Friedrich Maase

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Friedrich Maase (around 1941)

Friedrich Maase (born January 1, 1878 in Meiderich ; † September 10, 1959 in Düsseldorf ) was a German lawyer, pacifist and opposition activist . He was a victim of National Socialism , survived the Sachsenhausen and Flossenbürg concentration camps and later testified as a witness in the criminal proceedings against the Nazi war criminals Gustav Sorge and Wilhelm Schubert in 1958/59 . Maase was culturally and politically engaged throughout his life; Among other things, he opposed the policy of rearmament in Germany pursued by Chancellor Adenauer after 1945 and was at that time considered to be instrumental in several political organizations. He was also President of the Democratic Cultural Association of Germany and co-founder of the Heinrich Heine Society .

Life

Origin, education and early career

Friedrich Maase was born in 1878 as one of six children (one of his sisters was Hedda Eulenberg ) of the elementary school teacher and later music director Wilhelm Maase (1850–1932) and his wife Maria. Langer was born in Meiderich (today Duisburg- Meiderich). Around 1879 the family moved to Düsseldorf, where Friedrich Maase grew up.

Street scene in downtown Düsseldorf around 1906 (here the Schadowstrasse shopping street )

After his schooling, he studied law and in 1901 at the University of Rostock with the thesis of risk when buying for the time of floating a condition for Dr. jur. PhD. Maase then settled as a lawyer in Düsseldorf, which at that time developed into an economic metropolis and established itself as the “ desk of the Ruhr area ” - but also as a cultural center. He participated in the First World War as a soldier in the Imperial Army . Shortly after the beginning of the November Revolution of 1918/19, on the second day after the proclamation of the republic , the Düsseldorf Workers 'and Soldiers' Council appointed him on November 10, 1918 as authorized representative for relations between the Düsseldorf police and the Reichsheer garrison stationed in Düsseldorf. Nothing is recorded in the relevant secondary literature about his activity in this function.

He was a sponsor of secular unified schools and, in agreement with his long-time friend Johann Fladung, campaigned for the secularization of the school during the Weimar Republic . Maase was co-founder and 1st chairman of the Association of Free School Societies , founded in Elberfeld in 1920 , which was close to the free thinkers . He was also a member of the board of the German Monist Association and was a member and temporarily chairman of the German Peace Society . He was also a member of the Freemason Reform Association founded in 1907 on the rising sun .

Maase was a registered member of the SPD and the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold . Although the majority of his lawyers were close to the Center Party, they elected him to the board of directors and court of honor of the Düsseldorf Bar Association .

Political persecution by the Nazi regime

After the " seizure of power " by the National Socialists at the end of January 1933, Maase was temporarily imprisoned and was also the first lawyer in Düsseldorf to be excluded from the local bar because he was considered a communist . On August 26, 1933, the Prussian Justice Minister Hanns Kerrl ( NSDAP ), newly appointed by the National Socialists, banned him from representing his practice as a lawyer, and on September 16, 1933, the President of the Higher Regional Court in Düsseldorf withdrew his license to practice at the Düsseldorf District and Regional Court , "Because he was active in the communist sense".

Sachsenhausen concentration camp  - columns of prisoners in front of the camp gate to the "protective custody camp" (photo from the Nazi era, approx. 1936-1944)

In order to make a living after being banned from the profession, Maase took a position as managing director at Autogenwerk Sirius GmbH in Düsseldorf in November 1934, which he held until his imprisonment in September 1939. During this time he was already sitting on 30 May 1935 to 2 July 1935 at the police prison Dusseldorf in custody on suspicion of "conspiracy to commit high treason". On September 3, 1939 two days after the attack of the Nazi regime in Poland , Maase was a pacifist and former chairman of the Peace Society because of political "left beliefs" - like other regime critics in the " A-index " of the Gestapo in this Days - detained. In the police prison in Düsseldorf he met the professor of social sciences, Benedikt Schmittmann , who had been arrested on September 1st at the beginning of the attack on Poland. Both were deported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp on September 8th as so-called “ protective prisoners ” , where they were registered on September 10th. The then 62-year-old Maase and the 67-year-old Schmittmann were the oldest inmates in the police prison in Düsseldorf at the time. They therefore stayed together there and on the transport to and in Sachsenhausen concentration camp.

