Garmisch-Partenkirchen: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 47°30′N 11°5′E / 47.500°N 11.083°E / 47.500; 11.083
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{{For|the district|Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)}}
{{For|the district|Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{morefootnotes|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox German location
{{Infobox German location
|name = Garmisch-Partenkirchen
|name = Garmisch-Partenkirchen
|type =
|type =
| German_name =
|image_photo = Garmisch-Partenkirchen.JPG
|image_photo = Garmisch-Partenkirchen.JPG
|imagesize = 250
|imagesize = 250
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|party = CSU
|party = CSU
}}
}}
⚫
'''Garmisch-Partenkirchen''' ({{IPA-de|ˈɡaʁmɪʃ paʁtn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩|-|De-Garmisch-Partenkirchen.ogg}}; [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]]: ''Garmasch-Partakurch'') is an [[Northern Limestone Alps|Alpine]] [[mountain resort|ski town]] in [[Bavaria]], southern [[Germany]]. It is the [[seat of government]] of the [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)|district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen]] (abbreviated ''GAP''), in the [[Oberbayern]] region, which borders [[Austria]]. Nearby is Germany's highest mountain, [[Zugspitze]], at {{convert|2962|m}} above [[sea level]].
⚫
[[File:Fürstengang Freising - Garmisch.jpg|thumb|Panorama of Garmisch by Valentin Gappnigg (c. 1700)]]
⚫
[[File:Prince-Bishopric of Freising.jpg|thumb|18th-century map showing the County of Werdenfels with Garmisch and Partenkirchen]]
⚫
'''Garmisch-Partenkirchen''' ({{IPA-de|ˈɡaʁmɪʃ paʁtn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩|-|De-Garmisch-Partenkirchen.ogg}}; [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]]: ''Garmasch-Partakurch'') is a [[mountain resort|ski town]] in [[Bavaria]], southern [[Germany]]. It is the [[seat of government]] of the [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)|district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen]] (abbreviated ''GAP''), in the [[Oberbayern]] region, which borders [[Austria]]. Nearby is Germany's highest mountain, [[Zugspitze]], at {{convert|2962|m}} above [[sea level]].


The town is known as the site of the [[1936 Winter Olympics|1936 Winter Olympic Games]], the first to include [[Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics|alpine skiing]], and hosts a variety of [[winter sports]] competitions.
The town is known as the site of the [[1936 Winter Olympics|1936 Winter Olympic Games]], the first to include [[Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics|alpine skiing]], and hosts a variety of [[winter sports]] competitions.
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During the late 13th century, the valley, as part of the [[County of Werdenfels]], came under the rule of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Freising|prince-bishops of Freising]] and was to remain so until the [[German mediatization|mediatization]] of 1803. The area was governed by a prince-bishop's representative known as a ''Pfleger'' (caretaker or warden) from [[Werdenfels Castle]] situated on a crag north of Garmisch.
During the late 13th century, the valley, as part of the [[County of Werdenfels]], came under the rule of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Freising|prince-bishops of Freising]] and was to remain so until the [[German mediatization|mediatization]] of 1803. The area was governed by a prince-bishop's representative known as a ''Pfleger'' (caretaker or warden) from [[Werdenfels Castle]] situated on a crag north of Garmisch.


The Europeans' discovery of America at the turn of the 15th century led to a boom in shipping and a sharp decline in overland trade, which plunged the region into a centuries-long economic depression. The valley floor was swampy and difficult to farm. Bears, wolves and lynxes were a constant threat to livestock. The population suffered from periodic epidemics, including several serious outbreaks of [[black death|bubonic plague]]. Adverse fortunes from disease and crop failure occasionally led to a [[witch hunt]]. Most notable of these were the trials and executions of 1589–1596, in which 63 people — more than 10 percent of the population at the time — were burned at the stake or garroted.
The Europeans' discovery of America at the turn of the 15th century led to a boom in shipping and a sharp decline in overland trade, which plunged the region into a centuries-long economic depression. The valley floor was swampy and difficult to farm. Bears, wolves and lynxes were a constant threat to livestock. The population suffered from periodic epidemics, including several serious outbreaks of [[black death|bubonic plague]]. Adverse fortunes from disease and crop failure occasionally led to a [[witch hunt]]. Most notable of these were the trials and executions of 1589–1596, in which 63 people — more than 10 per cent of the population at the time — were burned at the stake or garroted.


