Disturb

Disturb
Atlantic sturgeon ( Acipenser oxyrinchus )
Systematics
Sub-stem : Vertebrates (vertebrata) Superclass : Jaw mouths (Gnathostomata) Class : Ray fins (Actinopterygii) Subclass : Cartilage organoids (chondrostei) Order : Sturgeon (Acipenseriformes) Family : Disturb
Scientific name
Acipenseridae
Bonaparte , 1831

The sturgeon (Acipenseridae) are a family of large to very large primeval bony fish . They live in Europe , North and Central Asia, and North America . They are primarily marine fish , which as anadromous migratory fish come up to spawn in fresh waters . The North American shovel sturgeon of the genus Scaphirhynchus and some populations of other sturgeon species , e.g. B. the sterlets ( Acipenser ruthenus ) and the North American sea ​​sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ), remain constantly in fresh water. Sturgeons feed mainly on invertebrates, the two largest species as fully grown specimens mainly on other fish.

Sturgeons are known as producers of caviar .

distribution

Sturgeons are holarctic , which means that they live exclusively in the higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The sturgeon of the subfamily Acipenserinae occurs in south-eastern Europe ( Adriatic , Black Sea including the Sea of ​​Azov ) as well as in large parts of Asia . These include the rivers of Asia Minor draining into the Black Sea , the Caspian Sea , the adjacent part of Iran , Western Siberia , northern Eastern Siberia (lower reaches of the Lena and tributaries) and East Asia (catchment area of ​​the Amur , Sakhalin , Hokkaidō , Korea , Yangtze River and Pearl River ) . They also colonize numerous marginal seas of Eurasia near the coast , including the North and Baltic Seas , the Biscay , the White Sea , the Kara Sea , the Okhotsk , the Japanese , the Yellow and the East China Sea , as well as the Bering Sea .

In North America they occur east of the Appalachian Mountains , in the Great Lakes , in the Saint Lawrence River , in Hudson Bay and in the rivers of the Pacific coastal plain from Alaska (including the Aleutian Islands ) to California .

The shovel sturgeon of the genus Scaphirhynchus occurs exclusively in fresh water, in rivers in the catchment area of ​​the Mississippi and in the Rio Grande ; their relatives from the genus Pseudoscaphirhynchus are restricted to the rivers Amudarja and Syrdarja in Central Asia .

features

Most sturgeon are between one and three meters long, the smallest species, the small Amu Darja shovel sturgeon ( Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni ), reaches a length of 27.5 cm, the largest, the European house and the Kaluga house ( Huso huso and Huso dauricus ), are a maximum of five meters long and weigh between one and two tons. This makes them the largest fish that can also be found in freshwater. The derivation of the name from Old High German stôr , Old Norse stór "large" is therefore plausible .

Sturgeons are variable in color, mostly light to dark brown, also slate gray or almost black to blue-black. In females, the ovaries can make up to 20% of the total weight. They deliver the famous caviar . A spiral fold is formed in the lower part of the midgut .

Russian sturgeon ( Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) with clearly visible bone plates

While the rump scaling is greatly reduced in the basic structure of the sturgeon-like, the heavy, elongated body of the Acipenseriden has five longitudinal rows of hunched bone plates (scuta). One row extends along the midline of the back, two along the side lines, and two on the outer sides of the abdomen between the paired fins. Since the bone plates lie along the body edges, the result is a rounded pentagonal cross-section. The bone plates of the fry are rough, in the older individuals they are smooth. In some species, they can partially disappear with age. With Scaphirhynchus they form a closed tube around the caudal fin stalk. The rest of the skin is bare and granular with small denticles or papillae (protrusions of the skin). The axis in the upper caudal fin lobe (upper fin half) is covered with diagonally arranged, sharp ganoid scales (fulcres).