Maase (inmate number 8010) had to watch how Schmittmann was cruelly murdered by kicks in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp on September 13, 1939 by the SS men Gustav Sorge, Wilhelm Schubert and Josef Wloka, who were part of the concentration camp guards . On April 5, 1940, Maase was transferred from Sachsenhausen concentration camp to Flossenbürg concentration camp , where he was imprisoned until November 9, 1940. Immediately after his release from prison, he made a memorandum of his time in a concentration camp. This protocol later formed the basis of his testimony in the criminal trial at the Bonn district court against Sorge and Schubert.

Political activities and persecution after 1945

After the end of the Second World War , Maase immediately resumed his legal practice in Düsseldorf. In March 1946 he was appointed notary in Düsseldorf by the president of the higher regional court. Soon afterwards he was given the chairmanship of the district auxiliary committee of the City Director in Düsseldorf, which dealt with reparation issues. Maase himself was recognized as a politically persecuted person because he was imprisoned for resisting the Nazi regime .

Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in his speech on the Paris Treaties in the German Bundestag on February 25, 1955

In the post-war period he campaigned against the rearmament (remilitarization) of Germany and for the unification of the western and eastern zones of Germany as a neutral state. For a planned people 's congress in Remscheid , he reported as a speaker on the subject of "German Unity and Culture". Congress was banned; as a result, Maase was informed by telephone about his exclusion from the SPD. In mid-September 1951, the People's Chamber of - 1949 from the Soviet zone emerged - German Democratic Republic (GDR) on the proposal of Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl the Bundestag - the - also in 1949 and emerged from the three Western zones of occupation Federal Republic of Germany asked (BRD), free, to enable equal and secret elections throughout Germany as well as the conclusion of a peace treaty and the withdrawal of all occupation troops. With this in mind, Maase, together with the politicians Wilhelm Elfes and Joseph Wirth, was involved in the working group for German understanding - for a just peace treaty that was defamed by the Adenauer government as a communist cover organization. Among other things, he led the congress for German understanding - for a just peace treaty , which took place on March 30, 1952 in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle in Mönchengladbach . Other speakers included the politician Katharina von Kardorff-Oheimb and Wilhelm Elfes, who gave the main speech. Together with Elfes and von Kardorff-Oheimb, Maase traveled to East Berlin in the spring of 1952 for talks with the political leadership of the GDR .

In the early 1950s, Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer sought to secure the policy of rearmament and military integration of the young FRG into the West , which culminated in the Paris Treaties and the Germany Treaty in 1955 , through political criminal law . Maase, Elfes and others were therefore defended by Federal Chancellor Adenauer in 1952 as a representative of the Federal Government and personally under the charge of "founding and promoting an anti-constitutional association in accordance with Section 90a (1) of the Criminal Code or a criminal organization with intent to endanger the state in accordance with Section 94 (1) , 129 para. 1 StGB ". Chief Federal Prosecutor Carlo Wiechmann accused Elfes and Maase of contact guilt , but the proceedings were discontinued after four years due to lack of evidence. Because of his support for the Federation of Democratic Jurists (BdJ) in 1955, the North Rhine-Westphalian Ministry of Justice pursued Friedrich Maase, which, however, was rejected by the responsible authorities, as well as his exclusion from the Rhenish Chamber of Notaries , which was also rejected by them.

Maase provided legal support to the German Trade Union Federation (DGB), for example against SS veterans' meetings . He ran unsuccessfully for the All-German People's Party in North Rhine-Westphalia in the 1953 Bundestag election , in agreement with the party's 9-point declaration of 1953. In the following Bundestag election in 1957 , he also ran unsuccessfully for the Bund der Deutschen, Party für Einheit, Peace and freedom .