[[Werdenfels Castle]], where the accused were held, tried and executed, became an object of superstitious terror and was abandoned in the 17th century. It was largely torn down in the 1750s and its stones used to build the baroque ''Neue Kirche'' (New Church) on Marienplatz, which was completed in 1752. It replaced the nearby Gothic ''Alte Kirche'' (Old Church), parts of which predated Christianity and may originally have been a pagan temple. Used as a storehouse, armory and haybarn for many years, it has since been re-consecrated. Some of its medieval frescoes are still visible.
[[Werdenfels Castle]], where the accused were held, tried and executed, became an object of superstitious terror and was abandoned in the 17th century. It was largely torn down in the 1750s and its stones were used to build the baroque ''Neue Kirche'' (New Church) on Marienplatz, which was completed in 1752. It replaced the nearby Gothic ''Alte Kirche'' (Old Church), parts of which predated Christianity and may originally have been a pagan temple. Used as a storehouse, armory and haybarn for many years, it has since been re-consecrated. Some of its medieval frescoes are still visible.


Garmisch and Partenkirchen remained separate until their respective mayors were forced by [[Adolf Hitler]] to combine the two market towns on 1 January 1935<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gapgeschichte.de/ns_zeit_1935_ga_pa_text/zwangsvereinigung_text.htm|title=Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1. Januar 1935|publisher=Garmisch-Partenkirchen Geschichte|author=Alois Schwarzmüller 2006|language=German|date=2006|accessdate=4 February 2021}}</ref> in anticipation of the [[1936 Winter Olympics|1936 Winter Olympic Games]]. Today, the united town is casually (but incorrectly) referred to as Garmisch, much to the dismay of Partenkirchen's residents. Most visitors will notice the slightly more modern feel of Garmisch while the fresco-filled, [[cobblestone]]d streets of Partenkirchen have a generally more historic appearance. Early mornings and late afternoons in pleasant weather often find local traffic stopped while the dairy cows are herded to and from the nearby mountain meadows.{{Citation Needed|date=December 2021}}
Garmisch and Partenkirchen remained separate until their respective mayors were forced by [[Adolf Hitler]] to combine the two market towns on 1 January 1935<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gapgeschichte.de/ns_zeit_1935_ga_pa_text/zwangsvereinigung_text.htm|title=Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1. Januar 1935|publisher=Garmisch-Partenkirchen Geschichte|author=Alois Schwarzmüller 2006|language=German|date=2006|accessdate=4 February 2021}}</ref> in anticipation of the [[1936 Winter Olympics|1936 Winter Olympic Games]]. Today, the united town is casually (but incorrectly) referred to as Garmisch, much to the dismay of Partenkirchen's residents. Most visitors will notice the slightly more modern feel of Garmisch while the fresco-filled, [[cobblestone]]d streets of Partenkirchen have a generally more historic appearance. Early mornings and late afternoons in pleasant weather often find local traffic stopped while the dairy cows are herded to and from the nearby mountain meadows.{{Citation Needed|date=December 2021}}


During [[World War II]], Garmisch-Partenkirchen was a major hospital center for the German military.
During [[World War II]], Garmisch-Partenkirchen was a major hospital center for the German military.


==Climate==
==Climate==
Garmisch-Partenkirchen leans towards an [[oceanic climate]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=36901&cityname=Garmisch-Partenkirchen%2C+Bavaria%2C+Germany&units=|title=Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref> and its winters are colder than the rest of Bavaria. Due&nbsp;to its higher [[elevation]], it is very close to the winters associated with [[humid continental climate|continental]] climates; it&nbsp;has a relatively wet and snowy climate, with high precipitation year-round.
Garmisch-Partenkirchen leans towards an [[oceanic climate]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=36901&cityname=Garmisch-Partenkirchen%2C+Bavaria%2C+Germany&units=|title=Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase
|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref> and its winters are colder than the rest of Bavaria. Due&nbsp;to its higher [[elevation]], it is very close to the winters associated with [[humid continental climate|continental]] climates; it&nbsp;has a relatively wet and snowy climate, with high precipitation year-round. As of 2013 the regions in the west and east of the town were cited as having highest numbers of thunderstorm days in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thunderstorm activity in central and western Europe|website=ESKP|date=28 July 2013|access-date=20 August 2023
|url=https://www.eskp.de/en/natural-hazards/thunderstorms-in-central-and-western-europe-935955/}}</ref>