The bony skeleton was largely reduced to a cartilage skeleton . The notochord is preserved for life, vertebral bodies do not form, only neural and hemal arches with intermediate pieces (intercalaria). The intercalaria, which connect to the occipital region, are fused with each other and with the posterior neurocranium . Here and a little further behind there are short ribs. Sturgeons have a higher density than fresh water, so the swim bladder , surrounded by a thick wall rich in collagen fibers, is quite large. As in the basic plan of the Actinopteri , it is dorsally connected to the foregut . But there is no air breathing in the case of disturbances.

The asymmetrical, more or less bifurcated caudal fin is heterocerk (the end of the spine bends upwards and supports the upper, larger and fleshy part of the caudal fin). In the tail fin can be Hypuralia (support elements of the tail fins skeleton) and ventral tail fin rays differ. A single dorsal fin lies far back, in front of the caudal fin stalk. The base of the pectoral fin is low, the pelvic fins are behind the middle of the body. A spiky, first pectoral fin ray , which is ossified in some species and articulates on a fenestrated pectoral fin propterygium, consists of fused fin rays . The remaining fin rays are finely divided and more numerous than they supportive finned (Pterygiophoren) arranged one above the other in three series.

Head and skull

Head of the Siberian sturgeon with a nasal rostrum and barbels in front of the mouth

The head ends in a hard elongated rostrum that is conical or spade-shaped and often slightly curved upwards. There are electroreceptors in the rostrum . It therefore serves as a sensory organ, and hydrodynamically as a buoyancy aid. Some species use it to rummage in the ground to search for food. The jaws of the adult animals are toothless. On the palate (unpaired “ palatine ”) there are transverse ridges that functionally resemble teeth. The lower mouth is surrounded by fleshy lips, can be protracted (protractile) through the homandibula and is equipped with a transverse row of four barbels in front of it , which are supported by cartilaginous rods and serve as tactile and chemosensory organs. A spray hole is available in the subfamily Acipenserinae , but not in the shovel sturgeon (Scaphirhynchinae). Sturgeons have fewer than 50 gill trap processes (spinae). Branchiostegal rays are only indicated.

Front body of the Siberian sturgeon with the gills always slightly open

The gill cover cannot completely cover the gills, the gill gap always remains a little open, so there is no suction pump phase of breathing - the sturgeons consume little oxygen and, thanks to the open gill gap, can quietly scan the bottom for food with their mouth. The eyes are poorly sighted, but still have three visual pigments like those of the more sighted ancestral forms (of which very little is known).

The gill cover is mainly formed by a strong operculare (a suboperculare is not separated from it), the front cover (preoperculare) consists only of a few sensory canal tubes. The preopercular is functionally an important part of the jockstrap in the more modern bony fish (Neopterygii) . The Acipenseridae, however, belong to the more original bony fish and their jaws are also heavily modified and secondarily resemble the hyostyle shark. The gill membranes are attached to the isthmus , the foremost part of the lower trunk muscles between the shoulder girdle and the hyoid bones. As is usually the case with pike (Lepisosteidae), there is a large opercular gill on the inside of the gill cover.

Head of Acipenser medirostris with clearly visible dermatocranium

The skull is armored with a large number of bone plates, the dermatocranium . The rearmost of these bone plates, the unpaired postoccipital, is also the first plate of the row of bone plates on the back. On the head, from back to front, follow the unpaired Dermosupraoccipitale, the paired bone plates Supratemporale (sometimes several on each side of the head), Parietale, “ Squamosum ”, Postfrontalia and Frontalia. There are still some middle bone plates (medialia) between the frontal bones. On the rostrum you will find numerous smaller bone plates (rostralia), the number of which is very different.

Karyotype

The sturgeon karyotype is one of the most complex of all vertebrates. There are a very large number of chromosomes , half of which are microchromosomes. According to the number of chromosomes, the sturgeons can be divided into two groups, those with 120 chromosomes, which are likely to be diploid , and those with 240 chromosomes, which are believed to be tetraploid .

