Alan Brady and The Lord of the Rings (film series): Difference between pages

The Lord of the Rings trilogy
The Lord of the Rings trilogy
	File:Ringstrilogyposter.jpg The poster for the whole trilogy is a montage that features a whole range of characters and scenes from all three movies.
Directed by	Peter Jackson
Written by	Novel:; J. R. R. Tolkien ; Screenplay:; Fran Walsh; Philippa Boyens; Peter Jackson; Stephen Sinclair (2nd film only)
Produced by	Peter Jackson; Barrie M. Osborne; Fran Walsh; Tim Sanders (1st film)
Distributed by	New Line Cinema
Release date	2001–2003
Running time	557 minutes (Theatrical) ; 683 minutes (Extended Edition)
Countries	New Zealand; United Kingdom; United States
Language	English
Budget	$280 million
Box office	$2.91 billion

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The Lord of the Rings film trilogy consists of three live action fantasy epic films: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and Return of the King (2003) (often abbreviated to LotR for the trilogy, and FotR, TTT, and RotK for the individual films).^[1] The trilogy is based on the three-volume book The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. While they follow the book's general storyline, the films also feature some additions to and deviations from the source material.

Set in the fictional world of Middle-earth, the three films follow the young hobbit Frodo Baggins as he and a Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring, and thus ensure the destruction of its maker, the Dark Lord Sauron. The Fellowship becomes divided and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam and the treacherous Gollum. Meanwhile, the wizard Gandalf and Aragorn, heir in exile to the throne of Gondor, unite and rally the Free Peoples of Middle-earth, who are ultimately victorious in the War of the Ring.

The films were co-written, co-produced and directed by Peter Jackson and distributed by New Line Cinema. Considered to be one of the biggest movie projects ever undertaken, with an overall budget of $280 million, the entire project took eight years, with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in Jackson's native New Zealand. Each film in the trilogy also had Special Extended Editions, released on DVD a year after the theatrical releases.

The trilogy was a great financial success, with the films being the 15th, 8th, and 2nd highest-grossing films of all time, respectively, unadjusted for inflation. The films were critically acclaimed, winning 17 out of 30 Academy Awards nominated in total, and received wide praise for the cast and for the innovative practical and digital special effects.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Jackson is collaborating with Guillermo del Toro on two prequels, one of which will be an adaptation of The Hobbit, for release in 2011 and 2012.

Development

Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshi's 1978 film, which he found confusing. Afterwards, he read a tie-in edition of the book^[5] during a twelve-hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen. Jackson's reaction was, "I can't wait until somebody makes a movie of this book because I'd like to see it!"^[6]

In 1995, Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project, wondering "why nobody else seemed to be doing anything about it".^[6] With the new developments in computer-generated imagery following Jurassic Park, Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel "real". By October, he and his partner Fran Walsh teamed up with Miramax Films boss Harvey Weinstein to negotiate with Saul Zaentz who had held the rights to the book since the early 1970s, pitching an adaptation of The Hobbit and two films based on The Lord of the Rings. Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong.^[7] Weinstein was furious, and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit; United Artists, which was in the market, did. By April 1996 the rights question was still not resolved.^[7] Jackson decided to move ahead with King Kong before filming The Lord of the Rings, prompting Universal to enter a deal with Miramax to receive foreign earnings from The Lord of the Rings whilst Miramax received foreign earnings from King Kong.^[7]

When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997,^[8] Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six-week process of sorting out the rights. Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book. Two to three months later, they had written their treatment.^[9] The first film would have dealt with what would become The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, and the beginning of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, ending with the death of Saruman, and Gandalf and Pippin going to Minas Tirith. In this treatment, Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman, Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united, and Farmer Maggot, Glorfindel, Radagast, Elladan and Elrohir are present. Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond, Sam looks into Galadriel's mirror, Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall.^[9] They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein, the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book. They agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million.^[9]

During mid-1997,^[10] Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair.^[9] Sinclair's partner, Philippa Boyens, was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment.^[10] It took 13–14 months to write the two film scripts,^[10] which were 147 and 144 pages respectively. Sinclair left the project due to theatrical obligations. Amongst their revisions, Sam is caught eavesdropping and forced to go along with Frodo, instead of Sam, Merry, and Pippin figuring out about the One Ring themselves and voluntarily going along after confronting Frodo about it. Gandalf's account of his time at Orthanc was pulled out of flashback and Lothlórien was cut. Boromir, son of Denethor, steward of Gondor, also attends the Council on behalf of his country. Other changes included having Arwen rescue Frodo, and the action sequence involving the cave troll. Arwen was even going to kill the Witch-king.^[9]

Trouble struck when Marty Katz was sent to New Zealand. Spending four months there, he told Miramax that the films were more likely to cost $150 million, and with Miramax unable to finance this, and with $15 million already spent, they decided to merge the two films into one. On 17 June 1998, Bob Weinstein presented a treatment of a single two-hour film version of the book. He suggested cutting Bree and the Battle of Helm's Deep, "losing or using" Saruman, merging Rohan and Gondor with Éowyn as Boromir's sister, shortening Rivendell and Moria as well as having Ents prevent the Uruk-hai kidnapping Merry and Pippin.^[9] Upset by the idea of "cutting out half the good stuff"^[10] Jackson balked, and Miramax declared that any script or work completed by Weta Workshop was theirs.^[9] Jackson went around Hollywood for four weeks,^[10] showing a thirty-five minute video of their work, before meeting with Mark Ordesky of New Line Cinema.^[11] At New Line Cinema, Robert Shaye viewed the video, and then asked why they were making two films when the book was published as three volumes; he wanted to make a film trilogy. Now Jackson, Walsh, and Boyens had to write three new scripts.^[10]

The expansion to three films allowed much more creative freedom, although Jackson, Walsh, and Boyens had to restructure their script accordingly. The three films do not correspond exactly to the three volumes of the trilogy, but rather represent a three-part adaptation. Jackson takes a more chronological approach to the story than did Tolkien. Frodo's quest is the main focus, and Aragorn is the main sub-plot,^[12] and many sequences (such as Tom Bombadil and the Scouring of the Shire) that do not contribute directly to those two plots were left out. Much effort was put into creating satisfactory conclusions and making sure exposition did not bog down the pacing. Amongst new sequences, there are also expansions on elements Tolkien kept ambiguous, such as the battles and the creatures.