Cultural work

Maase belonged - next to his brother-in-law, the writer Herbert Eulenberg , as well as Hanns Heinz Ewers , Hermann Harry Schmitz and others - to the literary-artistic regulars' table "Rosenkranzchen", which existed from 1909 to 1911 in Düsseldorf and which is named after the place of the meeting, the wine bar of the same name in the Altestadt street in Düsseldorf's old town . He kept in contact with the art scene in Düsseldorf, including having Gert H. Wollheim portray himself in 1923 . In 1932 Maase, together with Max Apel, Walter A. Berendsohn , Hans Hartmann, Wilhelm Hauser , Louis Satow and Max Seber, was part of the new group of editors of the journal Ethische Kultur , which represented liberal and socialist positions and was the publication organ of the German Society for Ethical Culture . All seven editors of this volume of the monthly newspaper for ethical-social redesign (title addition) were members of the Freemason reform association on the rising sun .

Heinrich Heine (1829)

In the post-war period, Maase was not only politically involved, but also culturally. In 1947 he taught philosophy at the adult education center and organized the youth consecrations in Düsseldorf.

Together with Hans Böckler and others, he was a member of the board of the Kulturbund for the Democratic Renewal of Germany in 1946 , which was founded on the initiative of Herbert Eulenberg in Düsseldorf in May 1946 as a regional association for North Rhine-Westphalia and classified as anti-constitutional by the federal government in the so-called Adenauer Decree in 1950 has been. Under the condition of independence from the Kulturbund of the GDR , Johann Fladung was allowed to set up the nationwide " Democratic Cultural Association of Germany " (DKBD) from North Rhine-Westphalia in April 1951 ; At the founding event, Maase was elected one of the chairmen of the board, alongside Ernst Rowohlt , Carl Taube and Günter Herzberg. The DKBD also quickly came under suspicion of being a communist front organization that spied on the East .

In 1946/47, Maase supported the Düsseldorf head of culture, Hanns Kralik, in his efforts, thwarted by the city council, to erect a first memorial for the poet and writer Heinrich Heine in Düsseldorf; even after Kralik left office, he advocated it. Together with Hans Müller-Schlösser , Maase founded the literary Heinrich Heine Society in Düsseldorf in 1956 on the 100th anniversary of Heinrich Heine's death , which, according to its self-portrayal, seeks to "convey Heine's work and the associated time-critical concerns to a broader public". For years Maase worked on the culture committee and the jury of the Immermann Prize of the city of Düsseldorf until 1957 when Erwin Menken, head of the cultural department at the time, prevented Maase from being reappointed because of his work in the “communist” cultural association.

Witness in the concentration camp trial in Bonn 1958/59

In the last year of his life, Maase made himself available to the Bonn Regional Court as a witness in the criminal proceedings against the Nazi war criminals and former SS members Gustav Sorge and Wilhelm Schubert . The main proceedings before the regional court in what was then the federal capital lasted from October 13, 1958 to February 6, 1959; it was the "first major [...] and therefore a lot of sensation [...] concentration camp trial in the Federal Republic of Germany". As early as 1947, Sorge and Schubert were indicted in the Soviet zone of occupation in the Sachsenhausen trial together with 14 other accused before a Soviet military court for war crimes in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, sentenced to life imprisonment and the obligation to perform forced labor and then imprisoned in a Soviet penal camp. Both were released from Soviet custody in 1956 and released to West Germany, where they were arrested again. Sorge and Schubert were charged jointly with concentration camp crimes before the Bonn Regional Court; The subject of the proceedings included, among other things, in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, the participation in the mass killing of around 10,000 Soviet prisoners of war in the barracks shot in the neck of the concentration camp in 1941 as well as the completed and attempted killing of numerous concentration camp prisoners. Maase testified, among other things, about Schmittmann's murder and relied on the memorial protocol that he had prepared after his imprisonment and that was previously unpublished, from which it has been quoted repeatedly. The court heard other witnesses and sentenced the two defendants to life imprisonment (LG Bonn, Az 8 Ks1 / 58).