Way of life

Sturgeons live on the bottom of the water and feed mainly on small, soil-dwelling organisms (worms, crustaceans , molluscs , insect larvae ), some species also predatory on larger prey such as fish. They are slow swimmers who create buoyancy with their wing-like pectoral fins, similar to sharks . Sturgeons are very long-lived, the maximum published age for the Hausen is 118 years. They do not reach sexual maturity for a few years and they spawn many times during their life. The breeding season is in spring and summer. All sturgeon reproduce in fresh water. They eat little or nothing during the migration into fresh water. They spawn in flowing water with a gravel or stone bottom. The frog-like , sticky eggs sink to the bottom of the water after spawning. The fry hatch after just a few days, spend a few years in fresh water and then gradually migrate to the sea near the coast.

Systematics and tribal history

External system

The family of the sturgeon belongs to the order of the sturgeon-like (Acipenseriformes) as a sister group of the family of the spoonbill sturgeon ( Polyodontidae) comprising only two species . In addition to these two families, two extinct families of sturgeon fish are counted in the order, the Chondrosteidae , which is the sister group of the two recent families, and the Peipiaosteidae . The sturgeon-like are combined with a number of extinct fish groups to the subclass of the cartilaginous organoids (Chondrostei) within the class of the ray fins (Actinopterygii).

All bony fish that have reached a level of development comparable to that of the sturgeon were and still are counted among the cartilaginous organoids. In this composition, however, the cartilaginous organoids are a paraphyletic group as they do not include all descendants of the youngest common ancestor.

In the cladistics only one taxon cartilage organoids sensu stricto is used, to which only the sturgeon-like and their closest extinct relatives belong.

The systematic position is illustrated by the following cladogram :

Birgeria sp., An extinct sturgeon relative

Ray fins	Flössler (Polypteriformes)   Actinopteri    extinct groups      the cartilaginous organoids sensu lato       Cartilage  organoids sensu stricto    Birgeriidae †   Disruptive    Peipiaosteidae †      Chondrosteidae †      Paddlefish (Polyodontidae)      Sturgeon (Acipenseridae)      extinct groups      the cartilaginous organoids sensu lato      Neuflosser  (Neopterygii) (all modern bony fish)

Internal system

The sturgeon family is divided into two subfamilies, the Acipenserinae with three genera and 22 species, their characteristics are a conically shaped rostrum with rounded edges, a well-developed spray hole and an existing pseudobranchie and the Scaphirhynchinae with a genus consisting of three species, in them the rostrum is spade-shaped with sharp edges, the injection hole is closed or only weakly developed and the pseudobranch is rudimentary. The genus Huso , in which two particularly large and piscivore (fish-eating) species are summarized, is possibly polyphyletic . Both molecular and cytogenetic studies show that the two species should be classified as Acipenser huso and Acipenser dauricus in the genus Acipenser . The family comprises a total of 25 recent species.

