André Boulloche

André François Roger Jacques Boulloche (born September 7, 1915 in the 7th arrondissement , Paris ; † March 16, 1978 in Malsburg-Marzell , Lörrach district , Baden-Württemberg ) was a French politician who was Minister Assistant to the Prime Minister for between 1958 and 1959 the public service and state markets and from January to December 1959 was Minister for National Education . He was later mayor of Montbéliard between 1965 and 1978 and a member of the National Assembly from 1967 until his death on March 16, 1978 .

Life

Studies and officer in World War II

Boulloche's father was a graduate of the École polytechnique and general engineer for bridge and road construction and later head of the road construction department in the Ministry of Public Works. His paternal grandfather was an examining magistrate at the Court of Cassation . He himself completed his school education at the high school of Beauvais before he switched to the Lycée Janson de Sailly in 1931 . After graduating, he also began studying at the École polytechnique in 1934 and then at the State School for Bridge and Road Construction ( École nationale des ponts et chaussées ) , which he graduated in 1939. He completed a degree in law that was also completed with a licentiate and then took up a job as a city engineer for bridge and road construction in Soissons .

After the beginning of the Second World War , Boulloche was drafted into military service in autumn 1939 and initially served as a lieutenant in the 6th Engineer Regiment in eastern France, before he became a flight observation officer in the Army Air Force during the French campaign of the German Wehrmacht . In June 1940 he fled to North Africa after his escape to England failed. After his return to France occupied by the German Wehrmacht, he retired from active military service.

Member of the Resistance and concentration camp prisoner

Boulloche was a prisoner in the Flossenbürg concentration camp from April 1944 until he was liberated by units of the 3rd US Army on April 23, 1945

He joined the Resistance movement at the end of 1940 . There he was commissioned by André Postel-Vinay to set up a network for public service employees in the Aisne department . After Postel-Vinay's arrest, Boulloche was responsible for the Resistance network in northern and eastern France. After the Secret State Police tried to arrest him, he was initially able to escape to Spain . Shortly after his arrest in December 1942, he managed to escape to London in 1943 , where he was involved in the foreign intelligence service of the Forces françaises libres (FFF) founded by Charles de Gaulle , the Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action (BCRA).

On December 13, 1943, Boulloche returned to France under the pseudonym "Armand" together with Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury and became a regional military delegate (Délégué militaire régional) in the Paris region. In the following years he built up the local paramilitary organization of the Resistance, which was without leadership after the arrest of Brigadier General Charles Delestraint . After he was betrayed, he was arrested again by the Gestapo on January 12, 1944. While in prison he suffered a stomach disease that was operated on in the Hôpital de la Salpêtrière . He was subsequently in the Fresnes Gestapo prison and then in the Royallieu concentration camp near Compiègne before he was to be deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in April 1944 . In fact, this deportation train was initially forwarded to Buchenwald concentration camp and finally to Flossenbürg concentration camp . There he was freed by units of the 3rd US Army on April 23, 1945 after more than fourteen months in prison . His parents, who were also active in the Resistance, and his brother were also in concentration camp imprisonment, in which they all perished.

For his services to the liberation of France, Boulloche was appointed Compagnon des Ordre de la Liberation by General de Gaulle .

Post War and Fourth Republic

During the tenure of Prime Minister Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury , Boulloche was his head of cabinet from June to November 1957

After the end of the Second World War, Boulloche took up a job in the public administration in Paris and was on a study trip to the USA for the Ministry of Public Works in 1946 , before he returned in 1948 to become head of the bridge and road construction office in the Arrondissement of Versailles . He then was 1,950 Government Commissioner of the RATP (Régie autonome des transports Parisiens) , which for the public transport competent establishments of Paris, and then from 1953 to 1954 Head of the Infrastructure Department in the Ministry of Aviation, where he also for building the aviation bases of NATO was responsible .

In addition to his professional career, Boulloche was involved in the Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO), of which he became a member in 1946. He was a member of the boards of directors of the SFIO in Fontainebleau and in the Seine-et-Marne department, and was later vice-secretary and administrative secretary of the SFIO. From January to November 1947 he was head of cabinet of Paul Ramadier during his tenure as Prime Minister . Its head of cabinet he was again as Ramadier from September 1948 to October 1949 Minister for National Defense .