Private

Friedrich Maase was married to Käthe Maase, née Vogel (died 1947) and had three children with her. He was the brother of the writer Hedda Eulenberg (1876-1960), who was married to the writer, poet and humanist Herbert Eulenberg for the second time . His son Klaus Maase (1903–2001) and his wife Doris Maase (1911–1979, née Franck) were communists and resistance fighters against Nazi fascism. His grandson is the cultural scientist and folklorist Kaspar Maase (* 1946). Friedrich Maase died of cancer on September 10, 1959 at the age of 81 in Düsseldorf.

Posthumous effect: Heine monument in front of the ULB Düsseldorf

Maase owned a bronze Heine statuette 46  cm high, which is a cast of the plaster workshop model that the sculptor Hugo Lederer had made in 1911 for his Heine monument in Hamburg . Lederer's Heine monument was cast in 1913 as a 2.25  m high statue and erected in Hamburg's city ​​park in 1926 . In 1933 the memorial was demolished by the National Socialists - who were hostile to Heinrich Heine because of his Jewish descent and his works, which were regarded as literary " nest pollution " - and melted down in 1943 for metal extraction for the armaments industry; Since 1982 there has been a new creation by Waldemar Otto on Hamburg's Rathausmarkt , which cites the Lederer model.

The Heine memorial in front of the University and State Library Düsseldorf , 2009

The unique bronze statuette, made using the sand casting technique , was acquired in 1965 by the Düsseldorf publicist and politician Otto Schönfeldt from Maase's estate and sold in 1991 to the Düsseldorf medical professor Ernst-Adolf Chantelau. In 1992, Chantelau suggested to the then rector of the Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf, Gert Kaiser , that a life-size copy of the statuette should be erected on the university premises as a Heine memorial. Kaiser had campaigned for the university to be renamed in 1988 and thus put an end to the decades-long dispute over Heinrich Heine . The proposed Heine memorial was approved by the university and the city. The Bremen sculptor and Otto student Stefan Saxen was commissioned to create the Düsseldorf version of Lederer's Heine statue, and he made the model using the lost wax technique. The 1.80 m high sculpture was cast in bronze by the Düsseldorf art foundry Karl-Heinz Schmäke ; The monument was financed through donations from Stadtsparkasse Düsseldorf and Westdeutsche Landesbank . The Heine monument was inaugurated in June 1994 as part of the annual campus festival of the Heinrich Heine University and placed in front of the University and State Library Düsseldorf (ULB Düsseldorf). It soon became very popular.

The small bronze statuette from Maase's previous possession was given by Chantelau as a permanent loan to the Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf and initially kept in the city museum. Since March 2008 the statuette has been permanently in the Heinrich Heine Institute in Düsseldorf.

Publications

  • Bearing the risk when purchasing for the period in which a condition is suspended . H. Winterberg, Rostock 1901 (also dissertation , University of Rostock 1901).
  • Weltanschauung organizations as corporations under public law . In: Structure, Educational Journal . No. March 11 , 1930, p. 334–341 (Reprinted under the same title in: humanismus aktuell, Hefte für Kultur und Weltanschauung. No. 9. 2001, ISSN  1433-514X pp. 37–42.).
  • Here a lover rests to love anew . Publishing house Die Fehre, Düsseldorf 1950 (obituary for Herbert Eulenberg).
  • Unity, peace, freedom. Congress for German Understanding for a Just Peace Treaty on March 30, 1952 in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle in Munich-Gladbach . Lease, Hagen 1952, DNB  574947264 .
  • The German people make the decision. For a peace treaty with Germany - against the general treaty . Working group for German understanding, Düsseldorf 1952, DNB  574 947 256 .