Above all, most characters have been altered for extra drama: Aragorn, Théoden, and Treebeard have added or modified elements of self-doubt, whilst the personalities of Galadriel, Elrond, and Faramir have been darkened. Boromir and Gollum are (arguably) relatively more sympathetic, whilst some characters such as Legolas, Gimli, Saruman, and Denethor have been simplified. Some characters, such as Arwen and Éomer, have been combined with lesser book characters such as Glorfindel and Erkenbrand, and as a general matter lines of dialog have sometimes been switched around between locations or characters depending on suitability of the scenes. New scenes were also added to expand on characterization. During shooting, the screenplays continued to evolve, in part due to contributions from cast looking to further explore their characters.^[10] Most notable amongst these rewrites was the character Arwen, who was originally planned as a warrior princess, but reverted back to her book counterpart, who remains physically inactive in the story (though she sends moral and military support).^[13]

The most comprehensive study of the making of the films is The Frodo Franchise (2007) by film historian Kristin Thompson.^[14]

Production design

Jackson began storyboarding the trilogy with Christian Rivers in August 1997 and assigned his crew to begin designing Middle-earth at the same time.^[15] Jackson hired long-time collaborator Richard Taylor to lead Weta Workshop on five major design elements: armour, weapons, prosthetics/make-up, creatures, and miniatures. In November 1997,^[10] famed Tolkien illustrators Alan Lee and John Howe joined the project. Most of the imagery in the films is based on their various illustrations.^[16] Grant Major was charged with the task of converting Lee and Howe's designs into architecture, creating models of the sets, whilst Dan Hennah worked as art director, scouting locations and organizing the building of sets.

Jackson's vision of Middle-earth was described as being "Ray Harryhausen meets David Lean" by Randy Cook.^[17] Jackson wanted a gritty realism and historical regard for the fantasy, and attempted to make the world rational and believable. For example, the New Zealand Army helped build Hobbiton months before filming began so the plants could really grow.^[18] Creatures were designed to be biologically believable, such as the enormous wings of the Fell beast to help it fly.^[19] In total, 48,000 pieces of armour, 500 bows, and 10,000 arrows were created by Weta Workshop.^[20] They also created many prosthetics, such as 1,800 pairs of Hobbit feet for the lead actors,^[10] as well as many ears, noses, and heads for the cast, and around 19,000 costumes were woven and aged.^[10] Every prop was specially designed by the Art Department, taking the different scales into account.^[10]

Filming

Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand's conservation areas and national parks between 11 October 1999, and 22 December 2000, a period of 274 days. Pick-up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2004. The trilogy was shot at over 150 different locations^[20], with seven different units shooting, as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown. As well as Jackson directing the whole production, other unit directors included John Mahaffie, Geoff Murphy, Fran Walsh, Barrie Osbourne, Rick Porras, and any other assistant director, producer, or writer available. Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds, and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result, he only got around four hours of sleep a night.^[13] Due to the remoteness of some of the locations, the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time.^[10] The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification.^[21] The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park later required restoration work.^[22]

Cast

The trilogy is noted for having an ensemble cast^[23], and some of the cast and their respective characters include Template:LotR casts navbox*Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins

Sean Astin as Samwise Gamgee
Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn
Ian McKellen as Gandalf the Grey/White
Dominic Monaghan as Merry
Billy Boyd as Pippin
Orlando Bloom as Legolas
John Rhys-Davies as Gimli/Voice of Treebeard
Sean Bean as Boromir
Hugo Weaving as Elrond
Liv Tyler as Arwen
Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins
Cate Blanchett as Galadriel
Andy Serkis as Gollum
Christopher Lee as Saruman
Bernard Hill as Théoden
Miranda Otto as Éowyn
Karl Urban as Éomer
David Wenham as Faramir
Brad Dourif as Wormtongue
John Noble as Denethor
Paul Norell as the King of the Dead
Marton Csokas as Celeborn
Craig Parker as Haldir/Voice of Gothmog
Sala Baker as Sauron/"Maggoty-Bread" Uruk/Stunts
Harry Sinclair as Isildur
Lawrence Makoare as Lurtz/Gothmog/The Witch-king of Angmar/Stunts
Bruce Spence as the Mouth of Sauron
Nathaniel Lees as Uglúk/Stunts
Bruce Hopkins as Gamling
Jed Brophy as Sharku/Snaga
Peter McKenzie as Elendil
Mark Ferguson as Gil-galad
Bret McKenzie as Figwit/Elf Escort

Special effects

The first film has around 540 effect shots, the second 799, and the third 1,488 (2,730 in total). The total increases to 3,420 with the extended editions. 260 visual effect artists began work on the trilogy, and the number doubled by The Two Towers. The crew, led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook, worked long hours, often overnight, to produce special effects within a short space of time. Jackson's active imagination was a driving force. For example, several major shots of Helm's Deep were produced within the last six weeks of post-production of The Two Towers, and the same happened again within the last six weeks on The Return of the King.

Post-production

Each film had the benefit of a full year of post-production time before its respective December release, often finishing in October–November, with the crew immediately going to work on the next film. In the later part of this period, Jackson would move to London to supervise the scoring and continue editing, whilst having a computer feed for discussions to The Dorchester Hotel, and a "fat pipe" of Internet connections from Pinewood Studios to look at the special effects. He had a Polycom video link and 5.1 surround sound to organise meetings, and listen to new music and sound effects generally wherever he was. The extended editions also had a tight schedule at the start of each year to complete special effects and music.

