achterland van de Romeinse limes . Abcoude, Nijmegen 2000.
• Carmen Harmsen and Harry van Enckevort: Op de grens van Oppidum Batavorum. Archeologically onderzoek aan het Nijmeegse Hertogplein. Archeological reports Nijmegen - Rapport 70, Gemeente Nijmegen 2017, ( also digitized as pdf ).
• Paul van der Heijden : Romeinse Nijmegen. Luxe en ondergang van Rome aan de Waal . BnM, Nijmegen 2008.
• Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , especially pp. 87-101.
• Fleur Kemmers : Coins for a legion. An analysis of the coin finds from the Augustan legionary fortress and Flavian canabae legionis at Nijmegen (= studies on ancient coins. Volume 21). Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 3-8053-3730-2 .
• Dick Letema (Ed.): Noviomagus. In the footsteps of the Romans in Nijmegen . Rijksmuseum G. M. Kam, Nijmegen 1979.
• Sophia ME Van Lith : Roman glass from Nijmegen. Roman glass from the Kops Plateau, Nijmegen. Complete catalog of the excavations 1986–1996. Roman glass from Oppidum Batavorum, Nijmegen (Sint Josephhof). Complete catalog of the excavations 2005–2006 . Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, Amersfoort 2009.
• Desiré C. Steures: The late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen. Stray Finds and Excavations 1947-1983 . Description of the archeological collections in Museum Het Valkhof at Nijmegen 15, Nijmegen 2013, ISBN 978-90-6829-104-9 , (digitized version)
• Petrus JJ Stuart : Gewoon aardewerk uit de Romeinse legerplaats en de bijbehorende Grafvelden. Brill, Leiden 1963, ( also digitized as pdf ).
• Willem JH Willems : Romeins Nijmegen. Four new cities in the center aan de Waal . Matrijs, Utrecht 1990.
• Willem JH Willems and others: Nijmegen. Geschiedenis van de oudste stad van Nederland. Prehistory en oudheid . Inmerc, Nijmegen, 2005.
• Willem JH Willems and Harry van Enckevort: Vlpia Noviomagvs. Roman Nijmegen. The Batavian capital at the imperial frontier (=  Journal of Roman archeology. Supplementary series, Volume 73). Journal of Roman Archeology, Portsmouth 2009, ISBN 978-1-887829-73-1 .

Essays

• Tilmann Bechert , Harry van Enckevort and Willem JH Willems: From the Lippe to the Waal. In: Tilmann Bechert and Willem JH Willems: The Roman border between the Moselle and the North Sea coast . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1189-2 , pp. 65-70.
• Johan HF Bloemers : The Augustan camps and the Flavian-Trajan canabae legionis in Nijmegen. In: Dorothea Haupt and Heinz Günter Horn : Studies on the military borders of Rome II. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in the Germania inferior . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , pp. 87-92.
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers : Civitas en stad van de Bataven en Canninefaten. In: Reports van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek. 10, 1960, 3Dekker & Van de Vegt, Nijmegen 1960, ISSN  0167-5443 , pp. 263-317, (digitized version )
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers: Romeins Nijmegen. Exercitus Germanicus Inferior. Numaga XII / 3, Nijmegen 1965, pp. 98-106, (also as (digitized) )
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers: Romeins Nijmegen. De bezettingstroepen van de Nijmeegse legioensvesting in de 2de eeuw na Chr. Numaga XII, Nijmegen 1965, pp. 10–37, (also as (digitized) )
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers: The occupation troops of the legionary camp of Nijmegen in the 2nd century AD In: Studies on the military borders of Rome. Lectures at the 6th international Limes Congress in southern Germany. Bonner Jahrbücher, supplements 19, Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1967, pp. 54–76, (digitized version )
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers: Romeins Nijmegen. Van Nijmegen naar Nehal (a) en (n) ia . Numaga 19, Nijmegen 1972, pp. 7–11, (also as (digitized)
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers: Nijmegen - Noviomagus. In: Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Christoph B. Rüger : The Lower Germanic Limes. Materials on its story . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1974, ISBN 3-7927-0194-4 , pp. 76-80.
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos : Problems rond het Kops Plateau . Oudheidkundige mededelingen, LVI, 1975, pp. 127–178, ( also digitized as pdf ).
