Chernyshevskoye
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Tschernyshevskoye
Eydtkuhnen (Eydtkau) Чернышевское
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Tschernyschewskoje ( Russian Чернышевское , scientific transliteration : Černyševskoje ; German Eydtkuhnen or 1938–45 Eydtkau , Lithuanian Eitkūnai ) is a place in the Kaliningrad Oblast , Russia , on the border with Lithuania . It belongs to the local government unit Stadtkreis Nesterov in Nesterovsky District .
Geographical location
Chernyshevskoye is located in the far east of Kaliningrad Oblast on the border with Lithuania . The Russian trunk road A 229 (former German Reichsstrasse 1 , today also Europastrasse 28 ), which merges here into the Lithuanian Magistralinis kelias A7 , runs through the village . The former Eydtkuhnen was the terminus of the Prussian Eastern Railway until 1945 .
history
Until 1945
The beginnings of the place Eydtkuhnen go back to the 16th century. The town, then populated by only 125 inhabitants, experienced an upswing when the Prussian Eastern Railway was expanded to this point in 1860 and Eydtkuhnen became Prussia's most important border station on the eastern border.
The standard gauge Ostbahn met the Russian broad gauge tracks in Eydtkuhnen , so that due to the different gauges no continuous train connection was possible. Trains from Saint Petersburg or Leningrad went to Eydtkuhnen, where passengers switched to a Prussian train with standard gauge on the same platform. In the opposite direction, on the other hand, it happened in the Russian and Lithuanian Wirballen railway station , now Kybartai in Lithuania , which was also developed as a gauge changing station , two kilometers away .
By 1875 the number of inhabitants increased to 3,253 and there was already a railway workshop here before 1894. From 1896 Eydtkuhnen also acted as a transfer station for the luxury train " Nord-Express ", which operated the route Saint Petersburg - Paris . The station was built according to plans by Friedrich August Stüler .
In 1905 Meyers Großer Konversationslexikon reported for this place:
"Spots in the administrative district of Gumbinnen , Stallupönen district , junction of the Prussian state railway line Königsberg - Eydtkuhnen and the Russian state railway line Landwarow - Eydtkuhnen (border station Wirballen ), has a Protestant church, synagogue , main customs office and secondary customs office I, lively forwarding trade, especially in Russian horses, geese, Grain and (1900) 3707 mostly Protestant residents "
During the First World War , Eydtkuhnen was badly damaged by the Russian army. After the reconstruction, the place received city rights in 1922 and a new, brief period of prosperity began in the interwar period with an increase in the number of inhabitants to 10,500 (1923). Eydtkuhnen again became the most important border crossing between the empire and the Baltic states. With the conversion of the Lithuanian railway network to standard gauge, Eydtkuhnen and the neighboring Virbalis station were no longer lane-changing stations. The Nord-Express no longer drove via Eydtkuhnen, however, only direct sleeping cars remained from Paris to Riga in D 1 (Berlin – Eydtkuhnen) . In 1935, Reichsstraße 1 coming from Aachen was also brought up to this place.
The upswing ended abruptly with the Second World War , with Eydtkuhnen again being severely damaged when it was conquered by the Red Army . The predominantly German population of the place fled at the end of the war or was expelled after the occupation by the Red Army.
Since 1945
Renamed Chernyshevskoye in 1947 (after the Russian revolutionary Nikolai Gavrilowitsch Chernyshevsky ), the village became part of the RSFSR , since 1991 of the Russian Federation . At the same time the place became the administrative seat of a village soviet and had lost its city rights. A prison was established in the village . The station was dismantled because it was no longer needed as a border station after 1945 and the next station, Kybartai, was very close.
Since 2007 there has been an important road border crossing between Kaliningrad Oblast and Lithuania in Chernyshevskoye. A large part of the village is now surrounded by a wall and has long been used partly as a barracks and partly as a prison. The Russian Railways realized after the turn of the century the reconstruction of the border station, as the capacity at the station Nesterov not sufficient.
From 2008 to 2018 Chernyshevskoye belonged to the rural municipality of Prigorodnoye selskoje posselenije and since then to the urban district of Nesterow.
