Georg Plange wheat mills

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Georg Plange wheat mills

logo
legal form OHG / KG
founding 1775
resolution 1999
Seat Soest , Hamburg , Düsseldorf Germany
GermanyGermany 
Branch Mill operation

Georg Plange ZN of PMG
Premium Mühlen Gruppe GmbH & Co. KG:
legal form GmbH & Co. KG
founding 1999
Seat Neuss GermanyGermanyGermany 
management Michael Gutting
Michael Schaupp
Number of employees 344
sales 285.4 million [EUR]
Branch Mill operation
Website www.plange.de
As of December 31, 2015

The Georg Plange wheat mills are a milling company founded in 1775 by Georg August Plange in Soest, Westphalia, as Plange-Mühle , and at the beginning of the 20th century they were the largest grain mills in Europe . The businesses of the industrial family in Soest , Hamburg and Düsseldorf were owner-managed for seven generations. They had a great influence on the development of Soest and Wilhelmsburg. From 1875 Plange was the manufacturer of the first German household flour , sold under the brand name Diamantmehl , and played a key role in the development of the flour type regulation . Today the successor company with its headquarters in Neuss as a branch (ZN) of Premium Mühlen Gruppe GmbH & Co. KG (PMG) is part of Bindewald und Gutting Verwaltungs-GmbH .

history

Georg August Plange (I)

The economist Georg August Plange, who already ran a country trade and an inn in the center of Soest (Walburgerstrasse) in Westphalia , bought his first water mill on the Soestbach in Hattrop in 1775 . Around 1800 the land trade was expanded to include a barn. In 1810 a windmill was rebuilt in one of the city towers of the former Soest fortification. Contract grinding was discontinued and flour was only ground all year round for own sale. These were the cornerstones for the merchant family's milling operations. For more than 50 years, the Plange family ground grain from the Soest Börde and supplied the bakers and traders from the surrounding area with meal and flour .

Peter and Carl Georg Plange (II)

Carl Georg Plange married Sophie Charlotte, the daughter of the Gütersloh miller Friedrich Wilhelm Niemöller, and around 1829 was also co-owner of the Avenstroth mill (Sundernmühle) owned by the A. & W. Niemöller brothers in Sundern . In 1835 the two sons of Georg August Plange, Peter and Carl Georg, applied to turn a runner from their pearl barley mill in Hattrop into a wheat meal. In 1836 the Soest inn was sold to Anton Christ.

From 1855 Carl Georg Plange operated a steam mill with an adjoining grain distillery on Königstrasse in Gütersloh . The Plange Mühle (city mill) steam engine was the city's first. From 1856 his brothers-in-law's Sundernmühle was expanded into a large steam-powered mill. His brother Peter Plange continued to run the mills in Soest. Carl Georg Plange died in 1857.

Peter and Karl Plange (III)

After the windmill in Soest burned down and 15 neighboring houses were destroyed, it was not allowed to be rebuilt. In 1830, Karl Plange (the grandson of Georg August) and his father Peter Plange (II) built a mill with ten roller mills at Soester Thomätor , which was driven by one of the early steam engines. In 1848 the entire mill was destroyed in a boiler explosion.

On March 22, 1864, the widow of Carl Georg Plange and his son, the businessman Peter Plange (III), were registered as partners in the Royal Prussian Commercial Register at Georg Plange oHG , registered in 1858 and based in Gütersloh . The sole authorized representative was Peter Plange. After participating in the Franco-German War in 1870/1871, he went to a wine shop in Minden .

Georg Plange (IV)

Advertising card Plange wheat mills around 1910
Advertising card Plange wheat mills around 1900

Georg Plange, the son of Karl Plange, traveled to England around 1860 and found out about the latest steam engines and mill technology. In the fourth generation of the Soest merchant family, he rebuilt the destroyed steam mill in Soest from 1862. Instead of millstones , porcelain rolling mills and much larger screening machines were used, all of which were driven by a modern steam engine via drive belts . The advantages such as no stone wear, better sieving and lighter flours led to an increase in quality and thus better baking properties. At the same time, the weak winter wheat in flour production was replaced by overseas varieties. The flour was always of a consistently high quality. The farmers concerned were convinced to grow sugar beet instead , which his great-grandfather had already encouraged in 1800 for a positive development of the Soest Börde.