Editing

To avoid pressure, Jackson hired a different editor for each film. John Gilbert worked on the first film, Mike Horton and Jabez Olssen on the second and longtime Jackson collaborator Jamie Selkirk and Annie Collins on the third. Daily rushes would often last up to four hours, with scenes being done throughout 1999–2002 for the rough (4 1/2 hours) assemblies of the films.^[10] In total, six million feet of film (over 1,100 miles)^[20] was edited down to the 11 hours and 23 minutes (683 minutes) of Extended DVD running time. This was the final area of shaping of the films, when Jackson realised that sometimes the best scripting could be redundant on screen, as he picked apart scenes every day from multiple takes.

Editing on the first film was relatively easygoing, with Jackson coming up with the concept of an Extended Edition later on, although after a screening to New Line they had to re-edit the beginning for a prologue. The Two Towers was always acknowledged by the crew as the most difficult film to make, as "it had no beginning or end", and had the additional problem of inter-cutting storylines appropriately. Jackson even continued editing the film when that part of the schedule officially ended, resulting in some scenes, including the reforging of Andúril, Gollum's back-story, and Saruman's demise, being moved to The Return of the King. Later, Saruman's demise was controversially cut from the cinema edition (but included in the extended edition) when Jackson felt it was not starting the third film effectively enough.^[24] As with all parts of the third film's post-production, editing was very chaotic. The first time Jackson actually saw the completed film was at the Wellington premiere.

Deleted scenes

Many filmed scenes remain unused, even in the Extended Editions. Many of these scenes remain omitted largely because they do not significantly change or add to the plot of Tolkien's original storyline. Deletions include:

Additional footage from the Battle of the Last Alliance in the Fellowship of the Ring prologue.
An obscure shot from the trailers of two Elven girls playing about in Rivendell.
Scene mentioned in Fellowship of the Ring commentary, about an animal disrupting Frodo and Sam while they sleep, after seeing the Wood Elves. Many animals were used, including rabbits and deer. ^[10]
Dialogue from the Council of Elrond, such as Gandalf explaining how Sauron forged the One Ring.^[10]
An attack by Orcs from Moria on Lothlórien after the Fellowship leaves Moria. Jackson replaced this with a more suspenseful entrance for the Fellowship. Much of the lost footage can be seen as promotional material on the Fellowship of the Ring theatrical DVD and tie-in books, documentary footage on the Extended Editions, and Trading Cards.
More Arwen footage, including a flashback scene of her first meeting with a beardless Aragorn (seen in the Two Towers teaser).
Faramir having a vision of Frodo becoming like Gollum.^[13]
Footage of Arwen at Helm's Deep, cut by Jackson during a revision to the film's plot. Foreshadowing this sequence were scenes where Arwen and Elrond visit Galadriel at Lothlórien (seen in The Two Towers teaser trailer). The scene was edited down to a telepathic communication between Elrond and Galadriel.^[13]
Théoden speaking to the troops in the armoury, prior to the Battle of Helm's Deep.
Éowyn defending the refugees in the Glittering Caves from Uruk-hai intruders.^[25]
An unknown scene displayed in The Two Towers preview of Éomer lowering a spear while riding his horse in a forest.
A line of dialogue during the death of Saruman, in which he reveals that Wormtongue poisoned Théodred, giving further context as to why Wormtongue kills Saruman and Legolas in turn kills Wormtongue.^[26]
A conversation between Elrond and Arwen in a library in Rivendell, after Arwen decides to wait for Aragorn. Elrond leaves, saying, "You gave away your life's grace. I cannot protect you anymore."^[27]
Sam using the Light of Earendil to pass the Watchers at Cirith Ungol.
Aragorn having his armour fitted during the preparations for the Battle of the Black Gate. This was the final scene filmed during principal photography.^[17]
Sauron fighting Aragorn at the Black Gate. A computer-generated Troll was placed over Sauron due to Jackson feeling the scene was inappropriate. Sauron is also seen in a beautiful form as Annatar, Giver of Gifts.^[17]
Also at the Black Gate sequence, Pippin was seen in the trailer holding a wounded Merry, a scene which takes place after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields upon Pippin discovering Merry under the mûmak.
Further epilogue footage, including that of Legolas and Gimli, as well as Éowyn and Faramir's wedding and Aragorn's death and funeral.^[28]

Peter Jackson has stated that he would like to include some of these unused scenes in a future "Ultimate Edition" home video release (probably high-definition) of the film trilogy. They will not be re-inserted into the movies but available for viewing separately. This edition will also include outtakes.^[29]

Music

Template:Sound sample box align right Template:Sample box end Howard Shore composed the trilogy's music. He was hired in August 2000^[30] and visited the set, and watched the assembly cuts of films 1 and 3. In the music, Shore included many leitmotifs to represent various characters, cultures, and places. For example, there are leitmotifs for the hobbits as well as the Shire. Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington,^[10] virtually all of the trilogy's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios. Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London, though for The Two Towers he stayed for twelve. As a Beatles fan, Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing.^[13]

The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro, Enya, Renee Fleming, Sir James Galway, Annie Lennox and Emiliana Torrini contributed. Even actors Billy Boyd, Viggo Mortensen, Liv Tyler, Miranda Otto (extended cuts only for the latter two), and Peter Jackson (for a single gong sound in the second film) contributed to the score. Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens also wrote the lyrics to various music and songs, which David Salo translated into Tolkien's languages. The third film's end song, Into the West, was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan, who died of cancer in 2003.^[17]

Shore composed a main theme for The Fellowship rather than many different character themes, and its strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the trilogy. On top of that, individual themes were composed to represent different cultures. Infamously, the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes.^[17]

Sound

Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds. Some, such as animal sounds like tigers' and walruses', were bought. Human voices were also used. Fran Walsh contributed to the Nazgûl scream and David Farmer the Warg howls. Other sounds were unexpected: The Fell Beast's screech is taken from that of a donkey, and the mûmakil's bellow comes from the beginning and end of a lion's roar. In addition, ADR was used for most of the dialogue.