literature

  • Dong-Ki Lee: Option or Illusion? The idea of ​​a national confederation in divided Germany 1949–1990 . 1st edition. Ch.links, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-86153-607-9 , p. 93, 95, 178 (also dissertation, University of Jena 2009, under the title: Idea of ​​a national confederation in divided Germany 1949 to 1990 ).
  • Veronika Springmann: "Do sports". A practice of violence in the concentration camp . In: Wojciech Lenarczyk u. a. (Ed.): Concentration Camp Crimes . Contributions to the history of the National Socialist concentration camps and their memory . Metropol, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-938690-50-5 , pp. 89-102 (on Friedrich Maase see, inter alia, pp. 92-95).
  • Bernd Kortländer : The “Karl Immermann Prize” of the city of Düsseldorf 1947–1967 . In: Bernd Kortländer (Ed.): Literature Awards. Literary politics and literature using the example of the Rhineland / Westphalia region (=  Heinrich Heine Institute: archive, library, museum ). tape 7 . Metzler, Stuttgart a. a. 1998, ISBN 3-476-01577-7 , pp. 175–192 (on Friedrich Maase see pp. 182, 185).
  • N. N .: A conversation with notary Dr. Friedrich Maase on the question of reunification . In: Deutsche Volkszeitung (DVZ) . 5th year, no. 33 , 1959, ISSN  0417-2728 , pp. 4 (quoted from: Dong-Ki Lee: Option or Illusion? Ch. Links, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-86153-607-9 , p. 178, footnote no. 6).