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Romeins Nijmegen. De Nijmeegse legioensvestingen vanaf 70 after Chr. Numaga XXII (1975), pp. 1–20, (also as (digitized) )
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Opgravingen in de Romeinse legioensvestigingen te Nijmegen, I (Berg en Dalseweg-Huygensweg, 1973–1974). In: Oudheidkundige Mededeelingen van het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden Te Leiden 57. (1976), pp. 149-196.
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: The Nijmeg legion camp since 70 AD In: Dorothea Haupt and Heinz Günter Horn: Studies on the military borders of Rome II. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in Germania inferior . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , pp. 93-108.
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Opgravingen in de Romeinse legioensvestingen te Nijmegen, III (Canisius College, Hoge Veld, 1975-1977). In: Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden, 61. Radboud University, Nijmegen 1980, pp. 39–111 as well as panels 8–17, (also as (digitized) )
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Romeins Nijmegen I. Ontdekkingen in het grafveld van Ulpia Noviomagus II. Opgravingen along the Sterreschansweg, aan de rand van de Nijmeegse castra . Numaga 31, Nijmegen 1984, pp. 1–8, (also as (digitized) )
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Na de dood in Noviomagus . Spiegel Historiael 30, Bussum 1985, pp. 124–132, (also as (digitized) )
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Aan de grens van Ulpia Noviomagus. Opgravingen in Nijmegen-West (Bronsgeeststraat, Dijkstraat, 1985) . Numaga 33, Nijmegen 1986, pp. 1–10, (also as (digitized) )
• Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Simple and Rich Tombs in Roman Nijmegen . Antike Welt 18, 1987, pp. 40–47, (digitized version )
• Hendrik Brunsting: The legion camp in Nijmegen. Excavations until 1967. In: Dorothea Haupt and Heinz Günter Horn: Studies on the military borders of Rome II. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in the Germania inferior . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , pp. 115-120.
• Harry van Enckevort: The eastern canabae legionis of the legio X Gemina on the Kops Plateau in Nijmegen (NL). BAR International Series 1084.1 (2002), pp. 387-394.
• Harry van Enckevort and Jan RAM Thijssen: Nijmegen - A Roman town in the frontier zone of Germania Inferior. In: P. Wilson (Ed.): The archeology of Roman towns. Studies in honor of John S. Wacher . Oxbow, Oxford 2003, pp. 59-72.
• Harry van Enckevort and Willem JH Willems: Roman cavalry helmets in ritual hoards from the Kops Plateau at Nijmegen, The Netherlands . Journal of Roman military equipment studies, Vol. 5 (1994), pp. 125-137, ( also digitized as pdf ).
• Paul Franzen : The Augustan legionary fortress at Nijmegen. Legionary and auxiliary soldiers. In: Ángel Morillo Cerdán , Norbert Hanel and Esperanza Martín Hernández (eds. :): Limes XX. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid 2009, pp. 1257-1269.
• Paul Franzen: The Nijmegen Canabae Legionis (71-102 / 105 AD). Military and civilian life on the frontier. In: Ángel Morillo Cerdán, Norbert Hanel and Esperanza Martín Hernández (eds. :): Limes XX. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid 2009, pp. 1271-1283.
• Jan Kees Haalebos: The large Augustan camp on the Hunerberg in Nijmegen. In: Bendix Trier (Hrsg. :) The Roman occupation north of the Alps at the time of Augustus. Colloquium Bergkamen 1989. Lectures . Aschendorff, Münster 1991, pp. 97-107, ( also digitized as pdf ).
• Jan Kees Haalebos: News from Noviomagus. In: Archaeological correspondence sheet . Volume 20, 1990, pp. 193-200, ( also digitized as pdf ).
• Jan Kees Haalebos: Romeinse troepen in Nijmegen . Bijdragen en Mededelingen Vereniging Gelre, Vol. 91 (2000), pp. 9–36, ( also digitized as pdf ).
• Jan Kees Haalebos: Mosterd na de maaltijd. A forgotten jubileum: Traianus in het jaar 98 AD in Nijmegen . Jaarboek Numaga XLVII (2000), pp. 8-41.
• Jan Kees Haalebos: Roman troops in Nijmegen. In: Yann Le Bohec and Catherine Wolff (Red.): Les légions de Romes sous le Haut-Empire. Actes du Congrès de Lyon, 17-19 September 1998 . Cergr, Paris 2000, pp. 465-489.