Subfamily Acipenserinae Bonaparte , 1838 - 3 genera, 22 species
Genus Acipenser Linnaeus , 1758 - 17 species
German name	Scientific name	distribution	Hazard level Red List of IUCN	Remarks	image
Siberian sturgeon	Acipenser baeri Brandt , 1869	Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia	( Endangered - endangered)	up to 2 meters in length
Short-nosed sturgeon	Acipenser brevirostrum Lesueur , 1818	Coastal rivers of eastern North America	( Vulnerable - endangered)	up to 1.3 meters in length
Yangtze sturgeon	Acipenser dabryanus Duméril , 1869	endemic to the Yangtze	( Critically Endangered )	up to 1.3 meters in length
Sea sturgeon	Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque , 1817	Saint Lawrence River , Mississippi River and adjacent waters	( Least Concern - not at risk)	up to 2.5 meters in length
Russian sturgeon or wax thick	Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt & Ratzeburg , 1833	Black Sea , Sea of ​​Azov , Caspian Sea and adjacent waters	( Critically Endangered )	up to 2 meters in length
Green sturgeon	Acipenser medirostris Ayres , 1854	North American Pacific Coast	( Near Threatened - potentially endangered, warning list)	up to 2.5 meters in length
Sakhalin sturgeon	Acipenser mikadoi Hilgendorf , 1892	Russian Pacific Coast, Japan	( Critically Endangered )	up to 2 meters in length
Adriatic sturgeon	Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte , 1836	the Adrian Sea	( Critically Endangered )	up to 2 meters in length
Smooth thick	Acipenser nudiventris Lovetzky 1828	Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Aral Sea	( Critically Endangered )	up to 2 meters in length
Atlantic sturgeon	Acipenser oxyrinchus Mitchell , 1815	North American Atlantic coast	( Near Threatened - potentially endangered, warning list)	up to 3 meters in length
Persian sturgeon	Acipenser persicus Borodin , 1897	Caspian Sea	( Critically Endangered )	up to 2.4 meters in length
Sterlet	Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus , 1758	Tributaries of the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas	( Vulnerable - endangered)	up to 1 meter in length, smallest Acipenser type
Amur sturgeon	Acipenser schrenckii Brandt , 1869	endemic to the Amur	( Critically Endangered )	up to 3 meters in length
Chinese sturgeon	Acipenser sinensis J. E. Gray , 1835	China Sea and adjacent waters	( Critically Endangered )	up to 6 meters in length, largest Acipenser species
Sternhausen	Acipenser stellatus Pallas , 1771	Black, Azov and Caspian Seas	( Critically Endangered )	up to 2.2 meters in length
European sturgeon	Acipenser sturio Linnaeus , 1758	European Atlantic coast, Mediterranean and Black Sea	( Critically Endangered )	up to 3 meters in length
White sturgeon	Acipenser transmontanus Richardson , 1836	North American Pacific Coast	( Least Concern - not at risk)	up to 5.5 meters in length
Genus Hausen ( Huso Brandt & Ratzeburg , 1833) - 2 species
German name	Scientific name	distribution	Hazard level Red List of IUCN	Remarks	image
Kaluga-Hausen	Huso dauricus ( Georgi , 1775)	endemic to the Amur	( Critically Endangered )	up to 4.5 meters in length
European houses	Huso huso ( Linnaeus , 1758)	Black, Azov and Caspian Seas	( Critically Endangered )	up to 5 meters in length, also called beluga sturgeon
Genus Pseudoscaphirhynchus Nikolskii , 1793 - 3 species
German name	Scientific name	distribution	Hazard level Red List of IUCN	Remarks	image
Syrdarya shovel sturgeon	Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi ( Kessler , 1872)	endemic to Syr Darya	( Critically Endangered )	up to 27 centimeters in length, probably extinct
Little Amu Darya shovel sturgeon	Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni ( Kessler , 1877)	endemic to Amu Darya	( Critically Endangered )	up to 27 centimeters in length, probably extinct
Great Amu Darya shovel sturgeon	Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni ( Kessler ex Bogdanov , 1877)	endemic to Amu Darya	( Critically Endangered )	up to 75 centimeters in length
Subfamily shovel sturgeon (Scaphirhynchinae Bonaparte , 1846) - 1 genus, 3 species
Genus Scaphirhynchus Heckel , 1835 - 3 species
German name	Scientific name	distribution	Hazard level Red List of IUCN	Remarks	image
White shovel sturgeon	Scaphirhynchus albus ( SA Forbes & RE Richardson , 1905)		( Endangered - endangered)	up to 2 meters in length
Blade sturgeon	Scaphirhynchus platorynchus ( Rafinesque , 1820)	Mississippi and Missouri Rivers	( Vulnerable - endangered)	up to 1 meter in length
Alabama shovel sturgeon	Scaphirhynchus suttkusi J.D. Williams & Clemmer , 1991	Alabama River	( Critically Endangered )	up to 0.8 meters in length

Fossil record

Peipiaosteidae - Yanosteus longidorsalis

In addition to the recent genera, Protoscaphirhynchus , an extinct genus from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana, is known. Other fossil sturgeon species, some of them from the Jura , have been classified in independent families ( Peipiaosteidae , Chondrosteidae ). The Chondrosteidae are the more primitive fossil sister group of all recent sturgeon species.