On May 18, 1869 Karl Plange gave his son Georg Plange attorney for the registered under number 81 in the register of companies Soest company Georg Plange . His brother Richard ran a brewery in Gütersloh from 1868 to 1918.

At the world exhibition in Vienna in 1873, Georg Plange received the great Imperial and Royal Quality Medal for the special quality of his flour. He then renamed the product, previously sold under the family name, Kaisermehl . Georg Plange took over the company in 1875. He was the first miller who packed his flour in household units and sold it as household flour in small bags with a quality seal. For the dealers and owners of grocery stores, there was no need for weighing and repackaging. Until then, only quintals in sacks were common. These measures and the abolition of import duties on grain led to great economic success in the following years and made him the founder of the Plange family of industrialists. The company's logo was an eagle with outspread wings, based on the Prussian flag.

In 1880 the first mill bakery for quality control was set up near Plange. In the same year Georg Plange initiated the establishment of Soester Zuckerrüben AG by raising capital . From 1883 on, Plange experimented with ascorbic acid and malt to improve baking ability . After Kaiser Wilhelm II had dismissed Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1890 , Georg Plange changed the brand name of his flour again in protest. On July 12, 1895, he registered the new diamond flour brand in the trademark register at the Imperial Patent Office in Berlin (DE8254).

At the end of the 19th century, Georg Plange expanded his milling operations with an additional location in the Port of Hamburg , where a new steam mill was built in 1896 in Wilhelmsburg, Prussia . With up to 190 employees and a grinding capacity of 1000 t per day, this was considered the largest mill on the continent at the start of operations. In 1899, the Plange Mühle in Soest received a direct siding with the construction of the Möhnetalbahn of the Westfälische Landes-Eisenbahn (WLE) . In 1906 Georg Plange built his third steam mill in Düsseldorf . The branch at the Rheinhafen only produced wheat flour with 38 grinding chairs and up to 120 employees (approx. 800 t daily). The plant was driven and illuminated by a 1200 hp, triple expansion steam engine. The reasons for the new locations were the port locations required for large mills as well as tax aspects. With its three large mills in Soest, Hamburg and Düsseldorf and a grinding capacity of 3,400 tons per day, the Georg Plange wheat mills were the largest milling company in Europe at the beginning of the First World War . The individual companies were always largely independent and sold standardized flours under the brand names Diamant , Edelweiss and Kristall in cardboard boxes of 0.5 and 1 kg. These first branded flours are considered to be the forerunners of today's DIN flour type regulation.

Wilhelm, Rudolf and Georg Plange (V)

Georg Plange, who was appointed Kommerzienrat in 1906 , had five sons. In 1911 he acquired Gut Düssin in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district and developed it into a model dairy farm for his son Albert . At the same time he acquired a plot of land on Hamburg's Elbchaussee and built the "Plangesche Villa" there for his son Carl, who fell in 1914 in the First World War. Albert Plange took over the management of the estate in Düssin in 1919. The Hamburg villa became a ship's school. The other two sons were involved in their father's business. Rudolf Plange studied chemistry in Stuttgart , Munich and Halle and received his doctorate in 1896. The focus of his scientific work was on the problems of baking ability and vitamin use. In his milling laboratory , research methods for determining the flour quality were developed for the first time, which are still used today and have found their way into the regulation of flour types. Standard baking methods were also developed here. After leading positions at his father's Soester mill, he went to Düsseldorf in 1905 to take over the construction and operation of the Düsseldorf mill together with his brother Georg. In 1908, a director's house was also built on the site. On January 1, 1921, the mill became the property of the two brothers. In 1911, Robert Plange applied for a patent for a process for improving wheat (CA135480).

