Corn mouse

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Corn mouse
Systematics
Family : Long-tailed mice (Muridae)
Subfamily : Old World Mice (Murinae)
Tribe : Murini
Genre : Mice ( Mus )
Subgenus : House and rice field mice ( Mus subg. Mus )
Type : Corn mouse
Scientific name
Mus spicilegus
Petényi , 1882

The ears of mouse ( Mus spicilegus ) is a to the mice belonging type of murinae from the steppe Zone Central, South and Eastern Europe. The little mouse with a short tail is uniformly gray or two-colored with a light underside. It creates characteristic storage mounds and is not endangered. It was first described as Mus spicilegus in 1882 from the estate of its discoverer Salamon János Petényi . Also known under the name Mus hortulanus , it is a synonym for the eastern house mouse .

Within the mice in the narrower sense, the ear mouse is assigned to the house and rice field mice . Together with the Algerian house mouse , the house mouse and the Macedonian house mouse , it forms the house mouse clade. It can be distinguished from the house mouse by the lack of the characteristic mouse odor. On the other hand, it can hardly be distinguished from the closest related Macedonian house mouse based on the characteristics of living animals alone.

Body features

Body measurements

The corn mouse is a little mouse. Their head-trunk length is 55 to 93 millimeters and an average of 78 millimeters, the tail length is 50 to 83 millimeters and an average of 63 millimeters, the hind foot length is 14 to 17.5 millimeters and an average of 16 millimeters, the ear length is 9 to 14 millimeters and an average of 11 millimeters and the body weight is 9 to 26 grams and an average of 15 grams. The tail diameter is 1.9 to 2.7 millimeters and an average of 2.3 millimeters and the eye diameter is 2.6 to 3.6 millimeters and an average of 3.1 millimeters (see tables). The ear mouse cannot be distinguished from the eastern house mouse on the basis of head-trunk length, ear length and body weight. In contrast, there are significant differences in the tail length, the hind foot length, the basal tail diameter and the eye diameter of adult animals. The tail is thinner than other species of house mouse clade. The relative tail length is always shorter than this, with an average of 70 to 80 percent of the head-trunk length. In 101 specimens from Burgenland, the tail reached an average of 79.4 percent of the head-trunk length. In the series comparison, the difference to the eastern house mouse in terms of tail length was clearly visible. On the other hand, the length of the tail alone is not suitable as an individual determinant due to the considerable overlap of the variation widths. This also applies to the other body measurements listed.

Body measurements of the ear mouse from Burgenland
Dimensions in millimeters Farmer (2001) Unterholzner and Willenig (2000)
male female male female
Area medium number Area medium number Area medium number Area medium number
Head to torso length 73-87 79.1 14th 73-87 80.2 36 70-87 77.8 46 70-93 80.1 59
Tail length 59-75 65.4 14th 52-83 65.4 34 54-75 62.5 44 50-72 62.9 57
Hind foot length 14.8-17.5 15.8 14th 13.9-16.4 15.5 36 14.4-17.5 15.4 46 13.8-16.4 15.4 60
Ear length 10.6-13.9 12.5 14th 10.9-14.1 12.6 36 10.0-13.9 11.8 46 9.4-14.1 12.1 60
Body weight in grams 14-20 16.4 14th 12.5-23 16.1 36 9-20 13.4 47 9-26 15.4 59
basal tail diameter - - 1.9-2.7 2.3 44 2.1-2.6 2.3 54
Eye diameter - - 2.6-3.4 3.1 26th 2.6-3.6 3.2 28
  Specimens between two and ten months old Specimens around three months old and over
Body measurements of the ear mouse from other areas
Dimensions in millimeters Grimmberger and Rudloff (2009) Aulagnier and colleagues (2009) in Sokolow and co-workers (1998)
130 specimens from Kirovohrad Oblast 23 specimens from Dnepropetrovsk Oblast 17 specimens from Kharkiv Oblast 32 copies from Dobruja in Romania 18 copies from the Moldau in Romania
Area Area medium medium medium medium medium
Head to torso length 70-93 55-93 78.6 69.7 80.5 73.5 75.1
Tail length 52-75 50-75 64.3 55.2 62.3 64.0 61.4
Hind foot length 14-17.5 14-17.5 15.9 15.3 16.5 15.8 15.7
Ear length 10-14 9-14 10.4 10.3 12.5 - 12.1
Body weight in grams 9-26 9-20 - - - - -