The technicians worked with New Zealand locals to get many of the sounds. They re-recorded sounds in abandoned tunnels for an echo-like effect in the Moria sequence. 10,000 New Zealand cricket fans provided the sound of the Uruk-hai army in The Two Towers, with Jackson acting as conductor during a single cricket break.^[13] They spent time recording sounds in a graveyard at night, and also had construction workers drop stone blocks for the sounds of boulders firing and landing in The Return of the King. Mixing took place between August and November at "The Film Mix", before Jackson commissioned the building of a new studio in 2003. The building, however, had not yet been fully completed when they started mixing for The Return of the King.^[17]

Releases

The online promotional trailer for the trilogy was first released on 27 April 2000, and shattered records for download hits, registering 1.7 million hits in the first 24 hours of its release.^[31] The trailer used a selection from the soundtrack for Braveheart, and The Shawshank Redemption among other cuts. In 2001, 24 minutes of footage from the trilogy, primarily the Moria sequence, was shown at the Cannes Film Festival, and was very well received.^[32] The showing also included an area designed to look like Middle-earth.^[20] A full description of the footage can be found here: [2]

The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring was released 19 December 2001. It grossed $47 million in its U.S. opening weekend and made around $871 million worldwide. A preview of The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers was attached at the end of the cinema release for the film.^[33]

A promotional trailer was later released. The trailer contained some music re-scored from the film Requiem for a Dream.^[34] The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers was released 18 December 2002. It grossed $62 million in its first U.S. weekend and out-grossed its predecessor, grossing $926 million worldwide.

The promotional trailer for The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was debuted exclusively before the New Line Cinema film Secondhand Lions on 23 September 2003.^[35] Released 17 December 2003, its first U.S. weekend gross was $72 million, and became the second film (after Titanic) to gross over $1 billion worldwide.

Each film was released on standard two-disc edition DVDs containing previews of the next film. The success of the theatrical cuts brought about four-disc Extended Editions, with new editing, added special effects and music. These are not Director's Cuts, however, as Jackson has said he prefers the theatrical versions.^[36]

With the extended cuts of the films and their respective special features spread over two discs apiece, the Special Extended Edition DVD sets were issued as follows:

The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, 12 November 2002. Containing 30 minutes more footage, in a green sleeve. It contains an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria, and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve. An Argonath styled bookend was issued within a Collector's Edition.
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, 18 November 2003. It contains 44 minutes more footage. A Rohirrim sun symbol decorates the back of its red sleeve and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White's entrance. The Collector's Edition contained a Sméagol statue, with a crueler-looking statue of his Gollum persona available for order during a limited time.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King 14 December 2004. It has 52 minutes more footage, and a blue sleeve with the White Tree of Gondor. The Lee painting is of the Grey Havens. The Collector's Edition included a model of Minas Tirith, with Minas Morgul available for order during a limited time.

The Special Extended DVD Editions also had in-sleeve maps of the Fellowship's travels. They have also played at movie theaters, most notably for a 16 December 2003, marathon screening (dubbed "Trilogy Tuesday") culminating in a midnight screening of the third film.

On 28 August 2006, both versions were put together in a Limited Edition "branching" version plus a new feature-length documentary by Costa Botes. The complete trilogy was released in a six Disc set on 14 November 2006.blah

Public and critical response

The Lord of the Rings film trilogy is the highest grossing motion picture trilogy worldwide of all time, besting such other film franchises as the Star Wars original trilogy and The Godfather. The film trilogy grossed a total of $2.91 billion. The film trilogy also tied a record for the total number of Academy Awards won.^[37]

The majority of critics have also praised the trilogy, with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that "the trilogy will not soon, if ever, find its equal".^[38] In particular, performances from Ian McKellen,^[39] Sean Astin,^[40] Sean Bean, Andy Serkis, and Bernard Hill stood out for many in audience polls, and special effects for the battles and Gollum were praised. A few critics such as Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times did not rank the trilogy so highly, and while praising the special effects, Ebert was critical of the story,^[41] and none of the films appeared in his "Top 10" lists for their respective years.^[42] Some were also critical of the films' pacing and length: "It's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another" according to the Philadelphia Weekly.^[43] Overall however, the films received a positive 94% critics rating on rottentomatoes.com, (92% for FotR, 96% for TTT and 94% for Rotk) a consensus amongst film critics.

The trilogy appears in many "Top 10" film lists, such as the Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association's Top 10 Films, Time Magazine's All-Time 100 Movies, James Berardinelli's Top 100,^[44] and The Screen Directory's "Top Ten Films of All Time" (considering the trilogy as "one epic film split into three parts").^[45]. In 2007, USA Today named the trilogy as the most important films of the past 25 years.^[46]

The Lord of the Rings trilogy has outsold other contemporary trilogies such as the Pirates of the Caribbean films, the first three Harry Potter films, the Spider-Man film series and the Star Wars prequels.^[47]

Academy Awards

The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards, of which they won 17, a record for any movie trilogy. The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated, an extremely rare feat; its Oscar for Best Picture was widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire trilogy. The Return of the King also tied a record for the total number of Academy Awards won, 11, with Ben-Hur and Titanic. No actors in any of the three films won Oscars, although Ian McKellen was nominated for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring.