• Paul van der Heijden: De mijlpalen van Nijmegen . Nijmeegs Katern 21 (2008), pp. 34-39.
• Willem JH Willems and LI Kooijstra. Early Roman camps on the Kops Plateau at Nijmegen (NL). In: Valerie A. Maxfield , Michael J. Dobson (Eds.): Roman frontier studies 1989. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies . University of Exeter Press, 1991, pp. 210-214, ( also digitized as pdf ).
• Willem JH Willems: Roman face masks from the Kops Plateau, Nijmegen, The Netherlands . Journal of Roman military equipment studies, Vol. 3 (1992), pp. 57-66, ( also digitized as pdf ).
• Willem JH Willems: Een Romeins legerkamp op het Kops Plateau te Nijmegen / A Roman military camp on the Kops Plateau in Nijmegen. In: Een leven te paard. Ruiters Uit de Lage Landen in the Romeinse casual Rhine border. / Riding for Rome. Mounted troops on the Roman Rhine border. Provinciaal Museum GM Kam / Regionalmuseum Xanten, Nijmegen and Xanten 1995, pp. 28–31, ( also digitized as pdf ).

Rows

• Bureau Archeologie (Ed.): Archeologische report Nijmegen. Rapport . Gemeente Nijmegen, Archeology Bureau, since 2002, ISSN  1873-829X
• Vereniging Numaga (Ed.): Numaga. Tijdschrift gewijd aan heden en verleden van Nijmegen en omgeving . Nijmegen 1954-1990.
• Vereniging Numaga (Ed.): Jaarboek Numaga. Gewijd aan heden en verleden van Nijmegen en omgeving . Nijmegen since 1991.
• Vereniging Numaga (Ed.): Nijmeegs katern. Nieuwsbrief voor de divorceis van stad en streek . Nijmegen since 1987.

Web links

Commons : Collection of the Het Valkhof museum in Nijmegen  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Commons : Noviomagus Batavorum  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Commons : Museum Kam  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Nijmegen: Batavodurum , on the website livius.org of the Dutch historian Jona Lendering, ( English ), accessed on May 14, 2018
• Nijmegen: Hunerberg , on the website livius.org of the Dutch historian Jona Lendering, ( English ), accessed on May 14, 2018
• Nijmegen: Kops Plateau , on the website livius.org of the Dutch historian Jona Lendering, ( English ), accessed on May 14, 2018
• Nijmegen: Valkhof , on the website livius.org of the Dutch historian Jona Lendering, ( English ), accessed on May 14, 2018
• Nijmegen: Civil settlements , on the website livius.org of the Dutch historian Jona Lendering, ( English ), accessed on May 14, 2018
• Nijmegen: Aquaduct , on the website livius.org of the Dutch historian Jona Lendering, ( English ), accessed on May 14, 2018
• Noviomagus Batavorum (Nijmegen) Gelderland, Netherlands on perseus.tufts.edu, the official website of the Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, ( English ), accessed on May 14, 2018

Individual evidence

1. ↑ For a long time, research had assumed that it was founded in the Druze, but more recent studies speak of a presumed founding year 19 BC. See Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland. Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , p. 21.
2. ↑ ^{a b c} AE 1998, 00966
3. ↑ ^{a b} AE 1968, 00404 , CIL 13, 08713 , CIL 13, 08715 , CIL 13, 08732 , CIL 13, 08733 , CIL 13, 08734 , CIL 13, 08735 , CIL 13, 08736 , AE 1977, 00542 , AE 1979 , 00415 and AE 1979, 00416 , as well as CIL 13, 12214.05a , CIL 13, 12214.06 , CIL 13, 12214.08a , CIL 13, 12214.09 to CIL 13, 12214.11 , CIL 13, 12214.15a , CIL 13, 12214.17 , CIL 13, 12214.19 to CIL 13, 12214.21 , CIL 13, 12214.23b , CIL 13, 12214.26 , CIL 13, 12214.28 and CIL 13, 12214.29
4. ↑ ^{a b} Jan Kees Haalebos: The economic importance of the Nijmegen legion camp and its canabae. In: Thomas Grünewald (Ed.): Germania inferior. Settlement, society and economy on the border of the Roman-Germanic world (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde , supplementary volume 28). de Gruyter, 2000, ISBN 3-11-016969-X , pp. 464-479.