Fur and color

The fur of the ear mouse is uniformly gray or two-tone with a light underside. The upper side is usually solid gray to gray-brown or pale gray-brown. It is without a reddish color or with a more or less pronounced brown to reddish brown tinge. Due to the black tips of the top hair , the center of the back is darker than the flanks. The hair at the base is gray. The youth dress is on average darker and grayer than the adult dress. The fur on the underside is gray to white-gray and without a shade of yellow or with a pale yellow tinge. The light gray base of the hair partly shimmers through. The border between the top and the bottom is relatively clear, although not as clear as in the wood mice . A yellowish-cinnamon-colored flank stripe was formed in nine of 72 specimens from Austria. In most other adult animals this was at least indicated. The feet are white-gray and the tail is two-colored. On the top it is gray-brown, on the other hand as light as the belly. It looks a bit more or more densely hairy than the eastern house mouse.

The corn mouse does not have a collar drawing. In 45 of 538 specimens from Austria, 8.2 percent of the males and 8.7 percent of the females, however, a browblaze was found . This could consist of a small clump of white hair or be up to 50 square millimeters in size. The same mutant also appeared after inbreeding over three generations in two laboratory strains that were derived from animals from Halbturn in Burgenland and Pančevo in Vojvodina. The white spot differs from that of the eastern house mouse, which indicates different gene pools . However, it is unclear whether the difference is solely a coincidental consequence of the different gene pools, or whether the forehead bleach occurs comparatively more frequently in rodents like other digging rodents.

In Austria, Hungary and the former Yugoslavia, the corn mouse is similar in color to the eastern house mouse in this area. Animals from Romania have a rather light upper side and a white underside. In Moldova, the top is darker than that of the Eastern House Mouse. In the south of Ukraine, their fur is two-colored with a light gray top and a light underside. In central Ukraine it is uniformly gray, but the bottom is lighter than the top.

Habitat and way of life

Habitat and altitude distribution

The corn vole occurs in a variety of open habitats from natural steppes to agricultural landscapes . It is most common on cultivated land, where it follows the crops ( migration ), but intensive farming destroys its burrows. It inhabits roadsides , hedges , rudders , wild fields and other extensively used fields, grain fields, orchards , pasture , pine forests and other open forests, forest edges , clearings , open land along rivers , higher alluvial islands and sand steppes . She avoids denser forests, apartments and other buildings in human settlements. Previous reports of indoor occurrences actually refer to the eastern house mouse, which is often found in the same habitat ( syntopy ).

The ear mouse is an inhabitant of the lowlands in its entire range . The altitude distribution usually ranges from above sea level to an altitude of 200 meters. Austrian deposits are all in the lowland and hill country levels (planar and colline levels ) between 115 and 166 meters.

Corn mound

The ear mouse piles up mounds of food, mainly cereal grains, which it covers with earth. These mounds are created jointly by 4 to 14 ear mice and hold up to 10 kg of grain. They usually measure one to two meters in diameter, but can also be up to four meters in diameter. Up to 20 such hills per hectare are typical in their habitat, but with good food supply even 60 to 100 of these hills can be counted.

Distribution and existence

distribution

The distribution area of the ear mouse is in the far west of the Eurasian steppe . It extends from the Pannonian and Wallachian lowlands in the Danube basin to the Pontic lowlands north of the Black Sea . It runs from Burgenland in Austria, through the south of Slovakia , Hungary , the east of Croatia , the north-east of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , the north of Bulgaria , Romania and Moldova to the Ukraine . There is an isolated occurrence ( disjunction ) in the Adriatic - Ionian coastal strip of Montenegro , Albania and Greece .