Danger

The Atlantic sturgeon ( Acipenser oxyrinchus and Acipenser sturio ) were widespread until the end of the 19th century and were found in large stocks. During the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the stocks decreased rapidly. The reasons for the decline were, in addition to the increasingly effective fishing, changes in the water structure, the interruption of the passage and the impairment of the fish migration as well as water pollution by waste water from municipalities, industry and inputs from agriculture. The European sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, is facing extinction in its entire historical range, apart from a relic population in France. According to the IUCN , almost all sturgeon species are considered "endangered" or "critically endangered" worldwide .

See also : Society for the Rescue of the Sturgeon

use

Sturgeon on sale in a market in Turkmenbaşy ( Turkmenistan )

Sturgeons are fished for their caviar and their tasty meat. From the swim bladder can isinglass be won. Almost all species are endangered. Most sturgeon are caught in the Caspian Sea, followed at a long distance by the Sea of ​​Azov , the Black Sea and all other fishing areas. Some sturgeon are now kept in aquacultures , including the Siberian sturgeon and the best, a fast-growing hybrid of Sterlet and Hausen.

etymology

The family received its scientific name Acipenseridae in 1831 by Charles Lucien Bonaparte after the type genus Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758. The etymology of acipenser is so far unclear. Due to the sparse sources, it is not certain whether acipenser , acupensis u. Ä. the sturgeon really was in ancient Rome; it is nowhere described more precisely or with a characteristic property.

The Latin word acu-, acipensis or -penser was interpreted as "with pointed ( acu- ) fins" ( pesna , because of the easier pronunciation * pensa> penna, pinna ) or "with fast" (oci-, cf. ociter , ( gr.) ὠκύς "fast") fins, d. H. "Fast swimming". But sturgeons neither have pointed fins nor do they swim particularly fast.

Marinelli (1973) suggests that the front of the tail fin of the sturgeon is covered with sharp-edged ganoid scales, which primitive peoples have even used as fishhooks. If you wear a sturgeon on your tail, these fulcres (ganoid scales) can cause unexpected pain - so it could be that the word part -pens- does not go back to pesn- which has been changed for easier pronunciation, but with pensum "load" (from pendere " hang ") is related.

A. Guasparri brings another interpretation into play: In front of the mouth, the four sometimes stiff, thin (flattened) barbels hang down, which he compares with acus ( pl , “needles”) - here acupensis is the “fish on the one in front The bristles hang down ”( acuum pensum ). In particular, workload also means an “allocation” of a certain amount - in this case perhaps of peaks (“of peaks”). Guasparri also notes, like Varro , that the Italans formed the names of animals without knowledge of their way of life, while “sturgeon” ( Middle Latin sturio ) can be related to “rummaging” (in relation to foraging for food at the bottom of the water). In view of the fact that sturgeon are among the largest freshwater fish, the derivation of the name from Old High German stôr , Old Norse stór "large" is plausible.

Ultimately, there are indications that it is a Celtic name, from * aci-pen-sera . The three elementary Etyma would then be acri- (Dissim. To aci- ) "with sharp points / corners", penno "head" and serra "sickle". The meaning of the name would be something like "sharp-edged, with a head curved like a sickle". That it is a Celtic loan word in Latin is plausible because of the lack of this fish genus in Latium.

Culture

A sturgeon can be seen in the coats of arms of Bahrenfleth and Bekmünde - two communities in the Steinburg district in Schleswig-Holstein . Both communities are located on the Stör , a right tributary of the Elbe . The Russian city of Belozersk in northwestern Russia has two sturgeons in the form of an oblique cross on its coat of arms . A sturgeon is also depicted in the coat of arms of the city of Baltiysk in the Kaliningrad Oblast , the former Pillau.