Web links

Commons : Friedrich Maase  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Ilse Fischer: Reconciliation of Nation and Socialism? Lothar Erdmann (1888–1939): a “passionate individualist” at the top of the union. Biography and excerpts from the diaries . Dietz, Bonn 2004, ISBN 3-8012-4136-X , p. 468, footnote 36 (short biography of Friedrich Maase).
  2. ↑ See Düsseldorf City Archives : Files 0-1-21-336.0000. Police chief Dr. Robert Lehr to the District President on November 14, 1918, regarding the formation of a workers 'and soldiers' council in the Düsseldorf district .
  3. ↑ Cf. Stephan Lipski: The Workers 'and Soldiers' Council in Düsseldorf (between the November events and the 2nd Council Congress, November 1918 to April 1919): from a political organ to represent economic interests . Dissertation. Philosophical Faculty of the University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf 1978, DNB  790837072 .
  4. ^ Josef Schleifstein : Foreword by the editor . In: Hans Fladung actually Johann Fladung , author .; Josef Schleifstein (Ed.): Experiences. From the Empire to the Federal Republic . Autobiography. Röderberg, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-87682-808-2 , p.  7-34 .
  5. ↑ Hans-Detlef Mebes: Masonic Pacifism in Freiburg. Part III: Lodge members and supporters of “brotherly loyalty”. Origin – engagement – ​​individual fates . In: magazine of the Breisgau history association Schau-ins-Land . 123rd annual issue. 2004, p. 122 ( online ).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g According to the compensation file for Friedrich Maase, archived in the State Archive of North Rhine-Westphalia , BR 2182 No. 16518.
  7. ^ A b c Margot van den Bergh: Düsseldorf . Sachsenverlag, Dresden 1956, DNB  572246234 .
  8. ↑ Birgit Boge: The beginnings of Kiepenheuer & Witsch. Joseph Caspar Witsch and the establishment of the publishing house (1948–1959) . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-447-06001-1 , pp. 226 .
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g Winfried Meyer: Targeted liquidation of opponents or excess of violence? The murder of Benedikt Schmittmann in Sachsenhausen concentration camp as reflected in the Bonn Sorge / Schubert trial . In: Journal of History . No. 1 . Metropol, Berlin 2002, p. 44-54 .
  10. ↑ Christian Soyke: "Pistol Schubert" and Co .: Sachsenhausen documented brutal violence in concentration camps. Topics of the week. (No longer available online.) In: kathische-sonntagszeitung.de. Catholic Sunday newspaper for Germany , archived from the original on March 6, 2016 ; Retrieved on January 23, 2016 (Issue 15 of April 11/12, 2015). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.katholische-sonntagszeitung.de
  11. ↑ a b Veronika Springmann: "Do sports". A practice of violence in the concentration camp . In: Wojciech, Lenarczyk u. a. (Ed.): Concentration Camp Crimes. Contributions to the history of the National Socialist concentration camps and their memory . Metropol, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-938690-50-5 , pp. 89-102 (on Friedrich Maase see, inter alia, pp. 92-95).
  12. ^ Christoph Butterwegge : Peace policy in Bremen after the Second World War . Steintor, Bremen 1989, ISBN 3-926028-48-3 , p.  87 ff., 100 ff (quote: "The Soviet Union countered the intensive efforts of the Federal Government and the Western powers to rearm by submitting offers to these states to reunify Germany. The so-called Stalin Note of March 10, 1952, in the free elections were proposed for a whole Germany, which should be neutral, but equipped with troops necessary for border security. ").
  13. ^ Friedrich Maase, Düsseldorf (responsible for the content): Unity, Peace, Freedom. Congress for German Understanding for a Just Peace Treaty on March 30, 1952 in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle in Munich-Gladbach . Brochure. Print shop u. Pacht-GmbH, Hagen i / W., Operation Lage / Lippe, Lage / Lippe 1952, p. 9 (Maase said to over 1000 delegates at the opening, among other things: “We all know - and that is also the reason why and why you have come here in so many numbers - that the next few months, maybe even the next few weeks, will decide the fate of Germany The decision will be made as to whether we will get a united Germany or whether the unification will be prevented for the foreseeable future, whether we will be torn apart west and east, perhaps forced into two enemy blocs. I think you are all penetrated in your innermost being of the fateful significance of the hour we are now living through. ”).
  14. ↑ See report on the visit of the delegation of the working group to the government and people's chamber of the GDR in East Berlin . In: Daily review . April 25, 1952, ZDB ID 1201483-7 .
  15. ↑ a b c Gunther Rojahn: Elfes - More than a judgment. Charging and discharging a political issue . Dissertation, Free University of Berlin , Faculty of Law. Berlin 2009 ( diss.fu-berlin.de [PDF; 6.9 MB ; accessed on August 28, 2015]).