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|location = Garmisch-Partenkirchen
| location = Garmisch-Partenkirchen (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–present)
|metric first = 1
| metric first = Y
|single line = 1
| single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 16
|Jan record high C = 19.0
|Feb record high C = 21
|Feb record high C = 21.4
|Mar record high C = 24
|Mar record high C = 25.3
|Apr record high C = 28
|Apr record high C = 29.2
|May record high C = 32
|May record high C = 31.7
|Jun record high C = 32
|Jun record high C = 35.1
|Jul record high C = 33
|Jul record high C = 36.4
|Aug record high C = 33
|Aug record high C = 35.7
|Sep record high C = 30
|Sep record high C = 32.0
|Oct record high C = 27
|Oct record high C = 27.8
|Nov record high C = 23
|Nov record high C = 23.7
|Dec record high C = 17
|Dec record high C = 18.6
|year record high C = 33
|year record high C =
|Jan high C = 2
|Jan high C = 3.2
|Feb high C = 4
|Feb high C = 5.7
|Mar high C = 8
|Mar high C = 10.0
|Apr high C = 12
|Apr high C = 14.5
|May high C = 17
|May high C = 18.4
|Jun high C = 19
|Jun high C = 21.5
|Jul high C = 21
|Jul high C = 23.4
|Aug high C = 21
|Aug high C = 23.1
|Sep high C = 18
|Sep high C = 18.7
|Oct high C = 13
|Oct high C = 14.5
|Nov high C = 7
|Nov high C = 8.2
|Dec high C = 2
|Dec high C = 3.3
|year high C = 12
| year high C = 13.7
|Jan mean C = -2
|Jan mean C = -2.1
|Feb mean C = 0
|Feb mean C = -0.5
|Mar mean C = 3
|Mar mean C = 3.5
|Apr mean C = 6
|Apr mean C = 7.8
|May mean C = 11
|May mean C = 12.1
|Jun mean C = 13
|Jun mean C = 15.5
|Jul mean C = 15
|Jul mean C = 17.1
|Aug mean C = 15
|Aug mean C = 16.6
|Sep mean C = 12
|Sep mean C = 12.5
|Oct mean C = 8
|Oct mean C = 8.2
|Nov mean C = 3
|Nov mean C = 2.7
|Dec mean C = -1
|Dec mean C = -1.4
|year mean C = 7
|year mean C = 7.7
|Jan low C = -6
|Jan low C = -5.8
|Feb low C = -5
|Feb low C = -5.0
|Mar low C = -2
|Mar low C = -1.7
|Apr low C = 1
|Apr low C = 1.7
|May low C = 5
|May low C = 5.9
|Jun low C = 8
|Jun low C = 9.6
|Jul low C = 10
|Jul low C = 11.2
|Aug low C = 10
|Aug low C = 11.1
|Sep low C = 7
|Sep low C = 7.5
|Oct low C = 3
|Oct low C = 3.6
|Nov low C = -1
|Nov low C = -1.1
|Dec low C = -5
|Dec low C = -4.6
|year low C = 2
| year low C = 2.8
|Jan record low C = -27
|Jan record low C = -25.8
|Feb record low C = -27
|Feb record low C = -29.3
|Mar record low C = -19
|Mar record low C = -21.2
|Apr record low C = -12
|Apr record low C = -12.6
|May record low C = -6
|May record low C = -4.6
|Jun record low C = 0
|Jun record low C = -0.2
|Jul record low C = 2
|Jul record low C = 3.5
|Aug record low C = 1
|Aug record low C = 1.8
|Sep record low C = -3
|Sep record low C = -2.3
|Oct record low C = -9
|Oct record low C = -8.2
|Nov record low C = -16
|Nov record low C = -17.3
|Dec record low C = -21
|Dec record low C = -24.4
|year record low C = -27
|year record low C =
|Jan precipitation mm = 70
| precipitation colour = green
|Feb precipitation mm = 50
|Jan precipitation mm = 77.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 60
|Feb precipitation mm = 65.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 90
|Mar precipitation mm = 90.3
|May precipitation mm = 120
|Apr precipitation mm = 87.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 170
|May precipitation mm = 143.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 180
|Jun precipitation mm = 179.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 160
|Jul precipitation mm = 172.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 120
|Aug precipitation mm = 191.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 70
|Sep precipitation mm = 115.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 60
|Oct precipitation mm = 91.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 80
|Nov precipitation mm = 80.8
|year precipitation mm = 1280
|Dec precipitation mm = 77.8
| year precipitation mm = 1379.3
|source 1 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=36901&cityname=Garmisch-Partenkirchen-Bavaria-Germany|title=Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Temperature Averages|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 14.6
|Feb precipitation days = 13.6
|Mar precipitation days = 15.9
|Apr precipitation days = 15.5
|May precipitation days = 18.6
|Jun precipitation days = 19.8
|Jul precipitation days = 19.0
|Aug precipitation days = 18.0
|Sep precipitation days = 16.2
|Oct precipitation days = 13.9
|Nov precipitation days = 14.0
|Dec precipitation days = 15.4
|year precipitation days = 195.4
|Jan sun = 74.6
|Feb sun = 106.1
|Mar sun = 148.6
|Apr sun = 168.8
|May sun = 172.1
|Jun sun = 176.2
|Jul sun = 201.1
|Aug sun = 199.5
|Sep sun = 163.7
|Oct sun = 135.3
|Nov sun = 80.2
|Dec sun = 55.7
|year sun = 1665.9
|Jan humidity = 86.2
|Feb humidity = 80.9
|Mar humidity = 76.2
|Apr humidity = 72.2
|May humidity = 74.1
|Jun humidity = 75.8
|Jul humidity = 76.4
|Aug humidity = 79.3
|Sep humidity = 82.6
|Oct humidity = 83.5
|Nov humidity = 87.0
|Dec humidity = 89.3
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 27.4
|Feb snow days = 23.6
|Mar snow days = 14.9
|Apr snow days = 2.5
|May snow days = 0.2
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0.8
|Nov snow days = 8.9
|Dec snow days = 21.1
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012154151/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Garmisch-Partenkirchen_10963.csv
| archive-date = 12 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Garmisch-Partenkirchen_10963.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = DWD (extremes)<ref>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.wetterzentrale.de/extremes_mon.php?station=1550&maand=2&country=1&order=2&extreem=X_TN
|title = Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw.
|publisher = DWD
|language = de
|access-date = 29 January 2024}}</ref>
}}
}}