After the death of Georg Plange (IV) in 1923, his son Georg (V) took over the management of the Hamburg company and kept it until his death. From 1924 Rudolf took over the management in Düsseldorf. After returning from the war, Wilhelm Plange took over the management of Soester Mühle in 1919. In 1927 he built the Villa Plange there before he died in 1933. He had five children.

The personally liable partner of Georg Plange KG was Georg Plange Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH , based in Hamburg, from around 1920 as part of the succession plan . The managing directors were Rudolf Plange, Georg Plange (V) and Wilhelm Plange.

Walter and Georg ER Plange (VI)

With Georg ER Plange and the graduate engineer Walter Plange, the sixth generation joined the company in the 1920s. For the Düsseldorf location, Walter Plange developed a grain silo of 12,000 m³ in 1928, which was made with formwork, which was still unusual for such construction heights. Further modifications followed, as well as the conversion from steam engines with transmission belts to steam turbines for generating electricity for electric drives with the subsequent technical developments of the mill systems. In 1934 the silo facility in Düsseldorf was expanded to include a second battery. The reason was the compulsory storage of the wheat allocated by the Nazi state .

During the Second World War , production continued in the Plange mills and new processes were developed (DE745364). For this purpose, forced laborers were also used there and in the Düssin estate . Despite its exposed position, the mill in Wilhelmsburg survived the bombing raids of Operation Gomorrah from July 24th to August 3rd, 1943 unscathed. In a bomb attack on March 22, 1945, shortly before the end of the war, it was largely destroyed. Only the grain silos and some ancillary facilities as well as the manufacturer's villa were preserved. In Düsseldorf, too, the mill building and the adjoining camp wing were destroyed by the effects of the war. Rudolf Plange died in 1944.

The rebuilding of the mills by Georg and Georg ER Plange took place immediately after the end of the war. In Hamburg, production could be relocated to the large mill of HWLange & Co in Altona from 1946 . The mill in Düsseldorf was rebuilt from 1949 with modern technology such as a pneumatic flour transport.

From 1950 onwards, prescribed grinding quotas were offset by acquisitions . For this purpose, Plange took over the Ackermann mill in Mönchengladbach and the Erprath mill in Grevenbroich . From 1950 the first ready meals such as Diamant Kindergrieß were created ; the first ready-made bread mixes for bakers were also developed. The mill in Wilhelmsburg was rebuilt with modern systems such as turbine generators and pneumatic transport systems in 1953 and 1954. Georg Plange died in the same year. For the first time, large bakeries were supplied by silo vehicles with pneumatic blow-out. Kurt Plange developed the standard for the connection lines for such charging systems.

The seven largest West German mills in the 1950s were the companies: Heinr. Auer KG a. A., Cologne-Deutz; E. Kampffmeyer, Hamburg; Werhahn, Neuss; Plange, Düsseldorf / Hamburg / Soest; Rolandmühle, Bremen; Werner & Nicola, Mannheim and Deutsche Mühlenvereinigung AG, Duisburg. Due to the aggressive expansion of Heinr. Auer KG had a fierce price war. At the end of 1955, led by Wehrhan, Kampffmeier and Plange, an attempt was made to form a mill cartel, which Auer only consented to under pressure from the Adenauer government and the intermediary banker Robert Pferdmenges ( Sal. Oppenheim ). Fixed prices and sales areas were agreed.

Kurt and Jobst Plange (VI / VII)

From 1956, patent applications for various automatic feeders (DE1053237, DE1151146, etc.) were registered via the newly founded Plange Kraftfutter KG and concentrated feed was marketed under the brand name Plange's Markenfutter . As a result, the Soest mill was converted into a concentrate plant and the old barn on the Plange property became a warehouse.

In 1962 Georg ER Plange retired from the company. In the same year, the Hamburger Mühle was sold together with the trademark rights for Northern and Eastern Germany to the Hamburger BM Bäckermühlen AG , which continued to operate the mill as Diamant Mühle Hamburg GmbH . In 1999 the Diamant Mühle was taken over by VK Mühlen AG with the change of name to Aurora Mühlen GmbH .