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literature

• Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
• Kurt Fiedler: Textbook of Special Zoology, Volume II, Part 2: Fish. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6 .
• Leonid I. Sokolov, Lev S. Berdischevskii: Acipenseridae. Pp. 150–152, in Juraj Holcik: The Freshwater Fishes of Europe, 9 Vols., Vol. 1/2: General Introduction to Fishes, Acipenseridae. Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1989, ISBN 3-891-04431-3 .
• The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2: Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae) . In: KE Carpenter (Ed.): FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication . tape 5 . FAO, Rome 2002, p. 670–671 ( full text [PDF]).
• Peter Bartsch: Chondrostei, (Acipenseriformes), sturgeon and paddlefish pages 232-236 in Wilfried Westheide & Reinhard Rieger : Special Zoology Part 2: Vertebrate or skull animals. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-8274-0307-3 .
• Günther Sterba : The world's freshwater fish. 2nd Edition. Urania, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-332-00109-4 .
• Wilhelm Marinelli and Anneliese Strenger: Comparative anatomy and morphology of vertebrates. IV: Acipenser ruthenus . Vienna (Deuticke) 1974.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Peter Bartsch (2004), p. 235
2. ↑ Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni on Fishbase.org (English)
3. ↑ ^{a b} Huso huso on Fishbase.org (English)
4. ↑ Huso dauricus on Fishbase.org (English)
5. ^ Jacob Grimm / Wilhelm Grimm: German Dictionary , Volume 10, 3rd Section, S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1957, Sp. 359.
6. ^ William E. Bemis, Eric K. Findeis, Lance Grande: An overview of Acipenseriformes . In: Environmental Biology of Fishes . tape 48 , 1997, pp. 25-71 , doi : 10.1023 / A: 1007370213924 (English).
7. ↑ ^{a b} Sokolow, Berichevskii, p. 150 in Holcik (1989).
8. ↑ Wilhelm Marinelli, Anneliese Strenger: Comparative Anatomy and Morphology of Vertebrates, Volume 1 . Acipenser ruthenus L., super class: Gnathostomata (jaw mouths). Class; Osteichthyes (bony or gill cap fish). Lfg. 4. Franz Deuticke, Vienna 1973, ISBN 3-7005-4397-2 .
9. ↑ Sokolow, Berichevskii, p. 151 f. in Holcik (1989).
10. ↑ Nelson (2006), pp. 90-95.
11. ↑ Michael J. Benton : Paleontology of the vertebrates. S. 187, 2007, ISBN 3899370724 .
12. ↑ Acipenserinae on Fishbase.org (English)
13. ↑ Scaphirhynchinae on Fishbase.org (English)
14. ↑ ED Vasil'eva, VP Vasil'ev, SV Shedko, GV Novomodny: The Revision of the Validity of Genus Huso (Acipenseridae) Based on Recent Morphological and Genetic Data with Particular Reference to the Kaluga H. dauricus . In: Journal of Ichthyology . tape 49 , no. 10 , 2009, p. 861–867 (English, febras.ru [PDF]).
15. ↑ Acipenser baerii in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Ruban, G. & Bin Zhu, 2009. Accessed November 11, 2012th
16. ↑ Acipenser brevirostrum in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Friedland, KD, 2004. Accessed November 11, 2012th
17. ↑ Acipenser dabryanus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016.3. Listed by: Qiwei, W, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
18. ↑ Acipenser fulvescens in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: St. Pierre, R. & Runstrom, A., 2004. Accessed November 11, 2012th
19. ↑ Acipenser gueldenstaedtii in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010 Posted by: J. Gesner, J. & M. Freyhof Kottelat, 2010. Accessed November 11, 2012th
20. ↑ Acipenser medirostris in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: St. Pierre, R. & Campbell, RR, 2006. Accessed November 11, 2012th
21. ↑ Acipenser mikadoi in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Mugue, N., 2010. Accessed November 11, 2012th
22. ↑ Acipenser naccarii in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Bronzi, P., Congiu, L., Rossi, R., Zerunian, S. & Arlati, G., 2011. Accessed November 11, 2012th
23. ↑ Acipenser nudiventris in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Gesner, J., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M., 2010. Accessed November 11, 2012th
24. ↑ Acipenser oxyrinchus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: R. St. Pierre, FM Parauka, 2006. Accessed November 11, 2012th
