Altstadtmarktbrunnen

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The old town market fountain.
Old Town Hall and Fountain.
The old town (shown in red) around 1400 with the old town market in the center.

The Altstadtmarktbrunnen , in recent times sometimes also referred to as Marienbrunnen, has been on the old town market in Braunschweig since it was built at the end of November 1408 . In addition to the Braunschweig Lion , the Altstadtmarktbrunnen is one of the few free-standing monuments of international standing in the city.

It is a late Gothic three-bowl fountain, which, as can be read on the edge of the lowest bowl in Latin, was poured in the year of the Lord 1408 on the eve of St. Katharinen, that is, on November 24th, 1408 (“anno d [o] m [ini] MCCCC VIII vigilia katerine fusa est "). The casting material used is lead from Rammelsberg near Goslar, about 50 kilometers south of the city .

The three differently sized, pyramid-shaped bowls are provided with numerous coats of arms , figures, floral decorations as well as Middle Low German and Latin inscriptions. From the Middle Ages to modern times, the spring well was used to supply Braunschweig's old town with drinking and extinguishing water.

It is not known who designed the fountain, where it was poured and who performed the pour. Also unknown are those who created the figures, letters and other decorations or made the tabernacle.

Water supply to the old town

Ink drawing by AA Beck from 1753: "Illustration of the fountain on the Altenstadt-Markte in Braunschweig, facing the south" . It is the first comprehensive description of the well. It remained valid until the middle of the 19th century.
In the middle, Saint Catherine , patron saint of dressmakers.

Since around 1345 there was a wooden water pipe called “Pipen” , which, laid at a depth of about 1.70 m, fed the fountain on the old town market. The water came from the Jödebrunnen located about two kilometers west of the city gates . The nearby Kohlmarktbrunnen was fed via the same line . The supply of the fountain in the old town market with water from the Jödebrunnen existed until 1865. Responsible for the maintenance of the "pipes" was a so-called "pipe brotherhood" . In the inscription of his drawing from 1753 (see right), Anton August Beck points out that Barward Tafelmaker , a member of such a brotherhood, laid new wooden pipes for the fountain on the old town market in 1530.

precursor

Before the old town market fountain was built, the "Jogetborn" or "Jungborn", which is mentioned in a source from 1402, stood in the same place. It was a wooden draw well with troughs for the pumped water. This fountain had the same name as the spring that fed it. At the end of 1408 it was replaced by the successor made of stone and metal, which initially retained the old name and was only referred to as the "Altstadtmarktbrunnen" at an unknown later date.

Establishment and claim

With the construction of the old town market fountain several goals were pursued: on the one hand to supply the citizens with fresh, clean spring water, combined with the representation of religious content, on the other hand also with a "tangible, profane urban concern", the political (self) representation of the Hanseatic city and its citizens, especially the guild of dressmakers , whose guild house, the Klipphaus , was directly adjacent to the old town market and whose patron saint is Saint Catherine depicted on the fountain. In order to underline this "concern", the representation, the fountain was built in the center of the old town and was originally (at least at its tip) richly painted and gilded and crowned by the old town's coat of arms, the soaring Brunswick lion . This old town coat of arms was already the coat of arms of the entire city in 1408, even before this was confirmed in the coat of arms of 1438. After a large number of protracted, difficult, but overcome inner-city conflicts (see Great Layer from 1374-1380 ), the city was at the beginning of the 15th century self-confident, prosperous and strong on the outside. This strength, so the wish of its citizens, should lead to imperial immediacy .

Material and structure

The first true-to-scale reproduction of the fountain was not made until 1901.
Lion head as a gargoyle

material

Originally - that is, before it was destroyed on October 15, 1944 - the old town market fountain was "around 9 m" high ; today it is 8.30 m. It consists of natural stone ( dolomite ) and metal ( lead ). It was not until 1847 that the octagonal foundation with the all-round, also octagonal fountain basin and the round lower fountain shaft on which the largest of the three fountain bowls sits. Until then, there were only several large stone troughs in front of the fountain. Salzhemmendorfer dolomite was used as the material . The first stage of the well system consists of a sandstone that is similar to the Velpker sandstone . All other stones are made of dolomite. The occurrence of this regional dolomite, which was often built in Braunschweig at that time, ranges from Lemgo , Minden and Hildesheim to the Braunschweig area . It is not known where the stone for the well was broken. The three bowls and the spacers for the tabernacle attachment are cast from eleven tons of Rammelsberg lead.