The headquarters of the Georg Plange wheat mills were now in Düsseldorf, where the mill had reached the pre-war level again with 240,000 tons of annual milling volume. Another patent application for a concentrate feeder (DE1607319A) follows in 1966 by Jobst Plange, the son of Wilhelm Plange. In the following years, Plange Kraftfutter KG founded concentrate plants in Düsseldorf and Mannheim and took over the "ReCo Kraftfutterwerke" Bremen and, in 1967, together with the Bremen Rolandmühle Erling & Co, the Anton Höing Kraftfutterwerke in Verden .

Georg Plange GmbH (VIII)

In 1985 MEGA Tierernahrung GmbH & Co. KG took over the ReCo concentrate plant in Bremen from the insolvent Plange Kraftfutter KG . In 1988 the mill building in Soest was demolished. In the same year Wilh. Werhahn KG all shares in the Düsseldorfer Weizenmühle including the company names and the rights to the brand names for southern and western Germany.

In 1995 the Neuss mill in Wilh merged. Werhahn branch Hansamühle with the Georg Plange Düsseldorf plant to form Georg Plange Mühlen GmbH , in which Jürgen Plange was authorized signatory from August 5, 1996 to October 13, 1999 . In 1998 the company headquarters was relocated to the Hansamühle in Neuss and the grinding operations in Düsseldorf were discontinued. As a result, the buildings stood empty for a few years until they were given a new use for the Medienhafen project . Since August 9, 1999, Jürgen Plange, representing the eighth generation of the industrial family, has been managing director of Kurt Plange Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH based in Meerbusch near Neuss.

After Wehrhan and Küppers had already merged their Duisburg operations in 1969, Werhahn Mühlen GmbH & Co. KG took over all shares of the Küppers family on December 31, 1999 and merged their mill holdings Plange & Küppers Mühlen GmbH & Co. KG and Georg Plange Mühlen GmbH under the common roof of Georg Plange KG . The Küppersmühle in Duisburg-Homberg became the Plangemühle ZN (branch) Homberg .

In 2009 the name was changed from Georg Plange KG to Georg Plange GmbH & Co.KG. as an indirect subsidiary of Wilh. Werhahn KG , Neuss.

On February 9, 2013, the Federal Cartel Office imposed fines totaling around EUR 41 million for violating anti-trust agreements in the sale of flour against 22 companies, the Association of German Mills and those responsible. Georg Plange GmbH & Co. KG was among them

In 2013, PMG Premium Mühlen Gruppe GmbH & Co. KG took over the assets of Georg Plange GmbH & Co. KG and, with the purchase agreement of March 27, 2013, those of Mühle Rüningen GmbH & Co. KG , Braunschweig. The takeover was decided at the shareholders' meeting on October 31, 2013. The Plangemühlen now operate under the Georg Plange branch of PMG Premium Mühlen Gruppe GmbH & Co. KG

On May 27, 2014 Wilh. Werhahn KG transferred its Premium Mühlen Group including Plangemühle to Bindewald and Gutting Verwaltungs-GmbH. In 2015, the latter in turn sold the remaining trademark rights for West and South Germany to Diamantmehl as well as the Goldpuder brand of Pfalzmühle Mannheim after approval by the Cartel Office to GoodMills Deutschland GmbH, to which the former Wilhelmsburger Mühle also belongs. The Plange mill in Duisburg-Homberg was closed and production was completely consolidated in Neuss.

Today the Georg Plange ZN of PMG Premium Mühlen Gruppe GmbH & Co. KG produces and sells flour and baking ingredients under the brand name Plange at the Neuss location . PMG Verwaltungs-GmbH is the limited partner . The company is included as a subsidiary in the consolidated financial statements of Bindewald und Gutting Verwaltungs-GmbH , based in Alsleben .

