Marsh stendrums

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Marsh stendrums
Epipactis palustris in the Tannheim mountains

Epipactis palustris in the Tannheim mountains

Systematics
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Epidendroideae
Tribe : Neottieae
Sub tribus : Limodorinae
Genre : Stendelwurzen ( Epipactis )
Type : Marsh stendrums
Scientific name
Epipactis palustris
( L. ) Crantz
blossom
var. ochroleuca

The Sumpf-Stendelwurz ( Epipactis palustris ), which is also known as White Sumpfwurz , Echte Sumpfwurz or Sumpf-Sitter , is a species from the genus of the Stendelwurzen ( Epipactis ) within the family of the orchid plants (Orchidaceae). The names refer to the humid locations preferred by this species.

description

The marsh stendellar is a deciduous, perennial , herbaceous plant . It forms a creeping basic axis with downwardly directed, hairy roots and develops long, strongly branched, horizontal rhizomes as persistence organs. Several new shoots are formed during the growing season. This leads to vegetative reproduction .

The upright stem reaches heights of 20 to 50 centimeters. Particularly strong specimens can be up to 80 centimeters high. At the bottom there are two to four scale-like, green or purple leaves.

The five to eight in two rows arranged leaves are in the lower third of the stem lanceolate to ovate pointed formed with a length of 5 to 10 centimeters and a width of 2 to 4 centimeters. In addition, they are shaped like a bract with a length of 2 to 4.5 centimeters.

The one-sided inflorescence is 6 to 15 centimeters long and mostly loose-flowered with five to twenty flowers . The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic . The bracts of the perigon's outer circle are lanceolate in shape. The upper bract is 8 to 12 mm long and 3.5 to 4 mm wide, the two sides are slightly longer. They are usually greenish in color and tinged with red-violet. They are rarely completely green or bright purple in color. The two upper petals of the inner circle are ellipsoidal to ovate, 8 to 11 mm long, about 4 mm wide and white to light pink in color with purple lines along the veins. The lip (labellum) is divided into two limbs and 9 to 13 mm long. The rear part of the lip (hypochil) is bowl-shaped, whitish in color with reddish-purple line drawing. In the middle, nectar is released . The front part of the lip (epichil) is round, colored white and curled on the edge. It has two distinct bulges at the base, which are surrounded by an orange-red line. The front and rear lips are connected by a movable link.

The flowering period is between June and August.

Genetics and development

The marsh stendrums has a karyotype of two sets of chromosomes and 20 chromosomes each ( cytology : 2n = 40).

The seed of this orchid does not contain any nutrient tissue for the seedling . The germination therefore takes place only when infection by a root fungus ( mycorrhiza ).

ecology

The swamp stendellum is a rhizome geophyte .

The pollination is carried out of the Marsh Helleborine by bees , flies and grave wasps ; Occasionally self-pollination can also occur when the pollinia droop and touch the stigma.

Occurrence

Marsh stendelwort at the location on the southern edge of the Frankenhöhe accompanied by the mosquito Händelwurz

The distribution of the marsh stendellum runs through the temperate and submeridional Florence zone through Europe to the Middle East, in Asia to Siberia , Mongolia, the Caucasus and western Iran . To the north it penetrates only a little into the boreal zone to Scandinavia, in the meridional zone to Italy , Greece and Anatolia . It was found feral for the first time in North America in 2006.

North of the Main line it is rarer in Central Europe than south of it. In the foothills of the Alps and in the lower elevations of the Alps, it occurs scattered, it hardly rises above altitudes of 1500 meters. In the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria, it rises up to 1460 m above sea level on the sliding path in the Oytal . According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 5–1460 meters, France 0–2225 meters, Switzerland 260–1735 meters, Liechtenstein 430–1260 meters, Austria 120–1735 meters, Italy 10–1700 meters, Slovenia 50-1,490 meters. In Europe the species rises up to 2225 meters, in China up to 3350 meters above sea level.

Overall, it is rare, but mostly occurs at its locations in loose, but often in moderately poor stocks.

Germany

In Germany, the marsh stendrums once had a wide distribution. The densest occurrences are in Bavaria in the Alps and in the Alpine foothills. In Thuringia, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Baden-Württemberg, there are also several current records to a lesser extent. In the other federal states, the occurrences have become rare or very rare and are widely spread. The species occurs on the island of Wangerooge in Ostinnengroden and falls below the 5 meter line given above.

Switzerland

In Switzerland , most of the current occurrences are in northern Switzerland around the Sarnersee , Vierwaldstättersee and Zurich to the Rhine valley. The large number of finds can be traced back to intensive mapping up to the year 2000. There are also several deposits around Lac de la Gruyère . In the rest of Switzerland, the remaining current occurrences are also scattered.

Locations

The marsh stendellum needs lime-rich or base-rich, low-nitrogen, seep-moist or at least temporarily waterlogged, fine-grained and humus-rich soil . It sometimes occurs in lime-free wetlands . It settles in wet dune valleys , whistle grass meadows , spring and fens , oozing slopes, lake shores, alternately moist hollows in floodplains and light pine and poplar forests . It loves light and therefore depends on low vegetation or mowing . Soils that are too rich in nutrients are avoided, as is excessive shade. It rarely grows on drier soils, for example in the company of the helmet orchid .