In Austria the distribution of the ear vole is limited to a small area in northern Burgenland . In southern Slovakia it also occurs only locally, for example in the Heidboden south of Bratislava and in the Danube plain near Komárno . In Hungary it is widespread in the Little and Great Hungarian Plains . There are local occurrences in eastern Slavonia as well as in north-eastern Bosnia between the lower reaches of Bosna and Kolubara in the Save Plain . It occurs in Vojvodina and in the Morava , Southern Morava and Timok valleys in eastern Serbia. In Bulgaria it inhabits the Danube Plain north of the Balkan Mountains , the south of the Dobruja and the coastal plain on the Black Sea between Varna and Burgas . In Romania, it is widespread in Transylvania , the Banat , western and eastern Wallachia , Dobruja, the Danube Delta and the Vltava .

Moldavian and Ukrainian occurrences of the ear vole extend over most of the steppe and southern forest-steppe zone between the Carpathians in the west and the Central Russian and Donets plate in the east. They range from the Black Sea, northern Crimea , its eastern Kerch peninsula and the Sea of ​​Azov across the plains and loess soils on the Prut , Dniester , Bug , Dnepr and central Donets to Cherkasy Oblast south of Kiev and Kharkiv Oblast .

In the east, the border to the distribution area of ​​the Wagner house mouse is unclear. Macholán (1999) and Coroiu et al. (2008) state Rostov-on-Don as the limit of occurrence. According to Unterholzner and Willenig (2000), however, the corn vole never reaches the Don or the great southern Russian steppes. Instead, all of the animals reported earlier from there and further east are populations of the house mouse, some of which are very similar in body size and color. According to Gromow and Jerbajewa (1995) there are no credible finds from the North Caucasus , but the species could occur in the Caucasus together with the Macedonian house mouse.

The isolated occurrence in Montenegro, Albania and Greece is separated from the Pannonian Plain by the 250 km wide barrier of the Dinaric Mountains . It lies on a narrow stretch of coast and is fragmented. In Montenegro there is an island occurrence to Ulcinj that opens out to the coastal plain Nordalbanien between Skutarisee could extend and Adriatic. In Greece, the ear mouse was found in Epirus and on the Peloponnese .

The distribution area of ​​the ear mouse overlaps ( sympatry ) almost completely with that of the eastern house mouse and partially with that of the western house mouse . In the coastal plain of Bulgaria it occurs together with a Mediterranean subspecies of the western house mouse and with the Macedonian house mouse .

Duration

The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN classified the corn vole in 2008 as not endangered (“least concern”). This was justified with the wide distribution and the frequency in suitable habitats. In some parts of the distribution area, stocks are decreasing due to habitat loss , but not at a rate that would justify classification as endangered. In the Mediterranean region, populations could decline due to direct competition with the house mouse. It is feared that the loss of grass steppes and agricultural intensification could cause further populations. The species occurs in its range in some protected areas , in Slovakia its range seems to be expanding and at least in Romania it is considered an agricultural pest. In 1996 it was classified as “near threatened”.

Tribal history

From a marginal population of the Eastern Mediterranean precursor species of the ear mouse and Macedonian house mouse , the lineage of the ear mouse emerged in the Middle Pleistocene around 300,000 to 250,000 years ago. In the Young Pleistocene , under the pressure of cold-age conditions, the morphologically and genetically similar to the Macedonian house mouse, but ecologically differently specialized, developed. The first fossil finds of this paleontologically indistinguishable species could come from the Young Pleistocene of Moldova about 35,000 years ago. But only finds from the Mesolithic to the Crimea from 8000 years ago can be assigned specifically to the steppe mouse.

Systematics and nomenclature

External system

  House mouse clade  

Algerian house mouse


   

House mouse


   

Macedonian house mouse


   

Corn mouse





Relationship of the corn mouse

The mouse ear is within the mice in the strict sense (genus Mus the) house and field mice rice (subgenus Mus assigned). Formerly listed as a subspecies of the house mouse , it was raised to the rank of species by Marshall and Sage (1981) .

DNA sequencing of various genes , investigations of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA , DNA / DNA hybridization and morphological characteristics show them to be representatives of a common clade with the Algerian house mouse , the house mouse and the Macedonian house mouse . According to studies of the complete mitochondrial cytochrome - b sequences , the ear mouse is closer to the house mouse than the Algerian house mouse. Investigations of mitochondrial D-loop sequences revealed a split from the house mouse about three million years ago. Due to the great morphological similarity, the two species are often confused with one another. Diagnostically are the IDG1 - which MPI1 - that SOD1 - that ES1 - and ES2 gene and the p53 - pseudogene .