In the elections to the National Assembly on June 17, 1951, he ran in the Seine-et-Marne department on the list of the SFIO, which was headed by Jacques Piette, who was elected as the only representative of his party in this constituency. In 1953 he was elected a member of the Fontainebleau parish council, where he represented the socialist opposition . However, his candidacies for a seat on the Council of the Canton of Fontainebleau in the elections in 1951, 1955 and 1958 were unsuccessful. Although the SFIO was in opposition, on June 19, 1954, Boulloche became head of cabinet of his former comrade in the Resistance, Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, who was Minister of Industry and Trade until February 1955. He then acted from 1955 until independence from France on March 2, 1956 as director of the Public Works Authority of Morocco and then became the first General Secretary of the Ministry of Public Works of Morocco in March 1956.

In June 1957 Boulloche returned to France and on June 13, 1957 was again head of cabinet of Bourgès-Maunoury, who this time held the post of Prime Minister himself until November 6, 1957. Shortly before the end of his government, he became Deputy General Delegate of the Regional Community for the Sahara OCRS (Organization commune des régions saharennes) in September 1957 .

On July 7, 1958, Boulloche became Prime Minister de Gaulle's Assistant Minister with the Prime Minister for the Public Service and State Markets (Ministre délégué à la Présidence du Conseil, chargé de la fonction publique et des marchés de l'Etat) in his third cabinet appointed until January 8, 1959. In this function, he was not only responsible for reforming the state administration and markets, but also the local authorities.

Fifth Republic

Minister of Education in the Debre cabinet

Prime Minister Michel Debré appointed Boulloche Minister for National Education in the Debre cabinet in 1959

After the first presidential election of the Fifth French Republic , founded on October 5, 1958 , from which Charles de Gaulle emerged victorious on December 21, 1958, he joined the other socialist ministers of the third de Gaulle government such as the Minister of State Guy Mollet on January 7 1959 back.

Immediately afterwards, on January 8, 1959, Boulloche was appointed Minister of Education (Ministre de l'éducation nationale) in his government by the new Prime Minister Michel Debré . He then resigned his membership in the SFIO and saw the question of France's education policy initially in the sense of the negotiations between the Holy See and the French government, which was represented by then Prime Minister Guy Mollet, in 1957 .

On December 23, 1959, however, he resigned from his ministerial office after a vote on the education policy of the Debre government regarding the legal regulations between state and private educational institutions had come and he did not agree with this decision. In addition, he was confronted with the budgetary constraints of his ministry in view of the Algerian war, which he should not accept either, especially since he expected the building of numerous schools due to the growing birth rate. On the other hand, he began reforms in the national education administration during his tenure, which led to an increase in administrative staff and, to a lesser extent, in teachers. During his term of office, the start of school was brought forward from October 1 to September 15, and higher education was further developed. He also created a quota of additional scholarships for students from Algeria so that they could take on leading positions after their country became independent.

Member of the Council of State and unsuccessful candidacy in 1962

After leaving the government, he was appointed to the Extraordinary Council of State (Conseiller d'État en service extraordinaire) for his previous services to the French Republic and the government and thus became a member of the Conseil d'État , which was on the one hand as an administrative court and on the other hand Legal advisory body of the government acts. In 1960 he was also chairman of a commission to examine the water links between the Rhine and Rhone , in 1961 chairman of the commission to reform the Grandes Écoles and, between 1962 and 1963, head of the office for cooperation and university institutions. In 1962 Boulloche was appointed general engineer for bridges and roads, and in 1964 the General Commissioner for Planning appointed him chairman of its committee for buildings and public works. His final report on the Grandes écoles was discussed intensively in 1968. In 1966 he became president of the Institut für Internationale Handel (Institut de commerce international) , which he headed until his death.

Despite his short-term exit from the SFIO, he had not broken with socialism, but rejoined the party as early as 1960, especially since his activity for the Gaullist government of Debré was relatively short. After the dissolution of the National Assembly on October 9, 1962 after a vote of no confidence in the first Pompidou government , the SFIO put him on as the top candidate on its electoral list in the second constituency of the Doubs department, which mainly consists of the city of Montbéliard , for the elections to the National Assembly on November 25, 1962 . In this constituency, the SFIO won in many communities, but had very few party officials for electoral offices. Boulloche won on the first ballot only 9,189 votes and was thus the leftist candidate behind the former MPs and candidates of the Parti Communiste français (PCF), Louis Garnier , which accounted for 11,186 votes. Garnier renounced a candidacy in the second ballot on December 9, 1962 in favor of Boulloche, but the candidate of the Union pour la Nouvelle République (UNR) and previous constituency holder, Georges Becker , won.

