Chrudimer circle
The Chrudim District ( Chrudimský kraj ) was an administrative district in the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Bohemia , named after the city of Chrudim , whose district chief had his seat in this city.
It belonged to the old Bohemian circles and was reorganized in 1748 according to the administrative reforms of the time. With the administrative reforms after 1848, the districts functioned only as a supervisory authority and were replaced in 1867 by the more delicate system of political districts (see list of districts in Bohemia ).
Residents
The district included 42 dominions and 11 administrative offices (judicial offices). Around 1845 the district comprised 11 cities and 13 suburbs, 24 small towns and market towns , 753 villages and 1,100 layers .
The population of the district is given on the basis of the 1843 census as 323,172 people. Czech was spoken in the majority of rural communities . German was spoken in the towns and market towns, including in some of the villages in the Dominions Landskron , Leitomischl , Bistrau , Deutschbiela , Pardubitz and Politschka .
Most of the population at that time belonged to the Roman Catholic Church. A small number confessed to the Augsburg or Helvetic denominations. Around 1845, 295 families in the circle stated that they belonged to the Israelite community.
Geographical description
By 1845 the area of the Chrudimer Kreis was 57.5 square miles .
The larger localities in the district included Bochdanetsch , Böhmisch Trübau , Chotzen , Chrudim, Elbeteinitz , Gabel , Hlinsko , Hohenmauth , Holitz , Landskron , Leitomischl , Nassaberg , Pardubitz , Politschka , Przelautsch , Swratka and Wildenschwert .
The landscape in the district is mountainous in the east and south and increasingly flat in the west. As mountainous elevations appear with the historical names the Gabler Gebirge , as part of the Sudetes, furthermore the Landsteiner Gebirge , the Leitomischler Gebirge , furthermore the mountain ranges of the Bohemian-Moravian Mountains as well as the individual elevation of the Kunietitz mountain .
The larger watercourses in the former district include the Elbe , Adler , Chrudimka , Loučná , Stille Adler , Novohradka and the Opatowitz Canal for irrigation of the ponds between Opatowitz and Pardubitz.
Agriculture and Forestry
The valuable areas for field management are in the center and south of the district. The cultivation of crops has been widespread in the vast plains for a long time. Around 1845, wheat , rye and barley were the most important types of grain. The most common crops were potatoes , rapeseed , and legumes ( millet ). Forage herbs such as white and red clover , white cabbage were grown in a circle. For the cultivation of hops as well as for the extraction of flax and hemp , the focus areas of Bohemia were located here.
The agricultural product range was varied. There was acreage for fruit , beets , poppies and ornamental plants . Fruit growing took place in plantations, in avenues and in house gardens. Its geographical focus was in the vicinity of Nassaberg, Chrast , Choltitz , Chraustowitz , Zamrsk and Leitomischl.
Around 1845 there were three industrial factories and 230 factories and smaller cloth- making businesses in the Chrudim district that were involved in textile production. The focus areas for this branch of industry were the towns of Wildenschwert, Landskron and Chrudim. It was primarily about wool processing and the associated carded yarn production . The J. Sedlaček textile company in Heřmanmiestetz employed a total of 8,000 workers around 1835.
In cattle farming in the Chrudim district around 1845, cattle rearing was the top priority with 61,585 (1840: 72,552) cows and 7328 (1840: 4785) oxen . There were 48,968 (1840: 64,999) animals in sheep farming. In addition, 14,000 (1840: 9613) pigs , 7000 (1840: 6129) goats and 200,000 geese were kept here . Many chickens and ducks were also kept. At this point in time there were 18,772 (1840: 20,340) horses in the district .
Among the small wild animals , the hares (1845: 17,000), partridges (1845: 13,300), pheasants (1845: 5030) and water fowl were common hunting objects in the 1840s . Red deer and fallow deer came from animal enclosures and forest areas . Furthermore, were deer and wild boars killed.
Eels , carp , pike , catfish , salmon and barmen were caught by using the natural fish stocks in the rivers , in the Loučná even salmon trout and in the mountain streams mainly trout .
The keeping of fish in ponds had developed to a considerable extent in a circle. It was about ponds at Pardubitz, Leitomischl, Choltitz and Landskron. The annual fish yield in the Bunzlauer Kreis around 1845 was 2250 quintals . The Bochdanetscher pond , as one of the largest fishing facilities in the district, produced between 1,100 and 1,500 quintals of fish annually in the 1840s.
The forests in the Chrudim district were softwood , hardwood or mixed forest stands . Most of the forest area consisted of conifers, fir , spruce , pine and larch . In the case of deciduous trees, birch , alder , maple , hornbeam and red beech were considered for forestry use . Oak trees were particularly found around Pardubitz, Chotzen and Hohenmauth.
Mining industry and other mineral raw materials
Iron ores were found near Richenburg, Nassaberg and Heřmanmiestetz. Graphite was extracted at Swojanow , which was delivered to the J. Kristen graphite crockery factory in the neighboring village of Předměstí.
For building purposes, limestone was obtained for burning lime near Podoll and Prachowitz , and clay slate as roofing material near Richenburg, Chrudim and Heřmanmiestetz. Peat was at Nassaberg stung .
Garnet crystals were found in small quantities at Bistrau , Amethyst and Topaz at Elbeteinitz.
Used mineral springs were around 1845 at Bistrau ( Goldbrünnel ), at Hohenmauth ( Sankt. Nikolas ) and at Podoll.
location
Adjacent counties and areas around 1845 were:
- in the north: Königgrätzer Kreis and Bidschower Kreis
- in the west: Kaurimer Kreis and Caslaver Kreis
- in the south: Caslaver Kreis and Moravia
- in the east: Moravia.
See also
literature
- Friedrich Carl von Watterich von Watterichsburg: Concise dictionary of regional studies of the Kingdom of Bohemia . 2nd edition, Prague (CW Medau and Comp.) 1845, pp. 496-501 online
- Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia: statistically topographically represented. Fifth volume. Chrudimer circle . JG Calve, Prague 1837 online
Individual evidence
- ↑ Watterich, 1845, p. 276, table absolute population of the individual districts and the capital Prague
- ^ Watterich, 1845, pp. 6-7 Agriculture
- ↑ Watterich, 1845, p. 81, Animal raw products refinement
- ↑ a b Watterich, 1845, pp. 71-73, Animal raw products production
- ^ Watterich, 1845, p. 326, Bochdanetscher pond
- ^ Watterich, 1845, p. 1128, Swojanow