5. ↑ ^{a b} CIL 13, 08719 , CIL 13, 08723 , CIL 13, 08730 and AE 2000, 01013 , as well as CIL 13, 12399.02 to CIL 13, 12399.04 , CIL 13, 12399.07 to CIL 13, 12399, 09 , CIL 13, 12399,10a to CIL 13, 12399,13a , and CIL 13, 12399,14 to CIL 13, 12399,17
6. ↑ ^{a b} AE 1996, 01107 , AE 1977, 00541
7. ↑ ^{a b c} According to the traditional view, the camp is Constantinian, in more recent literature the end of the third century is assumed. After Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , p. 101.
8. ^ Johan HF Bloemers: The Augustan camps and the Flavian-Trajan canabae legionis in Nijmegen. In: Dorothea Haupt and Heinz Günter Horn : Studies on the military borders of Rome II. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in the Germania inferior . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , p. 87.
9. ↑ Jan Kees Haalebos: News from Noviomagus. In: Archaeological correspondence sheet . Volume 20, 1990, p. 193, ( also digitized as pdf ).
10. ↑ Tab. Peut. Pars II and III, Segm. II.
11. ^ Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , pp. 38-47.
12. ↑ Approximately at 51 ° 51 '8 "  N , 5 ° 51' 24.25"  E
13. ↑ ^{a b c} Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , especially pp. 87-101.
14. ↑ At 51 ° 49 ′ 0 ″  N , 5 ° 56 ′ 2.5 ″  E
15. ↑ At 51 ° 48 '53 "  N , 5 ° 55' 54"  E
16. ↑ Rijksmonument 46057: Terrein waarin overblijfselen van een centrum voor vervaardiging van aardewerk en dakpannen in Berg en Dal in the Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis of the Netherlands, accessed on November 6, 2018.
17. ↑ Rijksmonument 45420: Terrein waarin overblijfselen van een centrum voor vervaardiging van aardewerk en dakpannen in Groesbeek in Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis the Netherlands, accessed on November 6 2018th
18. ↑ At 51 ° 50 ′ 27.5 ″  N , 5 ° 55 ′ 3 ″  E
19. ↑ ^{a b} Rijksmonument number 46052: Terrein waarin overblijfselen van bewoning in Persingen in the Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis of the Netherlands, accessed on November 4, 2018.
20. ↑ At 51 ° 52 ′ 10.5 ″  N , 5 ° 45 ′ 3 ″  E
21. ↑ At 51 ° 52 '15 "  N , 5 ° 41' 35"  E
22. ↑ ^{a b} Rijksmonument number 45294: Terrein waarin overblijfselen van een nederzetting in Beuningen in the Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis of the Netherlands, accessed on November 4, 2018.
23. ^ Tacitus, Historiae IV.
24. ↑ Cassius Dio, TON Diōnos Rōmaikōn Historion Eikositria Biblia , LIV.
25. ^ Johannes Smetius: Oppidum Batavorum seu Noviomagum . Blaeu, Amsterdam 1645, ( also translated into Dutch and digitized as pdf ).
26. ↑ Johannes Smetius and Johannes Smetius the Younger: Antiquitates Neomagenses Sive Notitia Rarissimarum Rerum Antiquarum . Nijmegen 1678.
27. ↑ Hendrik Brunsting: Een van opgraving Reuvens en Leemans bij het continued Krayenhoff te Nijmegen in 1834 . Oudheidkundige Mededelingen Leiden 30 (1949), pp. 47-65.
28. ^ Mattheus PM Daniëls: Noviomagus, Romeins Nijmegen . Ed. by Hendrik Brunsting. De Gelderlander, Nijmegen 1955.
29. ^ Jan Hendrik Holwerda: De Batavenburcht en de vesting of the legio X te Nijmegen . Brill, Leiden 1922.
30. ^ Jacques Breuer: Le camp de la Legio X à Nimègue et celui de la Legio III à Batavodurum L'Antiquité Classique 3.2 (1934), pp. 385-392.
31. ↑ Het grafveld onder bij Nijmegen Hees. A bijdrage tot de kennis van Ulpia Noviomagus . Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers-Mij, Amsterdam 1937.