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Garmisch-Partenkirchen was a partner in the city of [[Munich]]'s [[Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics|bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics]] but the IOC vote held on 6 July 2011 awarded the Games to [[Pyeongchang County|Pyeongchang]]. The Winter Olympics were last held in the [[German language|German]]-speaking Alps in [[1976 Winter Olympics|1976]] in nearby Innsbruck, Austria.
Garmisch-Partenkirchen was a partner in the city of [[Munich]]'s [[Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics|bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics]] but the IOC vote held on 6 July 2011 awarded the Games to [[Pyeongchang County|Pyeongchang]]. The Winter Olympics were last held in the [[German language|German]]-speaking Alps in [[1976 Winter Olympics|1976]] in nearby Innsbruck, Austria.

In team sports, the professional [[List of German ice hockey champions#German champions (men's)|former 10-time German champion]] [[ice hockey]] team [[SC Riessersee]] play at the [[Garmisch Olympia Stadium]].

The local [[association football]] team is [[1.FC Garmisch-Partenkirchen]].


==Event highlights==
==Event highlights==
⚫
[[File:Fürstengang Freising - Garmisch.jpg|thumb|Panorama of Garmisch by Valentin Gappnigg ({{Circa|1700}})]]
⚫
* 1 January – [[Große Olympiaschanze|New Year's Ski Jump]]
⚫
[[File:Prince-Bishopric of Freising.jpg|thumb|18th-century map showing the County of Werdenfels with Garmisch and Partenkirchen]]
⚫
* 6 January – "Hornschlittenrennen"
⚫
* January – [[Große Olympiaschanze|New Year's Ski Jump]]
⚫
** 6 January – "Hornschlittenrennen"
* January / February – [[FIS Alpine Ski World Cup]]
* January / February – [[FIS Alpine Ski World Cup]]
* February – Historic bob-race on the olympic track at Riessersee
* February – Historic bob-race on the olympic track at Riessersee
* 30.04. – "Georgimarkt" Partenkirchen
* 30.04. – "Georgimarkt" Partenkirchen
* May–October – "Musik im Park"
* May–October – "Musik im Park"
* 16.06.–18.06. – Zugspitz Ultratrail
* June – Zugspitz Ultratrail [[trail running]] around the Zugspitze.
* June - [[Richard Strauss|Richard-Strauss]]-Festival
** [[Richard Strauss|Richard-Strauss]]-Festival
* The first weekend in July – [[BMW Motorrad|BMW Motorbike]] Days
* July The first weekend– [[BMW Motorrad|BMW Motorbike]] Days
* 15.07. - White night
**15.07. - White night
* July / August "Festwoche" Festival in Garmisch and Partenkirchen
* July / August "Festwoche" Festival in Garmisch and Partenkirchen
* 04.08.–06.08. – "Alpentestival"
* August – "Alpentestival"
* August/September – Straßen.Kunst.Festival (Streetart-Festival)
* August/September – Straßen.Kunst.Festival (Streetart-Festival)
* 12.11. – "Martinimarkt" Garmisch
* November– "Martinimarkt" Garmisch