Preserved structures

  • Inn of the Plange family, Walburgerstrasse 36 in Soest; Half-timbered house, built around 1584, today the Christ breweryWorld icon
  • Barn of the former Georg Plange estate, Walburgerstraße 56 in Soest; Half-timbered frame house, built around 1800; used in the 1970s as a feed store for the feed mills in Plange and today as a green sandstone museum; under monument protection World icon
  • Villa Plange , Sigefridwall 20 in Soest; built in 1927 in the New Building style for Johanna and Wilhelm Plange according to plans by the Berlin architect Bruno Paul ; Today the building is the seat of the Soest district's economic development agency and, including some original furniture, is a listed building.World icon
  • Planesche Villa in Heine-Park , Elbchaussee 43 in Hamburg; built in 1913/1914 for Kommerzienrat Georg Plange based on designs by the Elberfeld architect Heinrich Plange . Today the building is the seat of the Business Club Hamburg and is a listed building ( 502 / Ensemble 30348 ).World icon
  • Gut Düssin , Schloßstraße in Düssin; the cowshed was built between 1912 and 1914 for the Georg Plange family according to plans by the Hamburg architect and engineer Theodor Speckbötel . Today the building is used by a shoe manufacturer and is a listed building ( monument list ).World icon
  • Plange-Mühle , Trettaustraße 49 in Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg; built in 1896 based on designs by Altona architects Albert Winkler and Raabe & Wöhlecke ; rebuilt after war damage in 1949; today Aurora Mill ; under monument protection ( 28393 / ensemble 31229 )World icon
  • Villa Plange , Haulander Hauptdeich 2 in Hamburg-Harburg; built in 1902 as Obermüllerhaus ( 28091 / Ensemble 31229 )
  • Plange mill in Düsseldorf at the harbor; built in 1906 based on designs by the Hamburg architects Raabe & Wöhlecke; A special feature was the tower with an illuminated bronze eagle, the lamps of which were allowed to burn up to two hours before an air raid, even during World War II, despite strict darkening regulations; after severe war damage in 1949 ff. Reconstruction according to plans by the Düsseldorf architect W. Jenny in the modern style ; today used as part of the media harbor for office, exhibition, leisure and gastronomy areas and under monument protection ( 1480 )World icon
  • Silo system as an extension of the Düsseldorf mill plant; 1929 based on a design by the Düsseldorf architects Karl Wach and Heinrich Roskotten . The listed building is to be converted according to plans by the Düsseldorf architects Ingenhoven Architekten .

  • Plange mill in Düsseldorf harbor, tower 1906, reconstruction in 1949

  • Plange-Mühle Düsseldorf (1906), left silo system (1929)

  • Villa Plange in Soest (1927)

  • Plange Villa on Hamburg's Elbchaussee (1914)

  • Upper miller house of the Plange mill in Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg (1902)

  • Plange mill in Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg (1954)

Trivia

  • Peter Plange was a member of the presidium of the Bielefeld Chamber of Commerce from 1862 to 1871 .
  • In 1948 Der Spiegel reported on the construction of a racing car in the premises of the Düsseldorf Plange Mühle.
  • By Wiking model , Brekina and Weinert some models of historic vehicles are offered with "Diamond flour" branding.
  • In Soest there is a square named after Georg Plange, in Düsseldorf there is a street called Plange Mühle .

Publications

  • Rudolf Plange: About derivatives of pheyloxymaleinic acid. Inaugural Dissertation (Thesis). Hall 1896.
  • Julius Keigel: Memories from the career of the Mühlenwerke Georg Plange company . Georg Plange company, Soest 1940.

Further sources

  • Dirk Ziems: From diamond flour to the i-Mac - the evolution of the branded product as the key to dynamic brand management . In: Planning & Analysis , Issue 2/2000, p. 57 ff.
  • Julius Eckstein (Ed.): Georg Plange. In: Historisch-biographische Blätter Der Staat Hamburg . Berlin / Hamburg / Vienna 1905.
  • Düsseldorf Media Harbor
  • History of diamond flour
  • Heine Park on hamburg.de