The Fellowship of the Ring — Nominations: 13, Wins: 4
The Two Towers — Nominations: 6, Wins: 2
The Return of the King — Nominations: 11,Wins: 11

Award	Awards Won
Award	The Fellowship of the Ring	The Two Towers	The Return of the King
Art Direction	Nomination	Nomination	Win
Cinematography	Win
Costume Design	Nomination		Win
Directing	Nomination		Win
Film Editing	Nomination	Nomination	Win
Makeup	Win		Win
Music (Original Score)	Win		Win
Music (Original Song)	Nomination ("May It Be")		Win ("Into the West")
Best Picture	Nomination	Nomination	Win
Sound Editing		Win
Sound Mixing	Nomination	Nomination	Win
Supporting Actor	Nomination (Ian McKellen)
Visual Effects	Win	Win	Win
Writing (Previously Produced or Published)	Nomination		Win

As well as Academy Awards, each film of the trilogy won MTV Movie Awards' Best Film, and the Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation categories. The first and third films also won the Best Film BAFTAs. The soundtrack for The Two Towers did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination. This rule was overturned in time for The Return of the King to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score.

Reactions to changes in the movies from the book

While the films were generally well received, some readers of the book have decried certain changes^[48]^[49] made in the movie adaptation. Various changes made to characters such as Gandalf, Aragorn, Arwen, Denethor, Faramir, and Gimli, as well as to the main protagonist Frodo himself;^[50] and changes made to events (such as the Elves participating at the Battle of Helm's Deep, and Faramir taking the hobbits to Osgiliath);^[51], taken together, are seen to alter the tone and themes from those found in the book.

Many have also decried the wholesale deletion of the penultimate chapter of the novel, "The Scouring of the Shire",^[52] a part Tolkien felt thematically necessary.

Wayne G. Hammond, a noted Tolkien scholar, has said of the first two films:

"I find both of the Jackson films to be travesties as adaptations... faithful only on a basic level of plot... Cut and compress as necessary, yes, but don't change or add new material without very good reason... In the moments in which the films succeed, they do so by staying close to what Tolkien so carefully wrote; where they fail, it tends to be where they diverge from him, most seriously in the area of characterization. Most of the characters in the films are mere shadows of those in the book, weak and diminished (notably Frodo) or insulting caricatures (Pippin, Merry, and Gimli)... [T]he filmmakers sacrifice the richness of Tolkien's story and characters, not to mention common sense, for violence, cheap humor, and cheaper thrills... [S]o many of its reviewers have praised it as faithful to the book, or even superior to it, all of which adds insult to injury and is demonstrably wrong..."^[48]^[53]

Some fans of the book who disagreed with such changes have released fan edits of the films, which removed many of the changes to bring them closer to the original. A combined 8-hour version of the trilogy exists, called The Lord of the Rings: The Purist Edition.^[54]^[55]

Supporters of the trilogy assert that it is a worthy interpretation of the book and that most of the changes were necessary.^[56] Many who worked on the trilogy are fans of the book, including Christopher Lee, who (alone among the cast) had actually met Tolkien in person,^[57] and Boyens once noted that no matter what, it is simply their interpretation of the book. Jackson once said that to simply summarise the story on screen would be a mess, and in his own words, "Sure, it's not really The Lord of the Rings ... but it could still be a pretty damn cool movie."^[58]^[59] Other fans also claim that, despite any changes, the films serve as a tribute to the book, appealing to those who have not yet read it, and even leading some to do so. The Movie Guide for The Encyclopedia of Arda (an online Tolkien encyclopedia) states:

"It seems appropriate to end with a word of acknowledgement of Peter Jackson and everyone else associated with the movie version of The Lord of the Rings. Though of course they haven't come close to the scope and intricacy of the original story — that would be quite impossible — what they have produced is still nothing less than a masterpiece. The film-makers, and of course Peter Jackson in particular, have to be admired merely for having the courage to take on such an immense challenge, let alone to produce such an exceptional result. The complete story of The Lord of the Rings is probably unfilmable, but Peter Jackson has come closer than anyone could have imagined possible."^[60]

Three films or one?

The films were shot together and then edited into three separate films released theatrically over a span of three successive years. Hence a significant number of fans and critics have come to regard the trilogy as a single film.Template:ME-fact The book, which was meant to be a single novel, was first released in three parts for marketing and budget reasons. This fostered the assumption that it is a trilogy.Template:ME-fact Similarly, Jackson's trilogy is essentially one long ten hour film, or eleven and a half hours if the extended editions are combined. Time magazine placed the trilogy in its top 100 list under a single heading. While this grouping into a single entity is debated, it is not unusual as Krzysztof Kieślowski's The Decalogue, which was originally released as ten separate short films with intersecting themes and characters, is now regarded by the majority of critics as a single work. Satyajit Ray's The Apu Trilogy is also often grouped together.

Legacy

The release of the films saw a surge of interest in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien's other works, vastly increasing his impact on popular culture and dumbing-down the public reception of the novel.^[61] It was rumoured that the Tolkien family became split on the trilogy, with Christopher Tolkien and Simon Tolkien feuding over whether or not it was a good idea to adapt.^[62] Christopher Tolkien has since denied these claims saying, "My own position is that The Lord Of The Rings is peculiarly unsuitable to transformation into visual dramatic form. The suggestions that have been made that I 'disapprove' of the films, to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ, are wholly without foundation." He added that he had never "expressed any such feeling".^[63] Capitalizing on the trilogy's success^{[citation needed]}, a musical adaptation of the book was launched in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in 2006, but it closed after mostly poor reviews. A shortened version opened in London, UK, in the summer of 2007. The success of the films has also spawned the production of video games and many other kinds of merchandise.

As a result of the success of the trilogy, Peter Jackson has become a player in the movie business (sometimes called a mogul) in the mold of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas, in the process befriending some industry heavyweights like Bryan Singer, Frank Darabont and James Cameron. Jackson has since founded his own film production company Wingnut Films, and Wingnut Interactive and a video-game company. He was also finally given a chance to remake King Kong in 2005; although it was not as successful, it nevertheless still received critical acclaim. Jackson has been called a "favourite son" of New Zealand.^[64] In 2004, Howard Shore toured with The Lord of the Rings Symphony, consisting of two hours of the score. Along with the Harry Potter films, the trilogy has renewed interest in the fantasy film genre. Motion capture was used for characters in King Kong, I, Robot, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. Kingdom of Heaven is one of many epics to use the MASSIVE technology. Tourism for New Zealand is up, possibly due to its exposure in the trilogy,^[65] with the tourism industry in the country waking up to an audience's familiarity.^[66]

In December 2002, The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy: The Exhibition opened at the Te Papa museum in Wellington, New Zealand. As of 2007, the exhibition has travelled to seven other cities around the world.