Hybrids between the ear mouse and other mice of the same range could not be found in nature. Crosses with female color mice of strain C57BL / 6 gave viable hybrids, but the males were sterile. When crossed with a female white laboratory mouse, the karyotype of two male hybrids showed 21 meiotic patterns in diakinesis , 19 of them bivalent and two univalent. Crosses with female and male Eastern house mice gave viable and fertile F1 and F2 hybrids. No meiotic disorders were found. When crossing with natural hybrids between the Eastern and the Western house mouse from Batumi , the offspring did not reproduce. With their mostly black coloring and long tails, they resembled the western house mouse. They put mounds of sawdust in cages with a floor area of ​​one square meter and stored their food in them.

The ear mouse is most closely related to the Macedonian house mouse. A distinction is hardly possible based on the characteristics of living animals alone. Of the 42 nuclear gene loci investigated , only six percent differed. The ALB , PGM2 , SOD2 and ES3 genes are diagnostic . The short genetic distance between the two species was confirmed by studies of mitochondrial DNA. Expressed by the Nei index , it was 0.093 and 0.037 in two examinations. For the other European species of the genus, however, values ​​were between 0.25 and 0.45. However, there is no doubt about the species status of the corn mouse. So it lives in the coastal plain of Bulgaria without hybridization next to the Macedonian house mouse. In the experiment, the two species were either too aggressive to cross or the hybrids produced were weak and died after two to four months.

Internal system

Two subspecies of the ear mouse can be distinguished:

  • Mus spicilegus spicilegus Petényi , 1882 in the greater part of the distribution area - with the synonyms acervator Petényi , 1882; acervifex Petényi , 1882; canicularius Petényi , 1882; caniculator Petényi , 1882; mehelyi Bolkay , 1925; sergii Valch , 1927; petenyi ( Kryzhov , 1936)
  • Mus spicilegus adriaticus Kryštufek & Macholán , 1998 in the Adriatic - Ionian coastal strip

The form adriaticus differs from the nominate form spicilegus in the larger body dimensions, especially in the hind foot length and the tooth dimensions, the conspicuously grainy structured soles with the larger soles, the lighter yellowish-brown upper side and the snow-white underside. Otherwise the geographical variation of the ear mouse is low. A multivariate comparison of animals from Ukraine , Vojvodina and Burgenland showed that these populations correspond. The degree of heterozygosity in the populations studied was only two to seven percent and an average of five percent.

nomenclature

The ear mouse is also known as Mus hortulanus , but this name is synonymous with the eastern house mouse. In 1840 Alexander von Nordmann did not mention the characteristic hills in the first description of Mus hortulanus from the Odessa Botanical Garden and he described the coat color as brown. The severely damaged skull of a mouse identified by Nordmann as Mus hortulanus from the Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg also has an upper jaw process more than 0.8 millimeters wide. A discriminant analysis also showed the skull to be that of an Eastern house mouse. In addition, the fur of a second mouse collected by Nordmann, whose skull is missing, is mottled red. This suggests that Nordmann actually described the wild form of the Eastern house mouse that is widespread in the steppes of Ukraine.

The ear mouse was first described as Mus spicilegus (from Latin spīca "ear" and casual "collect") in 1882 by Kornél Chyzer's posthumous publication of the manuscripts of its discoverer Salamon János Petényi . Only Hungary was given as a type location . The skull and fur of two specimens are in the Natural History Museum in London and a male with the inventory number N 94.7.261 was considered a holotype until 1991 . Then a male collected on April 15, 1852 in Felsóbesnyó near Budapest was identified as the lectotype . The dry preparation with the inventory number N 161.7 is part of a well-preserved type series with 15 specimens, twelve dry and three liquid preparations, in the Hungarian Museum of Natural Sciences in Budapest. According to the specimen labels, Petényi collected the series in 1852/53 in Felsóbesnyó and Rákoskeresztúr . In 1993, an investigation revealed that these specimens are actually the corn mouse. Petényi's first description also contained acervator , acervifex , canicularius and caniculator as additional names , but these are nouns nuda .