It prefers to colonize flat moors, meadow moors or unused litter meadows on the edge of moors, occasionally it also grows on banks, in alluvial forests or - rarely - in dune valleys.

Conservation and endangerment

Like all orchid species found in Europe, the marsh stendrums are strictly protected by European and national laws.

  • Red List Germany: 3+ (regionally more at risk)
  • Red list countries:

For some time now, the greatest dangers have been nitrogen input through fertilization and draining of the sites. The litter meadows that were common in the past were particularly affected by these measures. The later flowering period poses a risk from mowing too early. To indicate eligibility for protection, the year was 1998 from A rbeitskreis H egg mixer O rchideen (AHO) in Germany, the Marsh Helleborine to Orchid of the Year explained.

Subspecies, variability, hybrids

White flowered form
  • Subspecies, forms, varieties:

A compact, little-flowered form that grows in dunes and on mostly drier areas is known as Epipactis palustris f. ericetorum has been described. As a plant in humid locations, this should be an adaptation to the lower humidity.

  • Natural hybrids:
  • Epipactis × pupplingensis K.P. Bell 1968 - ( Epipactis atrorubens × Epipactis palustris )
The hybrid between brown-red stendellum and swamp stendel root was named after the Pupplinger Au . It is usually easy to determine. The shape of the flower, especially that of the front lip, tends strongly towards the marsh stendellus, the mostly dark color is inherited by the brown-red stendelwort.
  • Artificially produced hybrids:

After a period of acclimatization, the marsh stendellum has proven to be a relatively insensitive plant when grown in culture. It was therefore often used as a cross partner for horticultural hybrids.

  • Epipactis Alegria ( Epipactis palustris × Epipactis thunbergii )
  • Epipactis Baskerville ( Epipactis helleborine × Epipactis palustris )
  • Epipactis Colorado ( Epipactis atrorubens × Epipactis palustris )
  • Epipactis Passionata ( Epipactis palustris × Epipactis royleana )
  • Epipactis Renate ( Epipactis palustris × Epipactis veratrifolia )
  • Epipactis Sabine ( Epipactis gigantea × Epipactis palustris )
  • Epipactis Ventura ( Epipactis palustris × Epipactis mairei )

Due to the low level of interest and the not very easy reproduction, these hybrids are rarely offered in specialized nurseries.

Systematics

Carl von Linné described this species in his work " Species Plantarum " in 1753 as Serapias helleborine var. Palustris : The name is now considered to be Basionym . He classified it as a variety of Serapias helleborine , today's Epipactis helleborine . In 1769, Crantz transferred it to the genus Epipactis, founded by Johann Gottfried Zinn in 1757 . Thilo Irmisch divided the genus into two sections in 1842 with its then five known species. He divided the marsh stendrums as the only species in the Arthrochilium section . The following types are described as synonyms :

  • Serapias helleborine var. Palustris L. 1753 (Basionym)
  • Helleborine palustris (L.) Hill 1756
  • Serapias longifolia L. 1763
  • Serapias palustris (L.) Mill. 1768
  • Epipactis longifolia (L.) All. 1785
  • Serapias longiflora Asso 1779
  • Helleborine longifolia (L.) Moench 1794
  • Cymbidium palustre (L.) Sw. 1799
  • Helleborine latifolia Moench 1802
  • Helleborine palustris (L.) cupboard 1814
  • Epipactis salina Schur 1866
  • Epipactis palustris f. ochroleuca Barla 1868
  • Arthrochilium palustre (L.) Beck 1890
  • Limodorum palustre (L.) Kuntze 1891
  • Calliphyllon palustre (L.) Bubani 1901
  • Amesia palustris (L.) A. Nelson & JFMacbr. 1913

See also

literature

  • AHO (Ed.): The orchids of Germany. Verlag AHO Thuringia, Uhlstädt - Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .
  • Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids, the wild species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Mosaik Verlag, 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
  • Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae. 1996. - good work on the subject of systematics [German].
  • Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. 2nd Edition. Brücke-Verlag, 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .
  • JG Williams: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor. BLV Verlag, ISBN 3-405-11901-4 .
  • Fritz Füller: Epipactis and Cephalanthera. (Orchids of Central Europe, 5th part). 4th edition. (unchanged reprint of the 3rd edition from 1986). Westarp Sciences, Hohenwarsleben 2005 (Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei, Volume 329), ISBN 3-89432-310-8 .
  • Thilo Irmisch: Remarks on the Epipactis species of the German flora. In: Linnaea. 16 (1842), pp. 417-462.
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Web links

Commons : Sumpf-Stendelwurz ( Epipactis palustris )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Swamp Stendelwurz ( Epipactis palustris )  - Species directory

Distribution maps

Regional

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Swamp stendrums. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ^ Anonymus: Epipactis palustris - Another European Visitor New to the North American Orchid Flora. In: North American Native Orchid Journal Volume 13 (2) 2007, p. 112.
  3. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 384.
  4. ↑ a b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition Volume 8, page 295. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
  5. ↑ a b c Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .