Chinese astrology
The nomenclature used in the article is based on the translations of the terms used in China in the early days. The translation of the German theologian Richard Wilhelm in the early 20th century was groundbreaking here . |
The Chinese astrology ( Chinese 占星術 / 占星朮 , Pinyin zhānxīngshù - "Art of Star divination") knows no calculation of the positions of the sun , moon and planets at the time of birth. It is therefore not astrology in the European sense. She has a calendar for the calculation basis, which has been given an interpretation. This includes the Chinese philosophy and various “individual disciplines” that are mutually dependent and interpenetrating. These include the five-element theory , yin and yang and astronomy with five planets and the ten celestial stems ( celestial signs), the twelve branches of the earth , as well as the Chinese calendar , a lunisolar calendar with the time calculation according to year , month , day and double hour.
The traditional legend names the mythical "Yellow Emperor" Huangdi (supposedly 2698 to 2599 BC ) as the inventor of Chinese astrology (calendar interpretation ). Historically, the legend could neither be substantiated nor refuted by archaeologists and astronomical historians. There are no relevant clues. There is no specific, datable celestial constellation, as it was not a prerequisite for the calendar interpretation from the start. Direct evidence (such as the Babylonian clay tablets) has not yet been found in China. One reason why “Chinese astrology” has been handed down to the present day can also be the Chinese calendar. Over the millennia, like the characters, it has become an inseparable part of Chinese culture and still part of everyday Chinese life.
Star divination art
The “art of divination” means something other than astrology in the western sense. The "Dragon Bones " collection found so far during the Shang dynasty (16th to 11th centuries BC) contains oracle bones from around 1300 BC. One of them reads the following text: "On the seventh day of the month a star was seen accompanied by the star of fire (Antares).") When one of the constellations was visible again in the sky, the emperor, who was considered the son of heaven, learned of this news through his grand secretary. According to the season and the theme, the emperor gave instructions to his ministers, princes and officials. The Grand Secretary had the task of keeping laws and ordinances and of observing the passage of the sun and moon, planets and stars so that no errors arise and that the records correspond to earlier times. Because the sun, moon, planets, stars, comets and meteors as well as solar eclipses reveal the will of heaven. The background for these measures lay in the role of the emperor. As the Son of Heaven, heaven, earth and man can come into contact through him.
Chinese philosophy
Chinese philosophy is about the harmony of heaven, earth and man, the three components of the universe make up the order ( Dao / Tao) of the world. It should find itself in human society. Therefore the harmony with the cosmos promises a happy life. Knowledge of the course of the world should help to perceive current and future trends.
Five elements
The five elements wood, fire, earth, metal and water are understood as a force in the sense of a development that takes place in five phases. They find their correspondence in the different states of change of heaven, earth and man. It means:
- Wood : shaping, for example the daily routine, with dignity, constancy, peace
- Fire : ignite, for example tackle a project, realize it, with verve, energy, dynamism, ready to fight and argue
- Earth : to consolidate, for example to establish stability and equilibrium, with care, accuracy, perseverance, constancy
- Metal : design, prepared to take risks to a limited extent, honest, fair, factual, evening energy, review, harvest
- Water : dissolving, around the end of a cycle and the prospect of something new, caution, fertility, working carefully, tendency to dream
Yin and yang
Yin and Yang (Chinese: 陰 / 阴 and 陽 / 阳, Yīn and Yáng) are two terms from the Chinese philosophy of Daoism . They are often also represented with the Tàijí symbol ☯. They describe each other as complementary opposing principles. The transition from one to the other is fluid. Yin is assigned to the feminine, passive, receiving, giving and covering, non-creative, negating principle. This also includes moon and shadow, earth and night, and the even numbers. Yang is assigned to the male, energetic, active, dynamic, procreative and productive, creative, affirmative principle. This also includes sun and light, sky and day, and odd numbers.