The spring water coming from the Jödebrunnen was conveyed through a pipe inside the well shaft to the gargoyles on the canopy. From there the water flows through four spouts in the form of mythical creatures (dragons) into the uppermost and smallest bowl. Four water spouts in the shape of lions' heads are attached to it. Each of the two remaining bowls also includes four lion's head gargoyles, which are set into the bowl rim offset to the spiers above. The fountain has a total of 16 gargoyles, four of which are dragons and twelve lion heads.

The restoration of the metal parts was carried out in 1847 by the Braunschweig ore caster Georg Ferdinand Howaldt . The then missing fillings of the helmet roof, Mary with the child, four evangelists and the flag were not added by Howaldt until 1852.

construction

Because of its tiered construction, the fountain is one of the “stick” or “bowl fountains” that are always located at the end of a water pipe. The water is pumped through a wooden pipe inside the well construction to the highest point, from where it is distributed into the lower bowls by means of numerous overflows. The vertical structure, emphasized by the geometry of the pyramid-shaped arrangement of the basins, gives the viewer a clear, coherent whole in interaction with the almost simple symmetrical overall shape.

Lower shell

Restored original of the bottom shell, today in the Municipal Museum in the Old Town Hall
Basin edge of the lowest bowl with figures and writing.

The lower of the three bowls is the largest and heaviest. It has a diameter of 1923 mm and weighs around 75  quintals . Like the other lead basins, this one was initially cast without any decorative accessories. Only then were the numerous figures, coats of arms, sayings and other decorations made of lead soldered onto the finished basin. At the upper edge there is a circumferential tape; numerous people are shown below. With the exception of the first saying on Gusstag, which is written in Latin, all other texts are quotations from the Bible, which mainly emphasize the importance of water and - remarkable for the time - were written in the language of the people, namely in Middle Low German:

"David: des waters i [n] vlot de stat godes vrolich dot. Elyseus: su [n] t hebbe ik se maket gar / un [n] w [er] de [n] not more sterile. Salomon: all wat [er] i [n] dat mer ga [n]. Ysaias: we [n] dorste de kome hir an. Elias: he scloch de watere un [n] entwe sint se ghedelet. Samuel: here we [n] te i [n] dosse [n] dach / a [men] "

In high German translation these inscriptions read: "David: The flood of water makes the city of God happy" ( Ps 46,5  EU ). "Elisa: I made the water completely healthy and they will no longer be sterile" ( 2 Kings 2.19-22  EU ). "Solomon: All waters go into the sea" ( Koh 1,7  EU ). "Isaiah: whoever thirsts, let him approach" ( Isa 55,1  EU ). "Elias: He struck the waters and they were divided into two parts" ( 2 Kings 2.8  EU ). “Samuel: Lord to this day. Amen!"

Below the banner are 20 images of biblical figures, mostly Old Testament prophets , the sequence of which is interrupted at regular intervals by four lion-headed water spouts. The individual figures are: David , Habakkuk , Mose , Nahum , Solomon , Hosea , followed by figures destroyed in the Second World War, Jeremiah , Joel , Elisha , Ahaz , Ezekiel , Samuel , Obadja , Isaiah and Saint Catherine . All prophets hold banners with Bible quotes above their heads .

Medium bowl

Detail of the middle bowl (from left to right): Lüneburg, gargoyles, Braunschweig, Hektor, Alexander

The middle shell has a diameter of 1360 mm. Twenty coats of arms of urban historical and mythological significance are attached under a circumferential tape, each turned 45 degrees to the left , the sequence of which is interrupted at regular intervals by the four lion's head gargoyles. The tape contains information about the coats of arms shown. The following are shown in detail: the city of Braunschweig , followed by the “ nine good heroes ”, the three pagan ( Hector , Alexander , Julius ), the three Jewish ( David , Judas , Josua, the son of Nun ) and the three Christian ( Karl der Great , Arthur , Godfrey of Bouillon ). These are followed by the Holy Roman Empire with the seven electoral principalities of Mainz , Bohemia , Cologne , Saxony , Bavaria , Trier and Brandenburg . The Guelph lines, the state of Braunschweig and Lüneburg form the end .

The basin was so badly damaged on October 15, 1944 that it was replaced by a refill. The remains of the original are in the City Museum .