32. ↑ ^{a b} Petrus JJ Stuart: Gewoon aardewerk uit de Romeinse legerplaats en de bijbehorende Grafvelden . Brill, Leiden 1963, (digitized version)
33. ^ ^{A b} Hendrik Brunsting: The legion camp in Nijmegen. Excavations until 1967. In: Dorothea Haupt and Heinz Günter Horn: Studies on the military borders of Rome II. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in the Germania inferior . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , pp. 115-120.
34. ↑ Rijksmonument 397576, "Terrein waarin sporen van bewoning uit de Romeinse Tijd in Nijmegen" on the official website of the Dutch Imperial Monuments (Dutch), accessed on October 23, 1918.
35. ↑ Numaga on the archieven.nl website (Dutch), accessed on October 23, 2018.
36. ↑ ^{a b c} Lendert P. Louwe Kooijmans: Een grafheuvelgroep uit het laat-neolithicum en de bronstijd in het terrein van de Romeinse castra te Nijmegen. In: Willem Albertus van Es (Ed.): Archeologie en historie. Opgedragaan H. Brunsting at the zijn zeventigste verjaardag . Fibula-Van Dishoeck, Bussum 1973, pp. 87–125, ( also digitized as pdf ).
37. ^ Harry van Enckevort, Katja Zee and David Robert Fontijn: Het Kops Plateau. Prehistoric grafheuvels en een Romeinse legerplaats in Nijmegen . Uniepers, Amersfoort 1996.
38. ↑ Erik Drenth and Carmen Harmsen: Een klokbekergraf te Nijmegen (province of Gelderland, NL). Notae Praehistoricae 33 (2013), pp. 217-230.
39. ↑ At 51 ° 52 '51 "  N , 5 ° 51' 41.75"  E
40. ↑ Rijksmonument 515197: Terrein waarin nederzettingsresten in Nijmegen in the directory of the Rijksmonumente of the Netherlands (Dutch), accessed on November 13, 2018.
41. ↑ At 51 ° 52 ′ 59 ″  N , 5 ° 51 ′ 18 ″  E
42. ↑ Rijksmonument 511804: Terrein met daarin restanten van bewoning in Nijmegen in the directory of the Rijksmonumente of the Netherlands (Dutch), accessed on November 13, 2018.
43. ↑ Aiming for a rectangle, but becoming slightly polygonal due to topographical conditions.
44. ^ Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , especially p. 21.
45. ^ ^{A b} Jan Kees Haalebos: The great Augustan camp on the Hunerberg in Nijmegen. In: Bendix Trier (Hrsg. :) The Roman occupation north of the Alps at the time of Augustus. Colloquium Bergkamen 1989. Lectures . Aschendorff, Münster 1991, pp. 97-107, ( also digitized as pdf ).
46. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Jan Kees Haalebos: Romeinse troepen in Nijmegen . Bijdragen en Mededelingen Vereniging Gelre, Vol. 91 (2000), pp. 9–36, ( also digitized as pdf ).
47. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , especially pp. 89-93.
48. ↑ Rijksmonument 45809: Terrein waarin spore van bewoning uit de Prehistorie en Romeinse Tijd in Nijmegen in the list of Rijksmonumente of the Netherlands (Dutch), accessed on 13 November 2018th
49. ↑ ^{a b c} Rijksmonument 45810: Grafveld in Nijmegen in the directory of the Rijksmonumente of the Netherlands (Dutch), accessed on November 13, 2018.
50. ↑ At 51 ° 50 '6.5 "  N , 5 ° 53' 46.25"  E
51. ↑ Nijmegen: Kops Plateau , on the website livius.org of the Dutch historian Jona Lendering, ( English ), accessed on October 25, 2018.
52. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Willem JH Willems: Een Romeins legerkamp op het Kops Plateau te Nijmegen / A Roman military camp on the Kops Plateau in Nijmegen. In: Een leven te paard. Ruiters Uit de Lage Landen in the Romeinse casual Rhine border. / Riding for Rome. Mounted troops on the Roman Rhine border. Provinciaal Museum GM Kam / Regionalmuseum Xanten, Nijmegen and Xanten 1995, pp. 28–31, ( also digitized as pdf ).
53. ↑ ^{a b c d} Willem JH Willems and LI Kooijstra. Early Roman camps on the Kops Plateau at Nijmegen (NL). In: Valerie A. Maxfield , Michael J. Dobson (Eds.): Roman frontier studies 1989. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies . University of Exeter Press, 1991, pp. 210-214, ( also digitized as pdf ).