“Lift your head and look at the vastness of the sky, look around you and be amazed at the manifestations of the earth! In heaven are the five planets, in earth are the five elements. In heaven are the houses of heaven, on earth are empires and provinces. The three lights (sun, moon and planets) are the origin of Yin and Yang: the primal forces live within them on earth. "
In the case of 阴 (Yīn, pronounced “in”) and 阳 (Yáng, pronunciation similar to English “young” for young) the abbreviations actually seem to be very useful compared to the traditional long characters. Because there are the signs for the moon (月) and sun (日) on the right. In modern language, however, the sun is called 太陽 / 太阳 (tàiyáng), where the Yáng symbol 陽 or 阳 can be found again.
astronomy
As everywhere on earth as in China, observers of the night sky noticed not only the movements of the sun and moon but also those of the planets. According to their conception of the development of the world, first there was water, then fire, then wood, then metal and finally the earth. According to this order, the planets were assigned to the elements.
planet | Chinese | element | comment |
---|---|---|---|
Mercury | 水星 (Shuǐxīng) | Water (水) | black, weak light, water is called black because it is not illuminated |
Venus | 金星 (Jīnxīng) | Metal (金) | white, shines brightest of all, silver currency in China |
Mars | 火星 (Huǒxīng) | Fire (火) | red, reddish light |
Jupiter | 木星 (Mùxīng) | Wood (木) | green, greenish tinge |
Saturn | 土星 (Tǔxīng) | Earth (土) | yellow, dull yellow light |
Sky map and seasons
In order to be able to name the positions of the sun, moon and planets in the sky more precisely, the court astronomers developed a sky map. Fixed stars were put into four groups, the sections corresponded to the duration of a season, which was assigned to a direction:
- for east : wood, Jupiter, spring
- for south : fire, mars, summer
- for West : metal, Venus, autumn
- for north : water, mercury, winter
- for the middle : Earth, Saturn, Polaris, Big Bear, Little Bear, the last fifth of a season
The entries of the movements of the sun, moon and planets in the first sky maps made it possible to get an overview and make predictions. Historically secured are those from 700 BC. Made observations of comets and meteors, solar eclipses and sunspots. They still have great scientific value. The previous observations, such as the solar eclipse of October 3, 2137 BC, are not considered historically secure. The observation of the change of the seasons in connection with the four cardinal points and the allocation according to Yin and Yang as well as according to the five elements led to the special classification according to heavenly tribes.
Ten heavenly tribes
The ten celestial stems (heavenly signs) result from the four cardinal directions and a fifth, which is assigned to the “middle” (earth) . Astronomically, the center belongs to the North Star ( Big Bear and Little Bear ) . The fifth direction is assigned the last fifth of a season. The five directions are also differentiated into Yin and Yang, which results in five, i.e. ten, heavenly signs twice. Their distribution according to Yin and Yang, the five elements, the five planets and the five animal names results in the following compilation, whereby in Chinese the "male principle" Yang (陽 / 阳, Yáng) actually always precedes the "female principle" Yin (陰 /阴, Yīn, spoken "in") comes:
-
East : spring
- Moon (yin signs 乙, Yǐ) and sun (yang signs 甲, Jiǎ)
- Wood, Jupiter, Blue Dragon , time of the return of the rain and the resurrection of the dragon
-
South : summer
- Moon (yin sign 丁, dīng), yin and sun (yang sign 丙, bǐng)
- Fire, Mars, red bird (pheasant), time of migration of migratory birds from Nepal and Tibet to the east and their arrival with the summer winds
-
West : autumn
- Moon (Yin symbol 辛, Yīn) and Sun (Yang symbol 庚, Gēng)
- Metal, Venus, White Tiger , time of the tiger's migration into the plains to eat there
-
North : winter
- Moon (Yin symbol 癸, Guǐ), Yin and Sun (Yang symbol 壬, Rén)
- Water, Mercury, Black Warrior / Black Turtle , time of the turtle's hibernation
-
Middle : Last fifth of all seasons
- Moon (Yin symbols 己, Jǐ), Yin and Sun (Yang symbols 戊, Wù)
- Earth, Saturn, Pole Star, Big and Little Bear
The ten heavenly stems also serve as ordinal numbers and school grades, where wobei (Jiǎ) is a “one” or first class. Therefore, here the celestial trunks with the assignment of Yin and Yang as well as the five phases of change again in the overview and in the traditional order:
The ten heavenly tribes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Associated with Yáng | Associated with Yīn | element | ||||
No. | character | Pinyin | No. | character | Pinyin | |
1 | 甲 | jiǎ | 2 | 乙 | yǐ | Wood (木, mù) |
3 | 丙 | bǐng | 4th | 丁 | thing | Fire (火, huǒ) |
5 | 戊 | wù | 6th | 己 | jǐ | Earth (土, tǔ) |
7th | 庚 | gēng | 8th | 辛 | xīn | Metal (金, jīn) |
9 | 壬 | rén | 10 | 癸 | guǐ | Water (水, shǔi) |
The animals that are assigned to the cardinal points symbolize life energies. The traditional characters for animals do not mean in this context that the living animal, such as the rat or mouse, is meant. A character on its own can mean something different than when it is shown together with a second or third. The Chinese script in particular makes use of simplification, which can only be understood in context.