The Lord of the Rings has inspired much fan fiction, and film historian Kristin Thompson argues it "is considered one of the main fandoms for slash fiction".^[67] The 'slash' reception of the film trilogy as a narrative of homosexual desire has been the subject of further published research, some of which examines the idea of a basis for this reception in the text of the films and book(s).^[68]^[69] Thompson argues that the acceptance by members of the trilogy's cast of slash stories about themselves (eg. in which they seduce one another) contributed to the acceptance of this fan fiction genre within the fan community.^[70]

The legacy of The Lord of the Rings is also that of court cases over profits from the trilogy. Sixteen cast members (Noel Appleby, Jed Brophy, Mark Ferguson, Ray Henwood, Bruce Hopkins, William Johnson, Nathaniel Lees, Sarah McLeod, Ian Mune, Paul Norell, Craig Parker, Robert Pollock, Martyn Sanderson, Peter Tait and Stephan Ure) sued over the lack of revenue from merchandise bearing their appearance. The case was resolved out of court in 2008. The settlement came too late for Appleby, who died of cancer in 2007.^[71] Saul Zaentz also filed a lawsuit in 2004 claiming he had not been paid all of his royalties. The next year, Jackson himself sued the studio over profits from the first film, slowing development of the prequels until late 2007.^[72] The Tolkien Estate filed a lawsuit in February 2008, for violating Tolkien's original deal over the rights that they would earn 7.5% of the gross from any films based on his works. The Estate sought compensation of $150 million,^[73] A judge denied them this option, but allowed them to win compensation from the act of the studio ignoring the contract itself.^[74]

Notes

^ "Abbreviations". elvish.org. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
^ "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
^ "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
^ "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
^ Ian Nathan (2003-11-28). "Peter Jackson". Empire. p. 90. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b Sibley (2001), p.11-12
^ ^a ^b ^c Brian Sibley (2006). "Cheats, Spooks, Hobbits and Apes". Peter Jackson: A Film-maker's Journey. London: Harper Collins. pp. 310–328. ISBN 0-00-717558-2.
^ Watkin, Tim (2001-08-12). "The 'Rings' movies, a potted history". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2006-12-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Brian Sibley (2006). "Quest for the Ring". Peter Jackson: A Film-maker's Journey. London: Harper Collins. pp. 329–87. ISBN 0-00-717558-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Appendices (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2002.
^ Sibley (2006), p.388–92
^ Head, Steve (2002-12-13). "An interview with Peter Jackson". IGN. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers "Appendices" (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2003.
^ Kristin Thompson, The Frodo Franchise: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).
^ Russell, Gary (2003). The Art of the Two Towers. Harper Collins.
^ "The Art of Film". JW's LOTR fansite. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King "Appendices" (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2004.
^ "Hobbiton is being built". The One Ring.net. 2006-04-12. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
^ French, Lawrence (2005). Peter Jackson From Gore to Mordor - Ray Harryhausen visits Middle-earth. Nexus. pp. 149–150. ISBN 0-85965-356-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sibley, Brian (2002). The Making of the Movie Trilogy. Harper Collins.
^ Johnson, S. 2002. 'The Lord of the Rings and Vertical Limits Film Concessions and the Conservation Act 1987', 4 Butterworths Resource Management Bulletin Vol. 11:125-129, Butterworths of NZ, Wellington, New Zealand.
^ Tongariro/Taupo Conservation Awards 2005, Department Of Conservation Regional Awards, retrieved 1 February 2008.
^ The Associated Press (2003-12-18). "Midnight 'King' rakes in $8 million". CNN. Retrieved 2008-09-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ "Hey, what happened to Saruman?". CNN.com. 2003-12-17. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
^ The Fellowship of the Ring DVD preview of The Two Towers (2002)
^ Peter Jackson in The Return of the King audio commentary
^ The Return of the King trailer
^ Knowles, Harry (2000-12-17). "There and Back Again: A Geek's Adventures in Middle-earth, CHAPTER FOUR!". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
^ "Peter Jackson talks of Lord of the Rings Ultimate Box Set". The Movie Blog.com. Retrieved 2005-01-14.
^ Davidson, Paul (2000-08-15). "Lord of the Rings Composer Confirmed". IGN. Retrieved 2006-11-14.
^ Lord of the Rings News | LoTR movie internet trailer preview
^ IGN: LOTR Footage Wows Journalists
^ A Longer Fellowship Ending? by Paul Davidson, last retrieved on 5 August 2006
^ "Movie Answer Man". rogerebert.com.
^ [http://www.movieweb.com/news/14/1714.php MovieWeb.com's News for 23 September 2003, last retrieved on 5 August 2006
^ [1] IGN DVD's extended Return of the King review by Andy Patrizio. December 8, 2004, last retrieved on 23 November 2007
^ Remaking King Kong an honor for Jackson by John Horn, last retrieved on 5 August 2006
^ Return of the King review at CalendarLive.com by Kenneth Turan, last retrieved on 5 August 2006
^ Daily Poll Results
^ Daily Poll Results
^ Review of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King from http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/
^ Ebert's 10 Best Lists: 1967-present
^ Ringing Hollow by Sean Burns, last retrieved on 28 January 2007
^ James Berardinelli. "Berardinelli's All-Time Top 100". Reelviews. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
^ Top Ten Films of All Time accessed 10 February 2007
^ Susan Wloszczyna (2007-07-02). "Hollywood highlights: 25 movies with real impact". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-07-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ boxofficemojo.com – Worldwide Box Office Figures
^ ^a ^b Croft, Janet B. The Mines of Moria: "Anticipation" and "Flattening" in Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring. From http://faculty-staff.ou.edu, last retrieved on 21 August 2006
^ Chance, Jane. Is there a text in this Hobbit? Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring. Originally for Literature Film Quarterly, 2002. Last retrieved on 25 August 2006
^ Filming Issues With The Two Towers Movie at oddlots.digitalspace.net, last retrieved on 5 August 2006
^ "Broken Promises: the failure of the Jackson-Boyens-Walsh films, focusing on The Two Towers at oddlots.digitalspace.net, last retrieved on 4 September 2006
^ Irrelevant and Anticlimactic? The "Scouring" Considered, for Readers and Others at oddlots.digitalspace.net, last retrieved on 4 September 2006
^ Kirst, Sean. "Tolkien Scholar Stings "Rings" Films." Review of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. First published in the Syracuse Post-Standard, 4 February 2003. May be accessed here in full, last retrieved 15 September 2006
^ Leo Grin. "Tolkien Purists Strike Back!". Retrieved 2007-12-28.
^ "The Lord of the Rings: the purist edition". Retrieved 2007-12-28.
^ J.W's LOTR Fansite
^ "Biography for Christopher Lee." http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000489/bio
^ 20 Questions with Peter Jackson. Last retrieved 16 September 2006
^ Lord of the Rings Movies - Complete List of Film Changes - Overview - The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and Tolkien - The One Ring - The Home of Tolkien Online
^ The Encyclopedia of Arda
^ Gilsdorf, Ethan (16 November 2003). "Lord of the Gold Ring". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2006-06-16.
^ "Feud over 'Rings' movie splits Tolkien family". The New Zealand Herald. 3 December 2001.
^ "Tolkien's son denies rift". BBC News. 7 December 2001.
^ "NZer of the year: Peter Jackson". The New Zealand Herald. 29 December 2001.
^ "Movie Tourism in New Zealand".
^ "New Zealand, Home of Middle-earth". The New Zealand Herald.
^ Kristin Thompson, The Frodo Franchise: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007) 178.
^ Anna Smol (2004) ‘ “Oh... oh... Frodo!”: Readings of Male Intimacy in The Lord of the Rings’. Modern Fiction Studies 50(4):949-979.
^ Daniel Allington (2007) ‘ “How Come Most People Don’t See It?”: Slashing The Lord of the Rings’. Social Semiotics 17(1):45-64.
^ Kristin Thompson, The Frodo Franchise: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007) 179.
^ Bruce Hopkins (2008-10-08). "New Zealand actors settle out of court with New Line". TheOneRing.net. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Benjamin Svetkey (2007-10-04). "'The Hobbit': Peace in Middle-Earth?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
^ Alex Viega (2008-02-12). "Tolkien Estate Sues New Line Cinema". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
^ "No punitive damages in Rings case". BBC News Online. 2008-09-26. Retrieved 2008-09-27.