54. ↑ AE 1976, 00515
55. ^ ^{A b} Willem JH Willems: Roman face masks from the Kops Plateau, Nijmegen, The Netherlands . Journal of Roman military equipment studies, Vol. 3 (1992), pp. 57-66, ( also digitized as pdf )
56. ↑ ^{a b} Harry van Enckevort and Willem JH Willems: Roman cavalry helmets in ritual hoards from the Kops Plateau at Nijmegen, The Netherlands . Journal of Roman military equipment studies, Vol. 5 (1994), pp. 125-137, ( also digitized as pdf ).
57. ^ Harry van Enckevort and Willem JH Willems: Roman cavalry helmets in ritual hoards from the Kops Plateau at Nijmegen, The Netherlands . Journal of Roman military equipment studies, Vol. 5 (1994), p. 128, ( also digitized as pdf ).
58. ↑ CIL 13, 08737
59. ^ Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos : Problems rond het Kops Plateau . Oudheidkundige mededelingen, LVI, 1975, pp. 127–178, ( also digitized as pdf ).
60. ^ Willem JH Willems: Early Roman camps on the Kops Plateau at Nijmegen (NL). In: Valerie A. Maxfield , Michael J. Dobson (Eds.): Roman frontier studies 1989. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies . University of Exeter Press, 1991, pp. 210-214, ( also digitized as pdf ).
61. ↑ Sam Leeflang: Publieksvoorlichting Kops Plateau. A korte seed vatting of 100 years archeological onderzoek en a visie voor de toekomst. on the website of the website of the Stichting Kops Plateau ("Stiftung Kops Plateau"), (Dutch), accessed on October 25, 2018.
62. ^ Tilmann Bechert, Harry van Enckevort, Willem JH Willems: From the Lippe to the Waal. In: Tilmann Bechert, Willem JH Willems: The Roman border between the Moselle and the North Sea coast . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1189-2 , p. 68.
63. ^ Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: The Nijmeg legion camp since 70 AD In: Dorothea Haupt and Heinz Günter Horn: Studies on the military borders of Rome II. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in Germania inferior . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , pp. 93-108.
64. ^ Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Romeins Nijmegen. De Nijmeegse legioensvestingen vanaf 70 after Chr. Numaga XXII (1975), pp. 1–20, (also as (digitized) )
65. ^ Julianus Egidius Bogaers: Romeins Nijmegen. De bezettingstroepen van de Nijmeegse legioensvesting in de 2de eeuw na Chr. Numaga XII, Nijmegen 1965, pp. 10–37, (also as (digitized) )
66. ^ Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , p. 95.
67. ^ Jona Lendering: II Adiutrix 'base found in Nijmegen .
68. ↑ ^{a b c d} Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , pp. 95-98.
69. ↑ Tacitus: Histories 5.20.
70. ^ Mark Driessen: Bouwen om te blijven. De topography, bewoningscontinuïteit en monumentaliteit van Romeins Nijmegen. RACM Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg 151, RACM, Amersfoort, 2007, p. 97.
71. ↑ Although the Flavian settlement area, including its canabae legionis, comprised a total of over 100 hectares of land at the end. After Mark Driessen: Bouwen om te blijven. De topography, bewoningscontinuïteit en monumentaliteit van Romeins Nijmegen. RACM Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg 151, RACM, Amersfoort, 2007, p. 93.
72. ^ Mark Driessen: Bouwen om te blijven. De topography, bewoningscontinuïteit en monumentaliteit van Romeins Nijmegen. RACM Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg 151, RACM, Amersfoort, 2007, pp. 91–127, ( also digitized as pdf ).
73. ^ Hyginus Gromaticus: De munitionibus castrorum .
74. ^ Jan Hendrik Holwerda: Het in de pottenbakkerij van de Holdeurn gefabriceerde aardewerk uit de Nijmeegsche grafvelden. Vol. 3 . Brill, Leiden 1944.
75. ^ Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , p. 109.
76. ^ Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , p. 96f.