==Public institutions==
==Public institutions==
The [[George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies]]<ref>[http://www.marshallcenter.org/ Marshall European Center for Security Studies]</ref> is also located in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The Marshall Center is an internationally funded and mostly [[United States of America|U.S.]]-staffed learning and conference centre for governments from around the world, but primarily from the former [[Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern European]] countries. It was established in June 1993, replacing the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] Russian Institute. Near the Marshall Center is the American [[Armed Forces Recreation Centers]] ([[Edelweiss Lodge and Resort]]) in Garmisch that serves U.S. and [[NATO]] military and their families. A number of U.S. troops and civilians are stationed in the town to provide logistical support to the Marshall Center and Edelweiss Recreation Center. The [[German Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology]], the largest specialized centre for the treatment of children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases in Europe, has been active in Garmisch-Partenkirchen since 1952.
The [[George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marshallcenter.org/ |title=Marshall European Center for Security Studies |access-date=17 December 2012 |archive-date=17 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117201610/http://www.marshallcenter.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is also located in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The Marshall Center is an internationally funded and mostly [[United States of America|U.S.]]-staffed learning and conference centre for governments from around the world, but primarily from the former [[Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern European]] countries. It was established in June 1993, replacing the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] Russian Institute. Near the Marshall Center is the American [[Armed Forces Recreation Centers]] ([[Edelweiss Lodge and Resort]]) in Garmisch that serves U.S. and [[NATO]] military and their families. A number of U.S. troops and civilians are stationed in the town to provide logistical support to the Marshall Center and Edelweiss Recreation Center. The [[German Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology]], the largest specialized centre for the treatment of children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases in Europe, has been active in Garmisch-Partenkirchen since 1952.


==Twin towns – sister cities==
==Twin towns – sister cities==
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==Notable people==
==Notable people==
[[File:Max Liebermann Bildnis Richard Strauss.jpg|140px|thumb|Portrait of Richard Strauss, 1918]]
[[File:Max Liebermann Bildnis Richard Strauss.jpg|140px|thumb|Portrait of Richard Strauss, 1918]]
[[File:Karl Popper.jpg|140px|thumb|Karl Popper, ca. 1980]]
[[File:Karl Popper.jpg|140px|thumb|Karl Popper, {{circa|1980}}]]
* [[Hermann Levi]] (1839–1900), Jewish orchestral conductor<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Levi,_Hermann |volume=16 |short=x}}</ref>
* [[Hermann Levi]] (1839–1900), Jewish orchestral conductor<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Levi,_Hermann |volume=16 |short=x}}</ref>
* [[Richard Strauss]] (1864–1949), leading German composer<ref>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Strauss,_Richard |short=x}}</ref> of the late Romantic and early modern eras
* [[Richard Strauss]] (1864–1949), leading German composer<ref>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Strauss,_Richard |short=x}}</ref> of the late Romantic and early modern eras.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Strauss, Richard |volume= 25 |last= Legge |first= Robin Humphrey |author-link= Robin Legge | pages = 1003&ndash;1004 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Ludwig Thoma]] (1867–1921), author, publisher and editor, who gained popularity through his partially exaggerated description of everyday Bavarian life
* [[Ludwig Thoma]] (1867–1921), author, publisher and editor, who gained popularity through his partially exaggerated description of everyday Bavarian life
* [[Alfred Gerstenberg]] (1893–1959), Luftwaffe general
* [[Alfred Gerstenberg]] (1893–1959), Luftwaffe general
* Sir [[Karl Popper]] CH FBA FRS (1902–1994), Austrian-British philosopher<ref>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/cr-ratio/ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Karl Popper and Critical Rationalism] retrieved December 2017 </ref> and professor, regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century
* Sir [[Karl Popper]] CH FBA FRS (1902–1994), Austrian-British philosopher<ref>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/cr-ratio/ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Karl Popper and Critical Rationalism] retrieved December 2017 </ref> and professor, regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century
* Franz Klarwein (1914–1991), operatic tenor, husband of [[Sári Barabás]]<ref>[[:de:Franz Klarwein|German Wiki, Franz Klarwein]]</ref>
* [[Franz Klarwein]] (1914–1991), operatic tenor, husband of [[Sári Barabás]]<ref>[[:de:Franz Klarwein|German Wiki, Franz Klarwein]]</ref>
* [[Christoph Probst|Christoph Hermann Probst]] (1918–1943), student of medicine and member of the [[White Rose]] (Weiße Rose) resistance group
* [[Christoph Probst|Christoph Hermann Probst]] (1918–1943), student of medicine and member of the [[White Rose]] (Weiße Rose) resistance group
*[[Michael Ende]] (1929–1995), writer of fantasy and children's fiction, best known for [[The Neverending Story]]
*[[Michael Ende]] (1929–1995), writer of fantasy and children's fiction, best known for [[The Neverending Story]]
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* [[Stefan Gaisreiter]] (born 1947), bobsledder
* [[Stefan Gaisreiter]] (born 1947), bobsledder
* [[Reinhard Ketterer|Reinhard E. Ketterer]] (born 1948), figure skater
* [[Reinhard Ketterer|Reinhard E. Ketterer]] (born 1948), figure skater
* [[Christian Neureuther]] (born 1949) alpine ski racer
* [[Christian Neureuther]] (born 1949), alpine ski racer
* [[Rosi Mittermaier]] (born 1950), alpine ski racer, double Olympic gold medalist
* [[Rosi Mittermaier]] (1950–2023), alpine ski racer, double Olympic gold medalist
* [[Hans-Joachim Stuck]] (born 1951) racing driver
* [[Hans-Joachim Stuck]] (born 1951), racing driver
* [[Armin Bittner]] (born 1964), alpine skier
* [[Armin Bittner]] (born 1964), alpine skier
* [[Andrea Schöpp]] (born 1965), curler
* [[Andrea Schöpp]] (born 1965), curler
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{{reflist}}
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==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
{{wikivoyage|Garmisch-Partenkirchen}}
{{wikivoyage|Garmisch-Partenkirchen}}
*[https://www.gapa.de/en/ Official website] {{in lang|en}}
*[http://www.richard-strauss-institut.de Richard-Strauss-Institut] {{in lang|de}}
*[http://www.richard-strauss-festival.de Richard-Strauss-Festival] {{in lang|de}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716125621/http://www.stadtpanorama.com/01_gap/01_index_gap.html Virtual Tour through Garmisch-Partenkirchen] {{in lang|de}}