Tschernyschewski selski Sowet / okrug 1947–1960 and 1967–2008
The village soviet Tschernyshevsky selski sovet (ru. Чернышевский сельский Совет) was established in July 1947. From 1960 to 1967 the village soviet was dissolved and probably attached to the Prigorodny selski sovet . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , the administrative unit existed as the village district of Tschernyshevsky selski okrug (ru. Чернышевский сельский округ). In 2008, the two remaining places in the village district were incorporated into the newly formed rural community Prigorodnoje selskoje posselenije.
| Place name | Name until 1947 | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Beryosovka (Берёзовка) | Romeyken, 1938–1945: "Romeiken" | The place was renamed in 1947 and probably abandoned before 1967. |
| Detskoye (Детское) | Kinderweitschen, 1938–1945: "Kinderhausen" | The place was renamed in 1947. |
| Swobodnoye (Свободное) | Bugs | The place was renamed in 1947 and probably abandoned before 1967. |
| Trawino (Травино) | Schleuwen | The place was renamed in 1947 and probably abandoned before 1967. |
| Chernyshevskoye (Чернышевское) | Eydtkuhnen, 1938–1945: "Eydtkau" | Administrative headquarters |
politics
coat of arms
Blazon : "In the field divided by silver and green above a peculiarly designed red castle growing from the lower part into the upper part with the rising golden sun in the archway, below a silver-winged, iron-colored railway wheel."
The town, which flourished in a few decades due to border trade, was elevated to a town on July 19, 1922, and on January 15, 1924, the Ministry approved this heraldic coat of arms.
church
Church building
The neo-Romanesque church with a cross-shaped floor plan was built according to plans by Friedrich Adler and inaugurated in 1889. Today there are only ruins with the two tower substructures without the earlier pointed roofs. The ground floor is bricked up, the top floor of the nave has disappeared.
After 1945, the church was used as a warehouse by the military for a long time; today the unused building is in ruins. The rectory is walled up.
Evangelical Lutheran parish
Until 1945, Eydtkuhnen / Eydtkau - inhabited by a predominantly Protestant population - was a parish in the parish of Stallupönen (1938–1946 Ebenrode , Russian: Nesterow) in the church province of East Prussia of the Church of the Old Prussian Union . It was not until 1883 that Eydtkuhnen had become an independent parish after it had been separated from the parish of Bilderweitschen (1938–1946, Bildweitschen , Russian: Lugowoje).
After 1945, church life came to a standstill. Today, in the neighboring town of Babuschkino (Groß Degesen), eight kilometers to the north-west, a new evangelical congregation has formed, which belongs to the Kaliningrad provost of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of European Russia (ELKER). The responsible rectory is that of the Salzburg Church in Gussew (Gumbinnen) .
Sons and daughters of the place
- Marie Madeleine (1881–1944), German writer
- Wilhelm Gaerte (1890–1958), German archaeologist
- Felix Bressart (1892–1949), German actor
- Fritz Brustat-Naval (1907–1989), German captain, journalist, filmmaker and author
- Herbert Kirrinnis (1907–1977), German high school teacher and historian
- Dieter Biallas (1936–2016), German politician (FDP), second mayor and senator in Hamburg
- Ernst Helmut Segschneider (* 1938), German folklorist and museum scientist
- Stasys Kružinauskas (* 1957), Lithuanian politician
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Kaliningradskaya oblastʹ. (Results of the 2010 all-Russian census. Kaliningrad Oblast.) Volume 1 , Table 4 (Download from the website of the Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Organ of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ↑ a b c d website on East Prussia
- ^ Friedrich Benecke: The Königsberg stock exchange . G. Fischer, Jena 1925, p. 20.
- ^ Meyers Lexicon from 1905
- ↑ See Jan Musekamp: Big History and Local Experiences: Migration and Identity in a European Borderland , in: Tabea Linhard, Timothy H. Parsons (Ed.), Mapping Migration, Identity, and Space, Basingstoke 2019, pp. 55-84 , here p. 56.
- ↑ a b Through the Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 25 июля 1947 г. "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Калининградской области" (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of July 25, 1947: Establishment of the Oblast-Kaliningrad)
- ^ Russian website on reconstruction ( Memento from July 28, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Erich Keyser : German city book. Handbook of urban history , Vol. 1: Northeast Germany. The cities in the province of East Prussia and in the area of the Free City of Danzig . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1939, pp. 47/48.
- ^ Prof. Otto Hupp : German coat of arms . Kaffee-Handels-Aktiengesellschaft , Bremen 1925.
- ^ Website East Prussia
- ^ Provosty Kaliningrad ( Memento from February 20, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