Mayor of Montbéliard 1965 to 1978

In the following years, Boulloche became increasingly involved in the Doubs department and the then around 100,000 residents in the Montbéliard district in order to increase its popularity.

The municipal elections in 1965 in which by the automaker Peugeot in Sochaux dominated Arrondissement brought the first success of this campaign. He led a joint election campaign against Jean-Pierre Tuefferd, Mayor of Montbéliard, who is close to the UNR, with a number of local council members, proudhonist members of the Mouvement républicain populaire (MRP) and the trade union confederation CFDT ( Confédération française démocratique du travail ) . He won the election against the right and against the left consisting of the PCF and Parti socialiste unifié (PSU) and thus became mayor of Montbéliard for the first time. In the following years he was re-elected several times in this office and held it until his death in 1978.

During his tenure, the population increased from 21,699 (1962) to 23,908 (1968) to 30,425 (1975). After 1969, freight traffic on the Montbéliard – Morvillars railway was gradually discontinued.

Member of the National Assembly from 1967 to 1978

Election to the National Assembly on March 12, 1967

Within the socialist faction, he was one of the internal party critics of the chairman of the SFIO, Guy Mollet. After the latter, after François Mitterrand's candidacy in the presidential election in France in 1965 , called for a union of the left to be implemented, Boulloche advocated such a union by merging the PSU and MRP without the involvement of the PCF. He got involved in the association Socialisme et Démocratie , which was part of the Union of Associations for the Renewal of the Left, initiated by Alain Savary .

Supported by the success in the local elections in 1965, Boulloche ran again for a seat in the National Assembly in the elections of March 12, 1967 in the second constituency of the Doubs department. He stood for the electoral alliance Fédération de la gauche démocrate et socialiste (FGDS), which consists of SFIO, Parti républicain, radical et radical-socialiste (RRRS) and Union démocratique et socialiste de la Résistance (UDSR) , which is a new policy for France demanded. In his election campaign he relied on a policy of peace and a program for social progress, which was to be linked to economic progress in equal regions . He ran again against the incumbent constituency holder of the UNR-UDT, Georges Becker, and against the permanent secretary of the PCF there, Serge Paganelli.

Boulloche managed to more than double his election result from 1962: With 23,496 votes, he took second place in the first ballot after the Gaullist Becker, who received 27,771 votes. Paganelli, who received 17,739 votes in the first ballot, then renounced a new candidacy in favor of Boulloche, so that he could run as a candidate supported jointly by the FDGS and PCF. In the second ballot, he received 39,941 votes and thus clearly won against Becker, who received 29,212 votes.

During the third legislative period, he mainly dealt with questions of education policy and, just two months after his election in May 1967, together with the former Undersecretary in the Ministry of Education, Hippolyte Ducos , and the former Education Minister René Billères, took part in a concerted campaign against the education policy of the fourth Pompidou government part. In it they denounced the lack of scientific education in higher education, the insufficient number of teachers, the long-term problems of training, the lack of educational efforts, the threatened closure of the institute for the preparation of teachers for the secondary school area IPES (Institut de préparation aux enseignements de second degré) as well as the lack of necessary upgrading of the teaching profession.

The riots of May 1968 and re-election on June 30, 1968

The social unrest due to the student demonstrations of May 1968 led to an interruption of these educational demands, which also had bloody effects on his constituency. On June 11, 1968, two people were killed and another was seriously injured in the strikes by workers at the Peugeot factory in Sochaux. In view of the dissolution of the National Assembly on May 30, 1968 because of the unrest and the upcoming new elections, Boulloche led a strictly anti-Gullist election campaign and called for the term of office of elected representatives to be limited to ten years, although on the other hand he pointed to the basic idea of ​​a democratic socialism , which was supported by the political left should be guaranteed.

Despite another candidate from the Parti socialiste unifié (PSU), which is related to the trade union confederation CFDT , Boulloche achieved 23,958 votes in the first ballot (34 percent of the votes cast) and defeated the doctor Libère Cencig, who for the Gaullist Union pour la , in the second ballot with 37,110 votes défense de la République (UDR). He was the only MP from the left who was able to improve his percentage election result from the previous year.

After his return to the Palais Bourbon , Boulloche became a member of the Committee on Finance, General Economics and Planning (Commission des finances, de l'économie générale et du plan) and became the spokesman for the Socialist Group on Economic Affairs. He denounced the injustice in the debates, especially in terms of taxation. In 1971 he also criticized the pardon by President Pompidou of Paul Touvier, who had been convicted of crimes against humanity for the persecution of the Jews and for collaboration with the German occupying power .

Foundation of the PS in 1969 and party critic of Mitterrand

After the party convention of the Parti socialiste (PS) in Épinay-sur-Seine in June 1971, Boulloche was one of François Mitterrand's internal party critics

At the beginning of 1968, as chairman of the FDGS in the Doubs département in Montbéliard, he founded a permanent representation of the left and in 1969, together with Alain Savary, took part in the founding of the new Parti socialiste (PS) in Alfortville . At the founding party convention he was elected a member of the board of directors and then one of the deputies of the first secretary. Shortly afterwards he also became vice-chairman of the group of socialists and radical left (Groupe parlementaire socialiste et radical de gauche) and was thus Deputy of Gaston Defferre , whom he was also able to win over for his concerns for the workers in the Peugeot works in Souchon . As a member of the delegation of the left in the National Assembly in 1970, he was also a member of the influential working group for talks between PS and PCF.

After the party congress in Épinay-sur-Seine in June 1971, at which François Mitterrand was elected First Secretary of the Parti socialiste, Boulloche found himself again in the internal opposition, although he was still a member of the party office until June 1973. At the same time, as an expert on economic issues, he was one of the editors of the joint local election program of the PS and PCF for the 1972 elections.

Re-election on March 11, 1973

Boulloche was re-elected as Mayor of Montbéliard in March 1971 and was committed to the twinning between Ludwigsburg and Montbéliard . He also acted as president of the PS in the arrondissement of Montbéliard , which had more than 150,000 inhabitants, and as chairman of the elected representatives of the socialists and republicans in the Doubs department.

In the elections to the National Assembly, he ran again for the PS in the second constituency of the Doubs department and achieved 29,401 votes in the first ballot. This enabled him to increase his share of the vote from 34 percent to 40 percent of the votes cast. In the second ballot, with 45,118 votes (61 percent of the votes cast), he was able to prevail clearly against his opponent from the Center démocratie et progrès (CDP).

Boulloche then re-became a member of the Committee on Finance, General Economy and Planning and his group's special rapporteur for the budget. He was also confirmed as vice-chairman of the Group of Socialists and Radical Left, and in these functions he took part in many important debates in the National Assembly. In June 1973 he was also appointed a delegate to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Western European Union , in which he was also chairman of the Socialist Group between 1974 and 1976. There he was involved in the joint European committee for scientific cooperation and was also chairman of a working group of the PS and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in order to jointly work on economic policy issues.

In December 1973 Boulloche became vice-president of the regional council of the Franche-Comté region and was thus deputy to the president of the regional council Edgar Faure .

Within the PS, which after the party congress in 1971 partly undertook a form of revolutionary radicalization and thematic self-employment, Boulloche stood in opposition to the majority of the party with his realistic approaches. He founded an opposition group among the left groups outside the party, which, among other things, was supposed to address the workers in the automotive industry. Within the PS he successfully opposed the establishment of the party-internal think tank CERES (Center d'études, de recherches et d'éducation socialiste) in Belfort , the stronghold of the left- sovereign politician Jean-Pierre Chevènement . He worked with the organs of the PS in the four departments of the Franche-Comté region and was also supported by the history professor and later MP Joseph Pinard .

The PS party congress in Grenoble 1973, election campaign and accidental death in 1978

Boulloche died in a plane crash on March 16, 1978 at Mount Blue in Black Forest near Malsburg-Marzell killed

At the party convention of the Parti socialiste in Grenoble, Boulloche and the supporters of Alain Savary rejoined the majority of the party and belonged to the group around party chairman Mitterrand, while the other major wing of the party from the supporters of CERES around Chevènement, Alain Gomez , Didier Motchane and Pierre Guidoni existed. At the party congress he became the PS's economic policy spokesman and a member of the party's finance commission and held both functions until his death. In 1974 he called for the establishment of a parliamentary commission of inquiry to investigate the existence and activities of the police, private militias and other paramilitary groups. Together with Michel Rocard and Jacques Attali he was also responsible for the economic commission of the PS since 1975 and together with Rocard and Attali published the resulting results in 1977 in the book 89 réponses aux questions économiques .

The progress of the Union of the Left and the Parti socialiste and the difficulties faced by the second government of Prime Minister Raymond Barre made a victory for the left in the 1978 elections seem promising. André Boulloche was in this case acted as a possible finance minister and, according to the later Justice Minister Robert Badinter, even as prime minister of a left government. In fact, he had a strategically important position through his party offices, which, however, related to a moderate orientation of the PS and thus ruled out any major rapprochement with the PCF. This made a union of the left unlikely, especially since there was resistance in the PS to a new edition of the joint election program of 1972, in particular because of the planned nationalization of the subsidiaries of large corporations. As a result, on February 12, 1978, Boulloche presented a joint election program that he had drawn up for the Parti socialiste.

In the first ballot on March 12, 1978, Boulloche received 33 percent of the votes cast in the second constituency of the Doubs department and the lists of the left there a total of 61 percent, which meant that his re-election seemed certain after the first ballot. Nevertheless, he continued the active campaign for the second ballot on March 19, 1978. On the return of an election campaign appearance in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges , he had a fatal accident on March 16, 1978 in a plane crash . He was on board an aircraft that hit the Blauen mountain in the Black Forest near Malsburg-Marzell after a failed landing at Basel-Mulhouse Airport . In the second ballot, his parliamentary assistant and piggyback candidate Guy Bêche was elected a member of the National Assembly on March 19, 1978.

Boulloche was buried in Montbéliard on March 21, 1978. For his many years of service, he not only became Compagnon des Ordre de la Liberation in 1949, but also commander of the Legion of Honor and holder of the Croix de guerre . In 1958 he also became a member of the Council of the Ordre de la Liberation.

Boulloche has been married twice. His first marriage to Anne Richard on May 31, 1949 resulted in three children, including the painter and sculptor Agnès Boulloche, born in 1951 . After his divorce, he married his second wife, Charlotte Odile Pathé, on September 24, 1959, the daughter of the entrepreneur and film industry pioneer Charles Pathé .

The Lycée André Boulloche in Livry-Gargan was named in his honor.

Publications

• Science and Democratic Government: Key Issues of the Fourth Parliamentary and Scientific Conference in Florence 1975 , co-editors K. Richter, K. Warren, 1975, reprint 2013, ISBN 3-64266-642-6
• 89 réponses aux questions économiques , co-editors Jacques Attali and Michel Rocard , 1977
• André Boulloche: 1915-1978 , autobiography (posthumous), forewords by François Mitterrand , Jacques Chaban-Delmas and Robert Galley , 1979

Web links

• Entry on the homepage of the National Assembly
• French Ministeries (rulers.org)
• Serge Vallemont: Une vie d'ingénieur aux ponts et chaussées: 1951-1995: chroniques d'un témoin engagé , 2004, ISBN 2-85978-386-5 , p. 75 f.
• Chroniques d'un autre siècle , 2011, ISBN 2-74830-844-1
• Jacques Attali: Mitterrand , 2012, ISBN 2213674485
• Charles Kaiser: The Cost of Courage , 2015, ISBN 1-59051-615-X

Individual evidence

1. ^ After Surviving Concentration Camps, One Man Fought to Reunite France and Germany
2. ↑ Donald Reid: Germaine Tillion, Lucie Aubrac, and the Politics of Memories of the French Resistance , 2009, ISBN 1-44380-722-2 , p. 62 and others
3. ↑ Georgette Elgey: Histoire de la IVe République: La République des illusions (1945-1951) , 1993, ISBN 2-21366-422-6
4. ^ Debré cabinet
5. ↑ PROFESSIONAL: André Boulloche . In: Der Spiegel from January 6, 1965
6. ↑ François-Georges Maugarlone: Histoire personnelle de la Ve Republique , 2008, ISBN 2-21364-139-0
7. ^ WD Halls: Education, Culture and Politics in Modern France: Society, School, and Progess Series , 2014, ISBN 1-48313-764-3 , p. 175
8. ^ Claude Lelièvre, Christian Nique: L'école des présidents: de Charles de Gaulle à François Mitterrand , 1995, ISBN 2-73810-298-0 , p. 47 and others
9. ^ Daniel Amson: La Querelle religieuse: Quinze siècles d'incompréhensions , 2004, ISBN 2-73818-390-5 , p. 328 and others
10. ↑ Michel Debré: Trois Républiques pour une France - tome 3: Gouverneur, 1958-1962 , 1988, ISBN 2-22622-570-6 , p. 16 and others
11. ^ Andreas Heusler, Mark Spoerer, Helmuth Trischler (editors): Armaments, war economy and forced labor in the "Third Reich": On behalf of MTU Aero Engines and BMW Group , 2010, ISBN 3-48670-978-X , p. 336
12. ^ Homepage of the Lycée André Boulloche