Upper shell

Upper bowl with floral decoration

The upper shell has a diameter of 1120 mm. In contrast to the two lower bowls, the smallest one has neither a tape nor depictions of people or objects, but is completely encircled by a stylized leaf frieze , which, like the other bowls, is interrupted at regular intervals by lions' heads. There is a narrow rosette band running around the edge over the floral pattern .

The shell was completely destroyed on October 15, 1944. Today's bowl is a detailed replica that could be made with the help of photographs and plaster casts made by Braunschweig city planner Ludwig Winter in 1913.

tabernacle

Tabernacle with Mary and Jesus. On the supports the four evangelists , between these four mythical creatures as gargoyles.
Flag with the Brunswick lion

The canopy or tabernacle that closes the fountain is made entirely of lead. The canopy rests on four supports, in front of which one of the four evangelists stands. Four mythical creatures in the form of lizards or dragons act as gargoyles between them. In earlier times these spears were often referred to as "monsters". These figures do not seem to fit into the pictorial program of the overall fountain. It is not known whether they were originally shaped differently. However, their representation and placement between the Evangelists and under Mary gives rise to speculation that there were other gargoyles in their place earlier. Mary and the child are enthroned under the canopy. In her right hand she holds the globe, which is being blessed by the child sitting on the left. The crowning glory of the fountain is an openwork metal flag with the Brunswick lion. Originally, the flag is said to have been made of iron and decorated with gold ornamentation and was only given its current appearance in the course of the restorations in 1847.

Like the upper well bowl, the tabernacle attachment was completely destroyed on October 15, 1944. A detailed copy was also made from Winter's photos. The figures of Mary with the child and those of the evangelists have been redesigned in a modern form.

meaning

If the Braunschweiger Altstadtmarktbrunnen was one of several such fountains up until the outbreak of World War II, the extensive destruction of such fountains during the war meant that the fountain on the Altstadtmarkt today is one of the few surviving examples of importance. In addition to this, the Fischmarktbrunnen in Basel , the Marktbrunnen in Rottenburg am Neckar and the Schöne Brunnen in Nuremberg should be mentioned.

The fountain over the centuries

Location

AA Beck , copper engraving from 1776: Martinikirche with old town market and fountain.

The original position of the fountain was in the southeast area of ​​the old town market, near the "Klipphaus", the guild house of the dressmakers. It remained at this point from its construction in 1408 until its implementation according to an idea by CW Sack in 1847. The original location can be deduced from an entry in the " Degeding book " from 1419:

“The wheel is witlik dat hans von voltzem hefft eynen ferding money to henning meyers hus tyghen deme joghetbornen. Unn is dat verde hus van deme schohove to der wessele word. "
("The installer knows that Hans von Volzum has a mortgage on Heinrich Meyer's house, across from the youth fountain. It is the fourth house from the schoolyard to the changer square.")

The “school yard” was next to the house on the Seven Towers, which still exists today . In 1419, the “Platz der Wechsler” was in today's Poststrasse. The fountain remained at this point until it was moved to the center of the market square in 1847 and thus stood in alignment with the street An der Martinikirche and the adjacent Sonnenstrasse. It was only when it was re-erected in 1951 that the fountain returned almost exactly to its original location in 1408, as was shown by investigations into the subsoil of the old town market.

The oldest representation of the well

Till Eulenspiegel sows Schälke (woodcut around 1519)

Probably the oldest surviving depiction of the old town market fountain dates back to around 1500 and can be found as a woodcut of just 8.1 × 6.3 cm in the book attributed to the Brunswick customs clerk Hermann Bote , “A short-term reading from Dil Ulenspiegel born uss dem Land zu Brunßwick how he made his life " . It was not until 1986 that Bernd Ulrich Hucker demonstrated (see “Literature” below ) that the woodcut depicts the old town market. A fountain can be seen on the left edge of the picture. According to Hucker, this can only be the Braunschweiger Altstadtmarktbrunnen, because the depiction shows (despite its "abbreviation-like illustration" , i.e. omitted "abbreviated" in the sense of omitting), clear features of the Altstadtmarktbrunnen and its surroundings that make it unmistakable and therefore identifiable. The fountain shown has a hexagonal foundation, several bowls and is crowned by a flag. On the right edge of the picture one can see arcades like those in the old town hall; two aisles of a church can be seen in the background on the left . If the old town market is shown, it is the image of the Martini church immediately adjacent to it . The picture illustrates the story of how Till Eulenspiegel sows Schälke. In the accompanying text passage it says among other things: "... [Eulenspiegel] gieng vff der gassen for the rathuss vff vnd nider ..."