{{Olympic Winter Games Host Cities}}
{{Olympic Winter Games Host Cities}}

Revision as of 00:31, 30 January 2024

For the district, see Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district).

Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Municipality
Garmisch-Partenkirchen in September 2009, Alpspitze and Zugspitze in background left
Garmisch-Partenkirchen in September 2009,
Alpspitze and Zugspitze in background left
Coat of arms of Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Coat of arms
Location of Garmisch-Partenkirchen within Garmisch-Partenkirchen district
Ettaler ForstWallgauUnterammergauUffingSpatzenhausenSeehausen am StaffelseeSaulgrubRiegseeOberauOberammergauMurnau am StaffelseeMittenwaldKrünGroßweilGrainauGarmisch-PartenkirchenFarchantEttalBad BayersoienBad KohlgrubOhlstadtEschenloheSchwaigenOstallgäuBad Tölz-WolfratshausenWeilheim-SchongauAustria
Garmisch-Partenkirchen is located in Germany
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Garmisch-Partenkirchen is located in Bavaria
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Coordinates: 47°30′N 11°5′E / 47.500°N 11.083°E / 47.500; 11.083
CountryGermany
StateBavaria
Admin. regionOberbayern
DistrictGarmisch-Partenkirchen
Government
 • Mayor (2020–26) Elisabeth Koch[1] (CSU)
Area
 • Total205.66 km2 (79.41 sq mi)
Elevation
708 m (2,323 ft)
Population
 (2022-12-31)[2]
 • Total27,482
 • Density130/km2 (350/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes
82467
Dialling codes08821
Vehicle registrationGAP
Websitewww.gapa.de

Garmisch-Partenkirchen (German pronunciation: [ˈɡaʁmɪʃ paʁtn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩] ⓘ; Bavarian: Garmasch-Partakurch) is an Alpine ski town in Bavaria, southern Germany. It is the seat of government of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen (abbreviated GAP), in the Oberbayern region, which borders Austria. Nearby is Germany's highest mountain, Zugspitze, at 2,962 metres (9,718 ft) above sea level.

The town is known as the site of the 1936 Winter Olympic Games, the first to include alpine skiing, and hosts a variety of winter sports competitions.

History

Garmisch (in the west) and Partenkirchen (in the east) were separate towns for many centuries, and still maintain quite separate identities.

Partenkirchen originated as the Roman town of Partanum on the trade route from Venice to Augsburg and is first mentioned in the year A.D. 15. Its main street, Ludwigsstrasse, follows the original Roman road.

Garmisch was first mentioned some 800 years later as Germaneskau ("German District"), suggesting that at some point a Teutonic tribe took up settlement in the western end of the valley.

During the late 13th century, the valley, as part of the County of Werdenfels, came under the rule of the prince-bishops of Freising and was to remain so until the mediatization of 1803. The area was governed by a prince-bishop's representative known as a Pfleger (caretaker or warden) from Werdenfels Castle situated on a crag north of Garmisch.