Web links

Commons : Plange Wheat Mills  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Georg Plange KG in the Federal Gazette
  2. ^ A b c d e f g Walter Buschmann: Dusseldorf wheat mill Plange. Rheinische Industriekultur e. V., accessed June 25, 2016 .
  3. ↑ a b Monument of the Month April 2011 :. Working Group on Historic Town and Town Centers in North Rhine-Westphalia, accessed on June 27, 2016 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Reinhold Häken: Plange Mühle in Soest: From the windmill to the largest company on the continent. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Suedwestfalen-Manager, archived from the original on June 20, 2016 ; Retrieved June 25, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / suedwestfalen-manager.de
  5. ↑ a b Green sandstone museum. Grünsandsteinmuseum e. V., accessed on May 30, 2016 .
  6. ↑ a b c German Gender Book . Genealogical handbook of civil families . tape  193 , 1987, pp. 381 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  7. ↑ Elisabeth Sommer: The history of the Avenstroth mill, also called Sundernmühle. City of Gütersloh, accessed on June 27, 2016 .
  8. ↑ Official Gazette for the Arnsberg administrative region: with a public gazette. Page 263 Snippet on Google Books
  9. ↑ a b S. Drees: Our history. Christ Brewery, accessed July 2, 2016 .
  10. ↑ Münsterstrasse. (No longer available online.) In: Die Gütersloher Geschichte. City of Gütersloh, archived from the original on June 27, 2016 ; accessed on June 27, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stadtgeschichte-guetersloh.de
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g review. (No longer available online.) In: Retrospect. Plange, archived from the original on June 26, 2016 ; Retrieved June 25, 2016 .
  12. ↑ Königlich Preußischer Staats-Anzeiger 1864, 4–6, page 797 ff. Snippet from Google Books
  13. ^ Karl Hödl: Georg Plange. In: Chronicle with reference to “900 years of Liezen 1074–1974”, page 52. City of Liezen, May 8, 2010, accessed on July 3, 2016 .
  14. ↑ Reinhold Häken: Napoleon and the sugar beet. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Suedwestfalen-Manager, archived from the original on June 30, 2016 ; accessed on June 30, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / suedwestfalen-manager.de
  15. ↑ Georg Ready : Äcker, Wirte, Gaben: Rural land market and liberal property regime in Westphalia in the 19th century (=  year book for economic history . Supplements, volume  11 ). De Gruyter, 2007, ISBN 978-3-05-004378-4 , p. 55 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  16. ↑ Königlich Preußischer Staats-Anzeiger: 1864, 4–6, page 2125 ( limited preview in the Google book search)
  17. ↑ brewery. (No longer available online.) In: Die Gütersloher Geschichte. City of Gütersloh, archived from the original on July 2, 2016 ; Retrieved June 29, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stadtgeschichte-guetersloh.de
  18. ↑ Brand: DE8254 diamond powder . Registered on February 23, 1895, applicant: Georg Plange.
  19. ^ Andreas Geißler: Non-state railway construction in Pomerania and Westphalia 1880-1914 . Klartext, 2004, ISBN 978-3-89861-412-2 , p. 175 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  20. ↑ a b c d e f Ernst Reinstorf: History of the Elbe island Wilhelmsburg . Books on Demand, 2003, ISBN 978-3-8334-0282-1 , pp. 367 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  21. ↑ a b c Rudolf Plange. Knowledge Digital, accessed June 25, 2016 .
  22. ^ Plange, Georg senior boss of the wheat mill Plange. In: State Archives of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. City of Gütersloh, accessed on June 27, 2016 .
  23. ↑ a b Wilhelm Plange in the Cuxhaven submarine archive
  24. ↑ a b c Sabine Horn: Monument of the Month June 2007. (No longer available online.) State Office for Culture and Monument Preservation, Meklenburg, Western Pomerania, 2007, archived from the original on April 8, 2016 ; Retrieved June 25, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kulturwerte-mv.de