Over the course of six centuries, the fountain on the old town market has repeatedly been the subject of artistic representations. The first reproduction still preserved today dates from the early 16th century, almost 100 years after its creation. This illustration was followed mainly from the 18th century on by copper engravings , for example by AA Beck and steel engravings by CW Sack, as well as oil paintings by Bourdet , Carabain , Quaglio , C. Springer and L. Tacke, among others . 1857 used Munich broadsheet Braunschweig's old town market, including fountain as an illustration for the fairy tale Rapunzel the Brothers Grimm . The oldest surviving photo of the fountain was made around 1865 (see below).

Restoration work

Engraving by CW Sack from 1841: Mary with the child, the evangelists and the flag with the lion are missing.
The oldest known photo of the fountain was made around 1865.

16th to 19th century

Over the centuries, all parts of the fountain, both those made of stone and those made of metal, have been partially or completely replaced several times as a result of a wide range of negative environmental or usage influences. The first verifiable restoration was carried out in 1588. Tobias Olfen , Brunswick councilor and 1643–1653 great mayor of the old town reported in his chronicle about work in that year.

In the 18th to almost the middle of the 19th century, the fountain was increasingly dilapidated with continued use. For example, the group of figures of Mary with the baby Jesus and the four evangelists were missing. Using drawings made between 1753 (ink drawing by Beck, see above ) and 1841 ( lithograph by the historian C. W. Sack , see right), it is possible to determine approximately when the figures were lost. Sack wrote, among other things, that the fountain urgently needs to be repaired because "the top basin is unusable and some decorations are damaged" . In addition, the water-spouting "dragons" no longer worked and the banners of the characters were partly illegible.

In 1847, extensive renovation measures finally took place: the architect Friedrich Uhlmann restored the fountain, whereby the substructure on which the first lead bowl was placed and which had previously consisted of Elm limestone blocks was replaced by a large ashlar monolith . The octagonal surrounding stone fountain basin, which still exists today, was also added; up to this point there were only a few large stone troughs in front of the fountain. The restoration or re-casting of the metal parts was carried out by the Braunschweig ore caster Georg Ferdinand Howaldt . In 1852 Howaldt also replaced the lost group of figures of Mary with the child and the four evangelists. He designed the figures freely, without orienting himself to the late Gothic style specifications of the fountain. The work was completed on October 16, 1847. Then the fountain - as suggested by Sack - was moved to the center of the market square, so that it was in alignment with the street An der Martinikirche behind it . It is thanks to Sack that he rediscovered the centuries-old fountain as a cultural monument for the city and thus made a considerable contribution to its rescue. In 1852 he reported on the renovation in a second publication and was satisfied.

In 1913, the entire fountain was precisely measured and photographed for the first time by Ludwig Winter. Nothing is known of any further restoration or conservation measures until the fountain was destroyed.

20th century

Destroyed on October 15, 1944
Around 1897: The Stechinelli House is visible on the right edge . In addition, the tracks of the horse-drawn tram are clearly visible

The old town market fountain was not dismantled during the Second World War in order to be stored in a safe place (as happened, for example, with the Braunschweig Lion shortly before the end of the war). As the air war progressed , the bombing raids on Braunschweig became more frequent and more devastating, but the only safety measure for the fountain was that it was protected from fire and splinters in 1943 by means of wooden cladding that had been filled with sand. Due to the weather, however, the casing broke open and sand trickled out. This security turned out to be inadequate, as it turned out on October 15, 1944, the day of the most devastating bomb attack on Braunschweig : incendiary bombs set fire to the wood. The chimney effect of the casing, which was intended as protection, meant that large parts of the 536-year-old well melted in the enormous heat. The well was destroyed over a large area.

Reconstruction from 1945 to 1951

Damage pattern

Everything above the top shell had completely disappeared with her. From the middle basin only a small edge piece with five coats of arms and a lion's head remained, which is now in the city museum. An intact, extremely heavy intermediate ring of the central basin was stolen while the well was dismantled. Only about two thirds of the lower shell was preserved. The rubble was unprofessionally dismantled by the air raid police and initially stored unsecured and outdoors on the old town market for weeks before it was salvaged and stored in the burned-out St. Andrew's Church in the winter of 1944/45 on the instructions of the Braunschweig state curator Kurt Seeleke . These remains of the well were found at the end of May 1945 and the find was reported to Friedrich Wilhelm Kraemer , the head of the municipal building department. On June 4th, an inventory was made and an appraisal was made about the possibility of a restoration. As early as July 26, 1945, just a few weeks after the end of the war, the city council of Braunschweig, through its mayor Ernst Böhme, commissioned the metalworker Werner Kump (1898–1989) to restore the old town market fountain.