  16. ↑ According to the personnel file on Friedrich Maase of the Ministry of Justice of North Rhine-Westphalia , archived in the State Archives North Rhine-Westphalia , NW Pe 4824.
  17. ↑ Soldiers' Meeting . The law still applies . In: Der Spiegel . No.  9 , February 23, 1955, p. 13-14 ( online [accessed August 28, 2015]).
  18. ^ Heinemann Party: A quarter of the salary . In: Der Spiegel . No.  33 , August 12, 1953, pp. 5-6 ( online [accessed August 28, 2015]).
  19. ↑ Jasmin Grande: The Rosary (1909-1911). In: Portal Rhenish History. Landschaftsverband Rheinland (LVR), 2014, accessed on August 28, 2015 .
  20. ↑ Stephan von Wiese (Ed.): Gert H. Wollheim 1894–1974. Monograph and catalog raisonné. Exhibition catalog Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf . Wienand, Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-87909-326-1 .
  21. ↑ See information on the journal Ethische Kultur - monthly sheet for ethical-social redesign in the ZDB - OPAC : ZDB -ID 545118-8 (cf. the publisher's information on the title page of the edition of January 15, 1932, 40th year, no. 1: Ethical Culture - 40.1932. In: Online-Portal (SPO). Library for Research on Educational History (BBF) of the German Institute for International Educational Research , accessed on January 15, 2016 (digitized version). )
  22. ^ A b Hilde Schramm : magazine and society ethical culture 1931-1936. (PDF; 431 kB) Fourth digression. Rowohlt, 2012, pp. 5–10 , accessed on January 23, 2016 (The five digressions are offered online for download by the author and publisher; according to the publisher's information, they expand and deepen the biography of Dr. Dora Lux in terms of educational history and cultural history: Hilde Schramm : My teacher, Dr. Dora Lux. 1882–1959. Research . Rowohlt, Reinbek 2012, ISBN 978-3-498-06421-1 . ).
  23. ↑ Peter Baumöller: … it wasn't all for the cat… Stories from hot and cold days of the war . Printed in the FGK, Düsseldorf 1998, ISBN 3-9805861-1-1 .
  24. ^ Sylvia Conradt: The KPD ban: 50 years ago the Federal Constitutional Court declared the Communist Party to be unconstitutional. In: deutschlandradiokultur.de, “Zeitreisen”. Deutschlandradio Kultur , August 16, 2006, accessed on August 28, 2015 .
  25. ^ A b Ernst Riggert: Communist front organizations in the Federal Republic . In: Union monthly booklets - 3 . H. 10, 1952, pp. 616–620 ( library.fes.de [PDF; 36 kB ; accessed on November 29, 2015]).
  26. ↑ Ursula Heukenkamp (Ed.): Untererm Notdach: Post-War Literature in Berlin 1945–1949 . Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-503-03736-5 , p.  217 .
  27. ↑ City Archives of the State Capital Düsseldorf, Amt 31 IV 3446 (Heinrich-Heine Monument) 1926–1953, sheet 93–163. Compare also Hermann Kopp, Klaus Stein, Klara Tuchscherer (eds.) Hanns and Lya Kralik. Art and Resistant Life. Essen 2011, Neue Impulse Verlag. Pp. 104-106
  28. ^ Susanne Schwabach-Albrecht: In Heine's society. Heinrich Heine Society V., Düsseldorf 1956-2006 . Grupello, Düsseldorf 2006, ISBN 3-89978-054-X .
  29. ↑ Files of the cultural office of the city of Düsseldorf. (PDF; 1.00 MB) Directory 1951–1965. Stadtarchiv Düsseldorf, p. 136 (count in the document) , accessed on November 12, 2015 .
  30. ^ Joseph A. Kruse: Herbert Eulenberg (1876–1949), writer. In: Portal Rhenish History. Landschaftsverband Rheinland (LVR), 2011, accessed on August 26, 2015 .
  31. ↑ a b c Torsten Casimir: rebirth of a "literary writer foreign to the people". The university inaugurated its Heine monument . In: Rheinische Post . June 17, 1994. Quote: “Chantelau acquired it in 1991 from Otto Schönfeldt from Düsseldorf; the very old previous owner could not come to the inauguration yesterday due to illness. 'I approached the university management with this model,' reported Chantelau. They quickly agreed: 'The university will get the statuette as a permanent loan, for which they will have a new memorial made'. The rebirth of the Hamburger Heine was not without complications. "
  32. ^ District Office Hamburg-Mitte : Memorials in Hamburg - Heinrich Heine Monument. In: gedenkstaetten-in-hamburg.de. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial , accessed on January 20, 2016 .
  33. ↑ a b digital art and culture archive (d: kult) >> Heinrich Heine. In: emuseum.duesseldorf.de. Art and Culture Office Düsseldorf, August 1, 2015, accessed on January 19, 2016 .
  34. ^ Gert Kaiser: Address to the opening of the Heine year 1997 . ( heinrich-heine.com [accessed February 1, 2017]).

Remarks

  1. ↑ Today the Heinrich-Heine-Gesellschaft e. V. has more than 1,200 members (as of 2015), works closely with the Heinrich Heine Institute in Düsseldorf- Bilk , founded in 1970, and is also based at the institute.
personal data
SURNAME Maase, Friedrich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German lawyer, pacifist and opposition activist
DATE OF BIRTH January 1, 1878
PLACE OF BIRTH Meiderich
DATE OF DEATH September 10, 1959
Place of death Dusseldorf