77. ↑ CIL 13, 12149.1 to CIL 13, 12149.4
78. ^ ^{A b} Julianus Egidius Bogaers: The occupation troops of the legionary camp of Nijmegen in the 2nd century AD In: Studies on the military borders of Rome. Lectures at the 6th international Limes Congress in southern Germany. Bonner Jahrbücher, supplements 19, Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1967, pp. 54–76, (digitized version )
79. ↑ CIL 13, 12130.01 to CIL 13, 12130.31 and CIL 13, 08728
80. ↑ CIL 13, 12165.3
81. ↑ CIL 13, 12553.01a and CIL 13, 12553.02
82. ↑ Lawrence Keppie: The fate of the ninth legion - a problem for the Eastern Provinces? In: DH French and CS Lightfoot: The eastern Frontier . BAR int. Ser. 553 (1), Oxford 1989, pp. 248-249.
83. ^ Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , especially p. 98.
84. ↑ ^{a b c} After Nijmegen: Valkhof , on the website livius.org of the Dutch historian Jona Lendering, ( English ), accessed on November 3, 2018.
85. ↑ ^{a b} Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , p. 101.
86. ↑ Rijksmonument number 31192 on the list of Dutch Royal Monuments (Dutch), accessed on 25 October 2018th
87. ↑ ^{a b} Mark Driessen: Bouwen om te blijven. De topography, bewoningscontinuïteit en monumentaliteit van Romeins Nijmegen. RACM Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg 151, RACM, Amersfoort, 2007, ( also digitized as pdf ).
88. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Jan Kees Haalebos: News from Noviomagus. In: Archaeological correspondence sheet . Volume 20, 1990, pp. 193-200, ( also digitized as pdf ).
89. ↑ 51 ° 50 '57 "  N , 5 ° 50' 58"  E
90. ↑ Hendrik Brunsting: Het grafveld onder bij Nijmegen Hees. A bijdrage tot de kennis van Ulpia Noviomagus . Arch.-Hist. Bijdragen IV, Amsterdam 1937, pp. 17-18.
91. ^ Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Aan de grens van Ulpia Noviomagus. Opgravingen in Nijmegen-West (Bronsgeeststraat, Dijkstraat, 1985) . Numaga 33, Nijmegen 1986, pp. 1–10, (also as (digitized) )
92. ↑ 51 ° 51 ′ 0 ″  N , 5 ° 50 ′ 39 ″  E
93. ↑ 51 ° 51 '8.75 "  N , 5 ° 50' 41.5"  E
94. ^ ^{A b} Julianus Egidius Bogaers: Romeins Nijmegen. Van Nijmegen naar Nehal (a) en (n) ia . Numaga 19, Nijmegen 1972, pp. 7–11, (also as (digitized)
95. ↑ ^{a b} Julianus Egidius Bogaers: Civitas en stad van de Bataven en Canninefaten. In: Reports van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek. 10 (1960), Dekker & Van de Vegt, Nijmegen 1960, ISSN  0167-5443 , pp. 263-317, (digitized version )
96. ^ Andreas Popescu: The Franks and the Roman Military Identity in Gaul and the Rhineland in Late Antiquity . Philosophical Faculty of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn 2017, (digitized version)
97. ^ Peter AC Schut: Nijmegen and Groesbeek (NL). The Roman aqueduct. In: Guide to Archaeological Monuments. 47, Theiss, Stuttgart 2006, pp. 178-179.
98. ^ Aquaduct Groesbeek. Wandeling met QR code long de route van het romeins aquaduct, start in Berg en Dal on the website aquaductgroesbeek.nl (Dutch), accessed on October 21, 2018.
99. ↑ Marc Kocken: Van bron dead kraan, aquaduct van Groesbeek het leven as vein voor nieuwe economie, een ontwikkelingsvisie . Gemeente Groesbeek, Groesbeek 2014, (digitized version)
100. ↑ Hendrik Brunsting: Het grafveld onder bij Nijmegen Hees. Een bijdrage tot de kennis van Ulpia Noviomagus, Vol. 4 . Noord-hollandsche uitgevers-mij, Amsterdam 1937.
101. ↑ Peter JJ Stuart : Gewoon aardewerk uit de Romeinse legerplaats en de bijbehorende Grafvelden. Brill, Leiden 1963, ( also digitized as pdf ).
102. ↑ 51 ° 50 '33.5 "  N , 5 ° 52' 58.57"  E
103. ↑ Jules Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Romeins Nijmegen I. Ontdekkingen in het grafveld van Ulpia Noviomagus, II. Opgravingen along the Sterreschansweg, aan de rand van de Nijmeegse castra. Numaga, Tijdschrift Gewijd aan Heden en Verleden van Nijmegen en Omgeving, 31 (1984), pp. 1-8.