In 1925, István József Bolkay described a specimen from Bosnia as Mus mehelyi (after Lajos Méhelÿ ). Named after his son who caught it alive for him, Borys Serhijowytsch Walch described a specimen from Donetsk Oblast as Mus sergii in 1927 . The name Spicilegus petenyi was introduced by PA Kryschow in 1936 and is known as Lapsus calami . Boris Kryštufek and Milos Macholán described a specimen from the Adriatic coast of Montenegro in 1998 as Mus spicilegus adriaticus .

Corn mouse and human

Wherever the ear vole appears in abundance, it is regarded as an agricultural pest.

Your name can refer to the collecting of ears of corn (scientifically Mus spicilegus ; German Ährenmaus ; French souris glaneuse ) or the creation of supplies (English grain-storing mouse ), on the characteristic storage mounds (English mound-building mouse , hillock mouse ) or their similarity. kurgans (english kurgan mouse ; ukrainian миша курганцева; russian курганчиковая мышь) on their numerous occurrence (Romanian şoarecele-de-mişună ), for the presence in quilting (Dutch steppe [n] muis ; english steppe mouse ; French souris des steppes ; Spanish ratón de las estepas ; Italian topolino delle steppe ; Slovenian Stepska hišna miš ; macedonian степски домашен глушец; Bulgarian степната домашна мишка; Finnish arokotihiiri ) on the spread in the Pannonian Basin (Czech myš Panónska ; Slovak myš Panónska ) or to their classification as a southern house mouse (Polish : mysz domowa południowa ).

Web links

literature

further reading

Used literature

  • Stéphane Aulagnier, Patrick Haffner, Anthony J. Mitchell-Jones, François Moutou, Jan Zima: The mammals of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The destination guide . Haupt, Bern / Stuttgart / Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-258-07506-8 (French: Guide des mammifères d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Moyen-Orient . Delachaux & Nestlé, Paris 2008. Translated by Oliver Roth, Hans C. Salzmann).
  • Kurt Bauer: Evolution and spread of Mus spicilegus Petényi, 1882 and Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 . In: Klaus Unterholzner, Renate Willenig, Kurt Bauer (eds.): Contributions to the knowledge of the ear mouse Mus spicilegus Petényi, 1882 (= Biosystematics and Ecology Series . No. 17). Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-7001-2940-8 , pp. 89–108 (PDF; 9.8 MB).
  • Kurt Bauer: House mice: genus Mus . In: Friederike Spitzenberger (Ed.): The mammal fauna of Austria (= Green Series of the Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management . Vol. 13). Austria Medien Service, Graz 2001a, ISBN 3-85333-063-0 , pp. 534-537.
  • Kurt Bauer: Ear mouse: Mus spicilegus Petényi, 1882 . In: Friederike Spitzenberger (Ed.): The mammal fauna of Austria (= Green Series of the Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management . Vol. 13). Austria Medien Service, Graz 2001b, ISBN 3-85333-063-0 , pp. 547-551.
  • Ioan Coroiu, Boris Kryštufek, Vladimír Vohralík: Mus spicilegus . In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.1 . 2008.
  • Eckhard Grimmberger, Klaus Rudloff: Atlas of the mammals of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East . Nature and Animals, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-86659-090-8 .
  • Igor Michailowitsch Gromow, Margarita Alexandrovna Jerbajewa: Млекопитающие фауны России и сопредельных территорий. Зайцеобразные и грызуны . Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, Saint Petersburg 1995.
  • James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . Allen Press / The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence (Kansas) 1982, ISBN 0-942924-00-2 .
  • Milos Macholán: Mus spicilegus Petényi, 1882 . In: Anthony J. Mitchell-Jones, Giovanni Amori, Wieslaw Bogdanowicz, Boris Kryštufek, PJH Reijnders, Friederike Spitzenberger, Michael Stubbe, Johan BM Thissen, Vladimír Vohralík, Jan Zima (eds.): The Atlas of European Mammals . Academic Press, London 1999, ISBN 0-85661-130-1 , pp. 288-289.
  • Guy G. Musser, Michael D. Carleton: Superfamily Muroidea . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 , pp. 894-1531.
  • Ihor Volodymyrowytsch Sahorodnjuk: Огляд сучасних таксонів Muroidea (Mammalia) встановлених з території України: 1777–1990 [ A90 ] of the recent taxa of Ukraine described: 1777–1990 . In: Westnyk soolohyy . Vol. 26, No. 2, 1992, pp. 39-48 (PDF; 221 KB).
  • Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Sokolow , Jelena Wladimirowna Kotenkowa, AG Michailenko: Mus spicilegus . In: Mammalian Species . No. 592, 1998, pp. 1-6 (PDF; 697 KB).
  • Klaus Unterholzner, Renate Willenig: On ecology, behavior and morphology of the ear mouse Mus spicilegus Petényi, 1882 . In: Klaus Unterholzner, Renate Willenig, Kurt Bauer (eds.): Contributions to the knowledge of the ear mouse Mus spicilegus Petényi, 1882 (= Biosystematics and Ecology Series . No. 17). Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-7001-2940-8 , pp. 7-88 (PDF; 9.8 MB).
  • Vladimír Vohralík, Theodora S. Sofianidou: Records of mounds built by the Steppe Mouse (Mus spicilegus) (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Greece . In: Lynx, nová série . Vol. 38, 2007, ISSN  0024-7774 , pp. 83-88.