The Europeans' discovery of America at the turn of the 15th century led to a boom in shipping and a sharp decline in overland trade, which plunged the region into a centuries-long economic depression. The valley floor was swampy and difficult to farm. Bears, wolves and lynxes were a constant threat to livestock. The population suffered from periodic epidemics, including several serious outbreaks of bubonic plague. Adverse fortunes from disease and crop failure occasionally led to a witch hunt. Most notable of these were the trials and executions of 1589–1596, in which 63 people — more than 10 per cent of the population at the time — were burned at the stake or garroted.

Werdenfels Castle, where the accused were held, tried and executed, became an object of superstitious terror and was abandoned in the 17th century. It was largely torn down in the 1750s and its stones were used to build the baroque Neue Kirche (New Church) on Marienplatz, which was completed in 1752. It replaced the nearby Gothic Alte Kirche (Old Church), parts of which predated Christianity and may originally have been a pagan temple. Used as a storehouse, armory and haybarn for many years, it has since been re-consecrated. Some of its medieval frescoes are still visible.

Garmisch and Partenkirchen remained separate until their respective mayors were forced by Adolf Hitler to combine the two market towns on 1 January 1935[3] in anticipation of the 1936 Winter Olympic Games. Today, the united town is casually (but incorrectly) referred to as Garmisch, much to the dismay of Partenkirchen's residents. Most visitors will notice the slightly more modern feel of Garmisch while the fresco-filled, cobblestoned streets of Partenkirchen have a generally more historic appearance. Early mornings and late afternoons in pleasant weather often find local traffic stopped while the dairy cows are herded to and from the nearby mountain meadows.[citation needed]

During World War II, Garmisch-Partenkirchen was a major hospital center for the German military.

Climate

Garmisch-Partenkirchen leans towards an oceanic climate,[4] and its winters are colder than the rest of Bavaria. Due to its higher elevation, it is very close to the winters associated with continental climates; it has a relatively wet and snowy climate, with high precipitation year-round. As of 2013 the regions in the west and east of the town were cited as having highest numbers of thunderstorm days in Europe.[5]

Climate data for Garmisch-Partenkirchen (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2) 		21.4
(70.5) 		25.3
(77.5) 		29.2
(84.6) 		31.7
(89.1) 		35.1
(95.2) 		36.4
(97.5) 		35.7
(96.3) 		32.0
(89.6) 		27.8
(82.0) 		23.7
(74.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		36.4
(97.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8) 		5.7
(42.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.1
(73.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		14.5
(58.1) 		8.2
(46.8) 		3.3
(37.9) 		13.7
(56.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.1
(28.2) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.1
(62.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		12.5
(54.5) 		8.2
(46.8) 		2.7
(36.9) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		7.7
(45.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.8
(21.6) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		5.9
(42.6) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.2
(52.2) 		11.1
(52.0) 		7.5
(45.5) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		2.8
(37.0)
Record low °C (°F) −25.8
(−14.4) 		−29.3
(−20.7) 		−21.2
(−6.2) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.5
(38.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−17.3
(0.9) 		−24.4
(−11.9) 		−29.3
(−20.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 77.3
(3.04) 		65.5
(2.58) 		90.3
(3.56) 		87.2
(3.43) 		143.4
(5.65) 		179.7
(7.07) 		172.6
(6.80) 		191.9
(7.56) 		115.4
(4.54) 		91.0
(3.58) 		80.8
(3.18) 		77.8
(3.06) 		1,379.3
(54.30)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 14.6 13.6 15.9 15.5 18.6 19.8 19.0 18.0 16.2 13.9 14.0 15.4 195.4
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 27.4 23.6 14.9 2.5 0.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 8.9 21.1 99.4
Average relative humidity (%) 86.2 80.9 76.2 72.2 74.1 75.8 76.4 79.3 82.6 83.5 87.0 89.3 80.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 74.6 106.1 148.6 168.8 172.1 176.2 201.1 199.5 163.7 135.3 80.2 55.7 1,665.9
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[6]
Source 2: DWD (extremes)[7]

Transport

Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
painting by Anton Doll

The town is served by the B 2 as a continuation of the A 95 motorway, which ends at Eschenlohe 16 km north of the town.

Garmisch-Partenkirchen station is on the Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen line and the Mittenwald Railway (Garmisch–Mittenwald–Innsbruck). Regional services run every hour to Munich Central Station (München Hauptbahnhof) and Mittenwald and every two hours to Innsbruck Central Station (Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof) and Reutte. In addition there are special seasonal long-distance services, including ICEs, to Berlin, Hamburg, Dortmund, Bremen and Innsbruck.

It is the terminus of the Außerfern Railway to Reutte in Tirol / Kempten im Allgäu and the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway (with sections of rack railway) to the Zugspitze, the highest mountain in Germany.

There are several accessible high and low-level hiking trails from the town that have especially good views.