Restoration measures from 1946 to 1951

1892: In the background left the Martinikirche, right the old town hall. Good to see: The well is located in a run with the underlying road at the Martini Church .

In view of the immediate post-war period and the associated, sometimes extreme, difficulties with regard to the procurement of materials and tools, the provision and technical equipment of a suitable workshop and, above all, protection against requisitions and theft, the performance of Werner Kumps and his employees cannot be rated highly enough become.

At the same time as the old town market fountain, the Braunschweiger Löwe, which was also, but much less damaged, was restored by Kump and his people in the same barracks.

First of all, extensive material analyzes were carried out and the fountain was fundamentally measured, using the quadrature and triangulature . The 2/3 fragment of the bottom shell was supplemented for the reconstruction, restored and reused in 1951 for the new fountain. After the fountain had to be dismantled and restored again from 1985 to 1988, it can now be viewed just a few meters away in the old town hall.

The restoration, which relied on the photos and plaster casts made by Ludwig Winter in 1913 as well as drawings and dimensions by A. Heubach from 1903, dragged on for more than five years - and not just because it took place turned out to be technically extremely demanding and complex, but also because it was interrupted for some time due to the currency reform in 1948 . Due to the initial situation and its scope, this work was more like creating a new fountain. It was not until December 4, 1951, that the restored old town market fountain was officially opened to the public.

Measures 1985 to 1988
The fountain from the south with the House of the Seven Towers in the background on the right.

As early as the 1960s, however, it became clear that more and more fountain parts - made of both metal and stone - had to be repaired or replaced to an increasing extent and with ever shorter intervals. In 1984 it finally became clear that the well needed thorough renovation.

However, the very extensive restoration work turned out to be so costly that it was only possible to secure funding through a significant donation from Wolf Horenburg, the then chairman of the Wolters Hofbrauhaus . The subsequent safety and restoration measures dragged on until 1988.

Similar to the Braunschweig Lion, the original of which can only be viewed in Dankwarderode Castle since mid-1980 to protect it from harmful influences and where a true-to-original copy has been in its old location since then, the City Council of Braunschweig decided to also use the original remains of the fountain and the No longer to leave replicas from the post-war period on the old town market. The fountain was dismantled in 1986 and replaced by a true-to-detail copy that has been in the old location since August 2nd, 1988.

The preserved original fragments of the old town market fountain can be viewed today in the branch of the municipal museum in the old town hall.

See also

literature

  • Wilhelm Appelt, Theodor Müller : Water arts and waterworks of the city of Braunschweig. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Volume 33, Braunschweig 1964.
  • Elmar Arnhold: Marienbrunnen. In: Medieval metropolis Braunschweig. Architecture and urban architecture from the 11th to 15th centuries. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2018, ISBN 978-3-944939-36-0 , pp. 197-199.
  • Bernd Ulrich Hucker : The oldest picture of the Braunschweig old town market. In: Miscell. 42, Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, 1986, ISSN  0934-6201 .
  • Günter Jahn: The old town market in Braunschweig - history and stories. In: City Archives and Public Library Braunschweig. Small writings no.18 on behalf of the city of Braunschweig edited by Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf , 2nd edition, Braunschweig 1998.
  • Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, OCLC 20656201 .
  • NN: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951. Braunschweig 1951.
  • Carl Schiller : The medieval architecture of Braunschweig and its immediate surroundings. Braunschweig 1852, pp. 170-173.
  • Friedrich Karl von Vechelde : Tobias Olfen's, a Brunswick councilor, history books of the city of Brunswick. Braunschweig 1832 ( full text ).
  • Ludwig Winter : The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig . Buchdruckerei Julius Krampe, Braunschweig 1914 ( online [PDF; 1.9 MB ; accessed on March 8, 2013] Brunsvicensien of the University Library Braunschweig, urn: nbn: de : gbv : 084-09092508421, object metadata ).