This corresponds to the homonyms of the German language, individual words that stand for more than one term (not just heaven). In such a case it is only in context that it becomes clear what is meant. The situation is different with the English words "sky" (meteorological sky) and "heaven" (religious sky). Each word already contains the assignment to a specific area. So it is chosen and therefore can stand alone.
Twelve branches of the earth
The division according to the seasons was too rough. The precise observation of the moon movement led to the division of the fixed stars into further groups, according to the length of time the moon stayed from new moon to new moon or from full moon to full moon. This resulted in twelve groups of the same size, each corresponding to one month. At first the months had no names. They were numbered, the first, the second, the third month and so on. The twelve abstract sections were soon called "earthly branches" because of their relation to agriculture. Accordingly, they received not only the names of animals but also of the twelve branches of the earth. Here is an overview one after the other from top left to bottom right (rat to pig or 子 to 亥) with Yin-Yang assignment as well as traditional traditional symbols and abbreviations .
Animal names and branches of the earth with Yin-Yang assignment | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
☯ | Yáng | Yin | Yáng | Yin | Yáng | Yin |
animal | rat | buffalo | tiger | Hare | Dragon | Snake |
Animal name | 鼠 (shǔ) | 牛 (niú) | 虎 (hǔ) | 兔 (tù) | 龍 / 龙 (lóng) | 蛇 (shé) |
Branch of earth | 子 (zǐ) | 丑 (chǒu) | 寅 (yín) | 卯 (mǎo) | 辰 (chén) | 巳 (sì) |
animal | horse | sheep | monkey | Rooster | dog | pig |
Animal name | 馬 / 马 (mǎ) | 羊 (yáng) | 猴 (hóu) | 雞 / 鸡 (jī) | 狗 (gǒu) | 豬 (zhū) |
Branch of earth | 午 (wǔ) | 未 (wèi) | 申 (shēn) | 酉 (yǒu) | 戌 (xū) | 亥 (hài) |
Since the characters for some animal names are the same, the nomenclature is not regionally uniform: the sheep can also become a goat or a ram, the rooster a chicken, the buffalo a cattle, the rat a mouse, and the pig a wild boar.
The fact that a hare can also become a cat (貓, māo) is most likely a mistake, possibly due to the similar pronunciation of the animal cat (māo) and the hare-earth branch (mǎo). Because, according to Chinese legend, the rat has pushed its way forward and the cat, which cannot swim, booted out, which is why it always wants to hunt the rat or mouse out of sheer revenge. In the Vietnamese zodiac, however, the fourth place is a cat instead of the rabbit.
The sections were then grouped according to the cardinal points. This results in the following assignment:
- East : Dragon (Chén, 120 °), Hare (Mǎo, 90 °), Tiger (Yín, 60 °)
- South : Sheep / goat (Wèi, 210 °), horse (Wǔ, 180 °), snake (Sì, 150 °)
- West : dog (Xū, 300 °), chicken / rooster (Yǒu, 270 °), monkey (Shēn, 240 °)
- North : cattle / buffalo (Chǒu, 30 °), rat / mouse (Zǐ, 0 °), pork (Hài, 330 °)
Lunisolar calendar
The Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar, i.e. that is, it is ruled by the moon and corrected according to the sun. A year consists of twelve months of 29 or 30 days - the exact time between two new moons is 29.53 days - for a total of 354 days. Since this period of time is about eleven days too short compared to the solar year, there would soon be shifts in the seasons. This is countered by inserting a 13th month as soon as the difference of almost a month is reached. In the Chinese calendar, New Year falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice , which in non-leap years corresponds to the new moon before the spring equinox . This time falls between January and February.