Sports

Aerial view of
Garmisch-Partenkirchen

Garmisch-Partenkirchen is a favoured holiday spot for skiing, snowboarding, and hiking, having some of the best skiing areas (Garmisch Classic and Zugspitze) in Germany.

It was the site of the 1936 Winter Olympics, the first to feature alpine skiing. It later replaced Sapporo, Japan as the host of the 1940 Winter Olympics, but were cancelled due to World War II. Including the two cancelled cities in 1940, it is the only host city chosen during the World Wars that did not host a subsequent Olympics.

A variety of Nordic and alpine World Cup ski races are held here, usually on the Kandahar Track outside town. Traditionally, a ski jumping contest is held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen on New Year's Day, as a part of the Four Hills Tournament (Vierschanzen-Tournee). The World Alpine Ski Championships were held in Garmisch in 1978 and 2011.

Garmisch-Partenkirchen was a partner in the city of Munich's bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics but the IOC vote held on 6 July 2011 awarded the Games to Pyeongchang. The Winter Olympics were last held in the German-speaking Alps in 1976 in nearby Innsbruck, Austria.

In team sports, the professional former 10-time German champion ice hockey team SC Riessersee play at the Garmisch Olympia Stadium.

The local association football team is 1.FC Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

Event highlights

Panorama of Garmisch by Valentin Gappnigg (c. 1700)
18th-century map showing the County of Werdenfels with Garmisch and Partenkirchen
  • January – New Year's Ski Jump
    • 6 January – "Hornschlittenrennen"
  • January / February – FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
  • February – Historic bob-race on the olympic track at Riessersee
  • 30.04. – "Georgimarkt" Partenkirchen
  • May–October – "Musik im Park"
  • June – Zugspitz Ultratrail trail running around the Zugspitze.
  • July The first weekend– BMW Motorbike Days
    • 15.07. - White night
  • July / August "Festwoche" Festival in Garmisch and Partenkirchen
  • August – "Alpentestival"
  • August/September – Straßen.Kunst.Festival (Streetart-Festival)
  • November– "Martinimarkt" Garmisch

Public institutions

The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies[8] is also located in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The Marshall Center is an internationally funded and mostly U.S.-staffed learning and conference centre for governments from around the world, but primarily from the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. It was established in June 1993, replacing the U.S. Army Russian Institute. Near the Marshall Center is the American Armed Forces Recreation Centers (Edelweiss Lodge and Resort) in Garmisch that serves U.S. and NATO military and their families. A number of U.S. troops and civilians are stationed in the town to provide logistical support to the Marshall Center and Edelweiss Recreation Center. The German Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology, the largest specialized centre for the treatment of children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases in Europe, has been active in Garmisch-Partenkirchen since 1952.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Garmisch-Partenkirchen is twinned with:[9]

Notable people

Portrait of Richard Strauss, 1918
Karl Popper, c. 1980


Notable people in sports

Magdalena Neuner, 2011

Points of interest

South of Partenkirchen is the Partnach Gorge,[16] where the Partnach river surges spectacularly through a narrow, 2-kilometre-long (1 mi) gap between high limestone cliffs. The Zugspitze (local name "Zugspitz") is south of Garmisch near the village of Grainau. The highest mountain in Germany, it actually straddles the border with Austria. Also overlooking Garmisch-Partenkirchen is Germany's fourth-highest mountain, the Leutasch Dreitorspitze ("Three-Gate Peak", a name derived from its triple summit).

The King's House on Schachen, a small castle built for Ludwig II of Bavaria, is also located in the mountains south of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Its grounds contain the Alpengarten auf dem Schachen, an alpine botanical garden.

References

  1. ^ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden, Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik, 15 July 2021.
  2. ^ Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011) (Hilfe dazu).
  3. ^ Alois Schwarzmüller 2006 (2006). "Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1. Januar 1935" (in German). Garmisch-Partenkirchen Geschichte. Retrieved 4 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Climate Summary". Weatherbase. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  5. ^ "Thunderstorm activity in central and western Europe". ESKP. 28 July 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  6. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw" (in German). DWD. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  8. ^ "Marshall European Center for Security Studies". Archived from the original on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  9. ^ "Partnerstädte von Garmisch Partenkirchen". buergerservice.gapa.de (in German). Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  10. ^ "Levi, Hermann" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911.
  11. ^ "Strauss, Richard" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
  12. ^ Legge, Robin Humphrey (1911). "Strauss, Richard" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 1003–1004.
  13. ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Karl Popper and Critical Rationalism retrieved December 2017
  14. ^ German Wiki, Franz Klarwein
  15. ^ IMDb Database retrieved December 2017
  16. ^ "Partnach Gorge". Official Website of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Garmisch-Partenkirchen.de. 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
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