  25. ^ Plange, Georg KG. (PDF) In: Address book. State and University Library Hamburg, accessed on June 29, 2016 .
  26. ↑ Plan. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: S. 165. Stadtjugendausschuss e. V. Karlsruhe, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved May 29, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ns-in-ka.de
  27. ↑ Pferdmenges helped. In: 50/1955. Der Spiegel , December 7, 1955, accessed on June 28, 2016 .
  28. ↑ Brand: DE808135 Plange’s branded food . Registered on August 6, 1964, applicant: Plange Kraftfutterwerke GmbH & Co KG, Bremen
  29. ↑ History of the Kampffmeyer mills ( Memento from April 12, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  30. ↑ Gisela Reine: Every miller gets his flour. Die Welt, March 6, 2002, accessed June 28, 2016 .
  31. ↑ a b History: 1985. (No longer available online.) MEGA Animal Nutrition, archived from the original on July 1, 2016 ; accessed on July 1, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mega-tierernaehrung.com
  32. ↑ Jan Wiedenroth: Verden (Aller) - Lower Saxony concentrate plant - Anton Höing. Mills in Germany, accessed May 30, 2016 .
  33. ↑ Plange Kraftfutter GmbH at the Moneyhouse
  34. ↑ a b Decision in the administrative procedure to examine a merger project. (PDF) Bundeskartellamt (p. 5), June 18, 2015, accessed on June 28, 2016 .
  35. ↑ a b Jürgen Plange. Moneyhouse, accessed May 29, 2016 .
  36. ↑ Franz Gerd Gehnen: 100 years Plangemühle (formerly Küppersmühle) on Homberger towpath. (No longer available online.) Historisches Homberg e. V., archived from the original on April 7, 2016 ; Retrieved June 29, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.historisches-homberg.de
  37. ↑ Bundeskartellamt concludes mill proceedings and imposes fines totaling over EUR 65 million. In: message. Bundeskartellamt , February 9, 2013, accessed on May 29, 2016 .
  38. ↑ Ulla Dahmen: Werhahn sells mills. Westdeutsche Zeitung , May 28, 2014, accessed on May 29, 2016 .
  39. ↑ Andreas Gruhn: Plange-Mühle gives up the “Diamant” brand. Neue Westfälische , February 1, 2015, accessed on May 29, 2016 .
  40. ↑ Daniel Cnotka: Plange Mill relocated production from Duisburg to Neuss. The West, January 20, 2015, accessed May 29, 2016 .
  41. ↑ Monument of the month March 2010: Villa Plange. Working Group on Historic Town and Town Centers in North Rhine-Westphalia, accessed on June 27, 2016 .
  42. ↑ Bruno Paul: Plans of the house of Captain Wilhelm Plange Villa Plange in Soest. District archive Soest, accessed on June 27, 2016 .
  43. ↑ The history of the Plank villa. Business Club Hamburg, accessed on June 28, 2016 .
  44. ^ Sigrun Clausen, Margret Markert, Markus Schreiber: Time leaps Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg . Sutton, 2011, ISBN 978-3-86680-893-5 , pp. 63 ff . Google Books
  45. ↑ Susanne Tübergen: Plange mill. In: List of monuments. Baukunst-nrw, accessed on June 27, 2016 .
  46. ↑ Plange mill. In: List of monuments. Monument Authority for the State Capital of Düsseldorf, archived from the original on January 2, 2014 ; accessed on June 27, 2016 .
  47. ↑ Plange mill. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Datasheet. Ingenhoven Architects, archived from the original on June 27, 2016 ; accessed on June 27, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.duesseldorf-realestate.de
  48. ↑ Official Gazette of the Minden Government: 1862 no. 135 Snippet on Google Books
  49. ↑ It's all glued. In: 17/1948. Der Spiegel , April 28, 1948, accessed June 28, 2016 .
  50. ↑ Krupp Titan LKW. (PDF) In: Catalog. Weinert Modellbau, accessed July 3, 2016 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Contract milling refers to the milling of grain by a farmer as a pure service.
  2. ↑ The Plange eagle was protected as part of the word and image brand Diamantmehl from 1895.
  3. ↑ Whether the abandonment of the Hamburger Mühle is related to the storm surge in 1962 can only be guessed, since it was both in the flood area and workers who lived in Wilhelmsburg were affected.