25. ↑ Acipenser persicus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Gesner, J., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M., 2010. Accessed November 11, 2012th
26. ↑ Acipenser ruthenus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Gesner, J., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M., 2010. Accessed November 11, 2012th
27. ↑ Acipenser schrenckii in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Ruban, G. & Qiwei, W., 2010. Accessed November 11, 2012th
28. ↑ Acipenser sinensis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Qiwei, W., 2010. Accessed November 11, 2012th
29. ↑ Acipenser stellatus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Qiwei, W., 2010. Accessed November 11, 2012th
30. ↑ Acipenser sturio in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Gesner, J., Williot, P., Rochard, E., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M., 2010. Accessed November 11, 2012th
31. ↑ Acipenser transmontanus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Duke, S., Down, T., Ptolemy, J. Hammond, J. & Spence, C., 2004. Accessed November 11, 2012th
32. ↑ Huso dauricus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Ruban, G. & Qiwei, W., 2010. Accessed November 11, 2012th
33. ↑ Huso huso in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Gesner, J., Chebanov, M. & Freyhof, J., 2010. Accessed November 11, 2012th
34. ↑ Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Mugue, N., 2010. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
35. ↑ Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Mugue, N., 2010. Accessed October 26, 2012th
36. ↑ Pseudoscaphirhynchus mercantile in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Mugue, N., 2010. Accessed October 26, 2012th
37. ↑ Scaphirhynchus albus in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Krentz, S., 2004. Retrieved on November 11, 2012.
38. ↑ Scaphirhynchus platorynchus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Surprenant, C., 2004. Accessed November 11, 2012th
39. ↑ Scaphirhynchus suttkusi in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: FM Parauka, 2004. Accessed November 11, 2012th
40. ↑ Michael J. Benton : Paleontology of the vertebrates. S. 187, 2007, ISBN 3-89937-072-4 .
41. ↑ Jörn Gessner, Frank Fredrich, Gerd-Michael Arndt and Henning von Nordheim, 2010: Species conservation and reintroduction attempts for the Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser sturio and A. oxyrinchus) in the North Sea and Baltic Sea catchment area - Conserving and reintroducing the Atlantic sturgeon in the North and Baltic Sea tributaries . Nature and Landscape , Volume 85, p. 514. Vlg. W. Kohlhammer
42. ↑ Sterba (1990), p. 25.
43. ^ IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Query on November 2, 2010.
44. ^ FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Cultured Aquatic Species Information Program Acipenser baerii
45. ↑ WE Engelmann: zoo animal husbandry - animals in human care - fish. P. 237, Verlag Harri Deutsch, 2005, ISBN 3-8171-1352-8
46. ^ H. Quantity, Langenscheidts Pocket Dictionary Latin-German, revised 1960 by Erich Pertsch, p. 16.
47. ^ Heinrich Georges: Detailed Latin-German dictionary 1913, Sp. 87 u. 95.
48. ↑ Georges, Col. 97.
49. ↑ Georges, Sp. 1553.
50. ↑ Cf. also accipiter , Georges Sp. 64.
51. ↑ Marinelli, Strenger: Comparative Anatomy and Morphology of Vertebrates , p. 322.
52. ↑ F. Muller: Latijnsche woordverklaringen op grundslag semantic-taalhistorischen. Negotiating knkl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, letterk. 1920 (3): pp. 102-104.
53. ↑ Acipenser . Glotta 76 (2000): pp. 50-52; see. Archived copy ( memento of the original dated February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (2007), p. 76. 
54. ^ German dictionary of the Brothers Grimm 19, Sp. 358 ff.
55. ^ Jacob Grimm / Wilhelm Grimm: German Dictionary , Volume 10, 3rd Department, Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1957, Sp. 359.
56. ^ Xavier Delamarre: Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise. 2nd edition, editions errance, Paris 2003.

Web links

Commons : Sturgeon (Acipenseridae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Sturgeon on Fishbase.org (English)
• Andrea Rehmsmeier : The sturgeon case - the impending death of a primal fish. Deutschlandfunk , Das Feature , September 2, 2014.