External links

Template:Middle-earth portal

Official site of the films
TheOneRing.net
The Frodo Franchise
The Lord of the Rings film trilogy at the Arts & Faith Top 100 Spiritually Significant Films list
What To Do With The Time That Is Given: Vocation in The Lord of the Rings Essay-length review of the film cycle as compared with the original book on the theme of vocation, or calling. Originally published in The Mars Hill Review.

[1] "Abbreviations". elvish.org. Retrieved 2006-10-12.

[2] "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2006-10-12.

[3] "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2006-10-12.

[4] "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2006-10-12.

[5] Ian Nathan (2003-11-28). "Peter Jackson". Empire. p. 90. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[i_want_to_see_it-6] Sibley (2001), p.11-12

[cheat-7] Brian Sibley (2006). "Cheats, Spooks, Hobbits and Apes". Peter Jackson: A Film-maker's Journey. London: Harper Collins. pp. 310–328. ISBN 0-00-717558-2.

[Timeline-8] Watkin, Tim (2001-08-12). "The 'Rings' movies, a potted history". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2006-12-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[quest-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Brian Sibley (2006). "Quest for the Ring". Peter Jackson: A Film-maker's Journey. London: Harper Collins. pp. 329–87. ISBN 0-00-717558-2.

[FOTR_SEE-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Appendices (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2002.

[11] Sibley (2006), p.388–92

[12] Head, Steve (2002-12-13). "An interview with Peter Jackson". IGN. Retrieved 2006-10-24.

[TTT_SEE-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers "Appendices" (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2003.

[14] Kristin Thompson, The Frodo Franchise: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).

[TTT_Art-15] Russell, Gary (2003). The Art of the Two Towers. Harper Collins.

[16] "The Art of Film". JW's LOTR fansite. Retrieved 2006-10-15.

[ROTK_SEE-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King "Appendices" (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2004.

[18] "Hobbiton is being built". The One Ring.net. 2006-04-12. Retrieved 2006-10-15.

[19] French, Lawrence (2005). Peter Jackson From Gore to Mordor - Ray Harryhausen visits Middle-earth. Nexus. pp. 149–150. ISBN 0-85965-356-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[Trilogy_book-20] Sibley, Brian (2002). The Making of the Movie Trilogy. Harper Collins.

[21] Johnson, S. 2002. 'The Lord of the Rings and Vertical Limits Film Concessions and the Conservation Act 1987', 4 Butterworths Resource Management Bulletin Vol. 11:125-129, Butterworths of NZ, Wellington, New Zealand.

[22] Tongariro/Taupo Conservation Awards 2005, Department Of Conservation Regional Awards, retrieved 1 February 2008.

[23] The Associated Press (2003-12-18). "Midnight 'King' rakes in $8 million". CNN. Retrieved 2008-09-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[24] "Hey, what happened to Saruman?". CNN.com. 2003-12-17. Retrieved 2006-10-15.