104. ↑ 51 ° 49 ′ 5 ″  N , 5 ° 49 ′ 12.5 ″  E
105. ↑ 51 ° 49 ′ 5 ″  N , 5 ° 49 ′ 12.5 ″  E
106. ^ ^{A b} Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Na de dood in Noviomagus . Spiegel Historiael 30, Bussum 1985, pp. 124–132, (also as (digitized) )
107. ^ ^{A b} Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Jan Kees Haalebos: Simple and rich graves in the Roman Nijmegen . Antike Welt 18, 1987, pp. 40–47, ( (digitized) )
108. ↑ 51 ° 50 '46 "  N , 5 ° 51' 54"  E
109. ↑ 51 ° 50 '35 "  N , 5 ° 52' 34"  E
110. ↑ Desiré C. Steures: The late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen. Stray Finds and Excavations 1947-1983 . Description of the archeological collections in Museum Het Valkhof at Nijmegen 15, Nijmegen 2013, ISBN 978-90-6829-104-9 , (digitized version)
111. ^ Titus ASM Panhuysen: De navel van Nijmegen. De godenpijler van keizer Tiberius. Bij een archeological vondst van (art) historically top level. In: Desipientia 12, 2005, p. 1, pp. 4-11.
112. ↑ CIL 03, 05918b
113. ↑ CIL 03, 05912
114. ↑ CIL 16, 55 .
115. ^ Farkas István Gergő: The Roman Army in Raetia. Dissertation, University of Pécs Faculty of Humanities 2015, pp. 131–132, pp. 244–259, pp. 352–358, p. 483.
116. ↑ Biography of Gerard Marius Kams on the website Biografisch Woordenboek Gelderland (Dutch), accessed on October 22, 2018.
117. ↑ Rijksmonument number 522950 on the list of the Dutch imperial monuments (Dutch), accessed on October 24, 2018. Next to it, the fencing (Rijksmonument number 522952) and the museum's concierge apartment (Rijksmonument number 522951) are listed separately.
118. ↑ Museum GM Kam on the website Huis van de Nijmeegse geschiedenis (Dutch), accessed on October 22, 2018.
119. ↑ Rijksmonument number 31123 on the list of Dutch Royal Monuments (Dutch), accessed on 24 October 2018th
120. ↑ Official website of the Commanderie van Sint Jan (Dutch), accessed on October 22, 2018.
121. ^ Text of monumentenwet 1988 on the official website overheid.nl for information and services of all government bodies (Dutch), accessed on November 4, 2018.
122. ↑ Rijksmonument number 397576: Terrein waarin sporen van bewoning uit de Romeinse Tijd in Nijmegen in the Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis of the Netherlands, accessed on November 4, 2018.
123. ↑ Rijksmonument number 395952: Terrein waarin sporen van bewoning (burgerlijk en militair) uit de Romeinse Tijd, sporen van bewoning en begraving uit de Vroege en Late Middeleeuwen en de resten van een burcht uit de Late Middeleeuw in Nijmegen in the Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis of the Netherlands 4th November 2018.
124. ↑ Rijksmonument number 45811: Militaire versterkingen t. b. v. legioenen in Nijmegen in the Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis of the Netherlands, accessed on November 4, 2018.
125. ↑ Rijksmonument number 45809: Terrein waarin sporen van bewoning uit de Prehistorie en de Romeinse Tijd in Nijmegen in the Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis of the Netherlands, accessed on November 4, 2018.
126. ↑ Rijksmonument number 531084: Mariënboom in Nijmegen in the Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis of the Netherlands, accessed on November 4, 2018.
127. ↑ Rijksmonument number 515197: Terrein waarin nederzettingsresten in Nijmegen in the Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis of the Netherlands, accessed on November 4, 2018.
128. ↑ Rijksmonument number 511804: Terrein met daarin restanten van bewoning in Nijmegen in the Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis of the Netherlands, accessed on November 4, 2018.
129. ↑ Rijksmonument number 46053: Terrein waarin de overblijfselen en de Aanleg van and a castle in Persingen in Rijksmonumentenverzeichnis the Netherlands, accessed on 4 November 2018th