Web links

Commons : Altstadtmarktbrunnen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 or Volume 70. Braunschweig 1988, p. 35: "Only recently has the fountain on the old town market been called the Marienbrunnen now and then."
  2. ↑ a b c Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, p. 7.
  3. ^ A b Günter Jahn: The old town market in Braunschweig - history and stories. In: City Archives and Public Library Braunschweig. Kleine Schriften No. 18. 2nd edition, Braunschweig 1998, p. 27.
  4. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, p. 41.
  5. ↑ a b Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, p. 16.
  6. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, p. 13.
  7. ↑ Aerial view of the Jödebrunnen. ( Memento from December 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  8. ↑ Städtisches Museum Braunschweig (Ed.): The exhibition 'History of the City of Braunschweig' in the old town hall. Part 1, pp. 36-37.
  9. ↑ Jürgen Hodemacher : Braunschweigs streets - their names and their stories, Volume 1: Innenstadt. P. 20.
  10. ^ NN: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the well restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951. Braunschweig 1951, p. 10.
  11. ^ NN: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951. Braunschweig 1951, p. 14.
  12. ↑ a b Städtisches Museum Braunschweig (Hrsg.): The exhibition 'History of the City of Braunschweig' in the old town hall. Part 1, p. 39.
  13. ↑ a b c Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70 respectively. Braunschweig 1988, p. 35.
  14. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 or Volume 70. Braunschweig 1988, p. 12.
  15. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, pp. 23-24.
  16. ^ NN: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951. Braunschweig 1951, p. 19.
  17. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70. Braunschweig 1988, p. 158.
  18. ^ NN: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951. Braunschweig 1951, pp. 31–32.
  19. ↑ a b Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, pp. 20-21.
  20. ↑ a b c N. N .: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951. Braunschweig 1951, p. 26.
  21. ^ NN: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4th, 1951. Braunschweig 1951, p. 13.
  22. ^ Günter Jahn: The old town market in Braunschweig - history and stories . In: City Archives and Public Library Braunschweig. Small writings No. 18 , 2nd edition, Braunschweig 1998, p. 142.
  23. ↑ a b Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market . In: Braunschweiger Werkstücke , series B, vol. 9 and vol. 70, Braunschweig 1988, p. 141.
  24. ↑ a b c Paul Jonas Meier and Karl Steinacker : The architectural and art monuments of the city of Braunschweig. 2nd edition, Braunschweig 1926, p. 52.
  25. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70. Braunschweig 1988, p. 34.
  26. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, p. 38.
  27. ^ NN: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951 , Braunschweig 1951, pp. 10-11
  28. ↑ a b Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, p. 149.
  29. ↑ Bernd Ulrich Hucker: The oldest picture evidence of the Braunschweig old town market. in: Miszellen 42, Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, 1986.
  30. ↑ Hermann Bote : The 70th history says how Eulenspiegel sowed stones in a town in Saxony and, when asked about it, replied that he was sowing Schälke in the Gutenberg-DE project
  31. ↑ quoted from Bernd Ulrich Hucker: The oldest picture evidence of the Braunschweig old town market. in: Miscell. 42, Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, 1986, p. there footnote 1.
  32. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, p. 18.
  33. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, p. 14.
  34. ^ NN: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951 , Braunschweig 1951, p. 11
  35. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 or Volume 70. Braunschweig 1988, p. 17.
  36. ^ NN: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951. Braunschweig 1951, p. 12.
  37. ↑ Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, p. 19.
  38. ↑ a b N. N .: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951 , Braunschweig 1951, p. 15
  39. ^ Photo of the destroyed well from 1944
  40. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Braunschweig, s. under December 15, 1989
  41. ^ Günter Jahn: The old town market in Braunschweig - history and stories. In: City Archives and Public Library Braunschweig. Kleine Schriften No. 18. 2nd edition, Braunschweig 1998, p. 14.
  42. ^ NN: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951. Braunschweig 1951, p. 18.
  43. ↑ a b Erhard Metz, Gerd Spies (ed.): The Braunschweiger Brunnen on the old town market. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series B, Volume 9 and Volume 70, respectively. Braunschweig 1988, p. 20.
  44. ^ NN: The fountain on the old town market in Braunschweig. On the occasion of the inauguration of the fountain restored by the city of Braunschweig on December 4, 1951. Braunschweig 1951.
  45. ↑ Städtisches Museum Braunschweig (Ed.): The exhibition 'History of the City of Braunschweig' in the old town hall. Part 1, p. 44.

Coordinates: 52 ° 15 ′ 46 ″  N , 10 ° 31 ′ 4 ″  E

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on April 16, 2009 .