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Grimmberger and Rudloff, 2009 (p. 195)
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Sokolow and co-workers, 1998 ( p. 1 ( Memento from December 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ))
  3. ↑ Unterholzner and Willenig, 2000 ( p. 67 )
  4. ↑ a b c Gromow and Jerbajewa, 1995 (p. 277)
  5. ↑ Unterholzner and Willenig, 2000 (Fig. 10, p. 68 )
  6. ↑ Unterholzner and Willenig, 2000 ( p. 69 )
  7. ↑ Bauer, 2001b (Tab. 97, p. 548): Age group 2 according to Bauer, 2001b or age groups 3–6 according to William Z. Lidicker jr .: Ecological Observations on a Feral House Mouse Population Declining to Extinction . In: Ecological Monographs . Vol. 36, No. 1, 1966, pp. 27-50 (p. 38).
  8. ↑ Unterholzner and Willenig, 2000 (Tab. 10, p. 68 ): Age groups 3–5 according to A. Keller: Détermination de l'âge de Mus musculus Linné par l'usure de la dentition . In: Revue Suisse de Zoologie . Vol. 81, No. 4, 1974, pp. 839-844 (p. 839).
  9. ↑ a b c Aulagnier and co-workers, 2009 (p. 238)
  10. ↑ a b c Sokolow and colleagues, 1998 ( p. 2 ( Memento from December 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ))
  11. ↑ a b c d e Unterholzner and Willenig, 2000 ( p. 74 )
  12. ↑ Unterholzner and Willenig, 2000 ( p. 75 )
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g Coroiu et al., 2008
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h Macholán, 1999 (p. 288)
  15. ↑ a b Bauer, 2001b (p. 550)
  16. ↑ a b c Unterholzner and Willenig, 2000 ( p. 13 )
  17. ↑ a b c Bauer, 2001b (p. 547)
  18. ↑ a b c d Unterholzner and Willenig, 2000 ( p. 14 )
  19. ↑ Unterholzner and Willenig, 2000 ( p. 15 )
  20. ↑ Vohralík and Sofianidou, 2007 (p. 83)
  21. ^ Bauer, 2001a (p. 534)
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1408, Mus spicilegus )
  23. ↑ Joe T. Marshall Jr., Richard D. Sage: The taxonomy of the house mouse . In: RJ Berry (Ed.): The Biology of the House Mouse (= Symposia of the Zoological Society of London . Vol. 47). Academic Press, London 1981, ISBN 0-12-613347-6 , pp. 15-26 (p. 18). Quoted in Honacki et al., 1982 (p. 532)
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g Sokolow and colleagues, 1998 ( p. 3 ( Memento of December 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ))
  25. ↑ a b c Bauer, 2000 ( p. 92 )
  26. ↑ a b c Bauer, 2001b (p. 548)
  27. ↑ Bauer, 2000 ( p. 95 )
  28. ↑ a b Sahorodnjuk, 1992 ( p. 44 )