[25] The Fellowship of the Ring DVD preview of The Two Towers (2002)

[26] Peter Jackson in The Return of the King audio commentary

[27] The Return of the King trailer

[28] Knowles, Harry (2000-12-17). "There and Back Again: A Geek's Adventures in Middle-earth, CHAPTER FOUR!". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved 2006-10-15.

[29] "Peter Jackson talks of Lord of the Rings Ultimate Box Set". The Movie Blog.com. Retrieved 2005-01-14.

[30] Davidson, Paul (2000-08-15). "Lord of the Rings Composer Confirmed". IGN. Retrieved 2006-11-14.

[31] Lord of the Rings News | LoTR movie internet trailer preview

[32] IGN: LOTR Footage Wows Journalists

[33] A Longer Fellowship Ending? by Paul Davidson, last retrieved on 5 August 2006

[34] "Movie Answer Man". rogerebert.com.

[35] [http://www.movieweb.com/news/14/1714.php MovieWeb.com's News for 23 September 2003, last retrieved on 5 August 2006

[36] [1] IGN DVD's extended Return of the King review by Andy Patrizio. December 8, 2004, last retrieved on 23 November 2007

[37] Remaking King Kong an honor for Jackson by John Horn, last retrieved on 5 August 2006

[38] Return of the King review at CalendarLive.com by Kenneth Turan, last retrieved on 5 August 2006

[39] Daily Poll Results

[40] Daily Poll Results

[41] Review of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King from http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/

[42] Ebert's 10 Best Lists: 1967-present

[43] Ringing Hollow by Sean Burns, last retrieved on 28 January 2007

[44] James Berardinelli. "Berardinelli's All-Time Top 100". Reelviews. Retrieved 2007-03-16.

[45] Top Ten Films of All Time accessed 10 February 2007

[46] Susan Wloszczyna (2007-07-02). "Hollywood highlights: 25 movies with real impact". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-07-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[47] xofficemojo.com – Worldwide Box Office Figures

[croft-48] Croft, Janet B. The Mines of Moria: "Anticipation" and "Flattening" in Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring. From http://faculty-staff.ou.edu, last retrieved on 21 August 2006

[49] Chance, Jane. Is there a text in this Hobbit? Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring. Originally for Literature Film Quarterly, 2002. Last retrieved on 25 August 2006

[oddlots-50] Filming Issues With The Two Towers Movie at oddlots.digitalspace.net, last retrieved on 5 August 2006

[51] "Broken Promises: the failure of the Jackson-Boyens-Walsh films, focusing on The Two Towers at oddlots.digitalspace.net, last retrieved on 4 September 2006

[52] Irrelevant and Anticlimactic? The "Scouring" Considered, for Readers and Others at oddlots.digitalspace.net, last retrieved on 4 September 2006

[kirst-53] Kirst, Sean. "Tolkien Scholar Stings "Rings" Films." Review of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. First published in the Syracuse Post-Standard, 4 February 2003. May be accessed here in full, last retrieved 15 September 2006

[cimmerian-54] Leo Grin. "Tolkien Purists Strike Back!". Retrieved 2007-12-28.

[55] "The Lord of the Rings: the purist edition". Retrieved 2007-12-28.

[56] J.W's LOTR Fansite

[57] "Biography for Christopher Lee." http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000489/bio

[58] 20 Questions with Peter Jackson. Last retrieved 16 September 2006

[59] Lord of the Rings Movies - Complete List of Film Changes - Overview - The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and Tolkien - The One Ring - The Home of Tolkien Online

[60] The Encyclopedia of Arda

[surge-61] Gilsdorf, Ethan (16 November 2003). "Lord of the Gold Ring". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2006-06-16.

[62] "Feud over 'Rings' movie splits Tolkien family". The New Zealand Herald. 3 December 2001.

[63] "Tolkien's son denies rift". BBC News. 7 December 2001.

[64] "NZer of the year: Peter Jackson". The New Zealand Herald. 29 December 2001.

[65] "Movie Tourism in New Zealand".

[66] "New Zealand, Home of Middle-earth". The New Zealand Herald.

[67] Kristin Thompson, The Frodo Franchise: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007) 178.

[68] Anna Smol (2004) ‘ “Oh... oh... Frodo!”: Readings of Male Intimacy in The Lord of the Rings’. Modern Fiction Studies 50(4):949-979.

[69] Daniel Allington (2007) ‘ “How Come Most People Don’t See It?”: Slashing The Lord of the Rings’. Social Semiotics 17(1):45-64.

[70] Kristin Thompson, The Frodo Franchise: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007) 179.

[71] Bruce Hopkins (2008-10-08). "New Zealand actors settle out of court with New Line". TheOneRing.net. Retrieved 2008-10-09.

[72] Benjamin Svetkey (2007-10-04). "'The Hobbit': Peace in Middle-Earth?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2007-10-05.

[73] Alex Viega (2008-02-12). "Tolkien Estate Sues New Line Cinema". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-05-03.

[74] "No punitive damages in Rings case". BBC News Online. 2008-09-26. Retrieved 2008-09-27.

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v t e Peter Jackson
Films directed	Bad Taste (1987) Meet the Feebles (1989) Braindead (1992) Heavenly Creatures (1994) Forgotten Silver (1995) The Frighteners (1996) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) King Kong (2005) The Lovely Bones (2009) The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012) The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013) The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)
Documentaries	They Shall Not Grow Old (2018) The Beatles: Get Back (2021)
Music videos	"Now and Then" (2023)
Short films	The Valley (1976) Crossing the Line (2008)
Produced only	Valley of the Stereos (1992) Jack Brown Genius (1996, also writer) District 9 (2009) The Adventures of Tintin (2011) West of Memphis (2012) Mortal Engines (2018, also writer)
Companies	WingNut Films Wētā Workshop Wētā FX Park Road Post
Related	The Lord of the Rings (film series) The Hobbit (film series) Peter Jackson's interpretation of The Lord of the Rings