The 60 year cycle - the number 60
60-year cycle ( 干支 gānzhī) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||
Animal 地支 |
子 |
丑 |
寅 |
卯 |
辰 |
巳 |
午 |
未 |
申 |
酉 |
戌 |
亥 |
Year 天干 地支 |
1 甲 子 |
2 乙 丑 |
3 丙 寅 |
4 丁 卯 |
5 戊 辰 |
6 己 巳 |
7 庚 午 |
8 辛 Unfilled |
9 壬 申 |
10 癸 酉 |
11 甲 戌 |
12 乙 亥 |
Year 天干 地支 |
13 丙 子 |
14 丁 丑 |
15 戊 寅 |
16 己 卯 |
17 庚 辰 |
18 辛 巳 |
19 壬 午 |
20 癸 Unfilled |
21 甲 申 |
22 乙 酉 |
23 丙 戌 |
24 丁 亥 |
Year 天干 地支 |
25 戊 子 |
26 己 丑 |
27 庚 寅 |
28 辛 卯 |
29 壬 辰 |
30 癸 巳 |
31 甲 午 |
32 乙 Unfilled |
33 丙 申 |
34 丁 酉 |
35 戊 戌 |
36 己 亥 |
Year 天干 地支 |
37 庚 子 |
38 辛 丑 |
39 壬 寅 |
40 癸 卯 |
41 甲 辰 |
42 乙 巳 |
43 丙 午 |
44 丁 Unfilled |
45 戊 申 |
46 己 酉 |
47 庚 戌 |
48 辛 亥 |
Year 天干 地支 |
49 壬 子 |
50 癸 丑 |
51 甲 寅 |
52 乙 卯 |
53 丙 辰 |
54 丁 巳 |
55 戊 午 |
56 己 Unfilled |
57 庚 申 |
58 辛 酉 |
59 壬 戌 |
60 癸 亥 |
From the connection of the ten heavenly tribes with the twelve earthly branches, 干支 (Gānzhī), the number 60 results . Each of the 5 Yang heavenly tribes (甲 、 丙 、 戊 、 庚 、 壬) multiplied by each of the 6 Yang earth branches (子 、 寅 、 辰 、 午 、 申 、 戌, corresponding to rat, tiger, dragon, horse, monkey and dog ) gives 30 Yang combinations. And each of the 5 yin heavenly tribes (乙 、 丁 、 己 、 辛 、 癸) multiplied by each of the 6 yin earth branches (丑 、 卯 、 巳 、 未 、 酉 、 亥, corresponding to buffalo, hare, snake, goat, rooster and Pig) also makes 30 combinations. 5 heavenly yin and yang and 6 earthly yin and yang can also be accepted. Taken together, as shown on the right, there are 60 combinations of celestial trunks and earth branches.
The number 60 became the basic unit of the Chinese calendar. The merging of the cardinal points and seasons, the ten celestial trunks with the twelve earth branches and the five elements, differentiated according to yin and yang, gives the following overview.
Earth branches and seasons
spring
- Yang, tiger (寅, Yín), wood, Jupiter, east, spring
- Yin, hare (卯, Mǎo), wood, Jupiter, east, spring
- Yang, dragon (辰, Chén), wood, Jupiter, earth / east / middle, spring, last fifth of the season
summer
- Yin, (巳, Sì), snake, fire, Mars, south, summer
- Yang, (午, Wǔ), horse, fire, Mars, south, summer
- Yin, (未, Wèi), sheep / goat, fire, Mars, earth, Saturn / south / middle, summer, last fifth of the season
autumn
- Yang, (申, Shēn), monkey, metal, Venus, West, autumn
- Yin, (酉, Yǒu), rooster, metal, Venus, West, autumn
- Yang, (戌, Xū), dog, metal, Venus, earth, Saturn / west / middle, autumn, last fifth of the season
winter
- Yin, (亥, Hài), pig, water, Mercury, north, winter
- Yang, (子, Zǐ), rat / mouse, water, Mercury, north, winter
- Yin, (牛, Niú), buffalo / beef, water, Mercury, earth, Saturn / north / middle, winter, last fifth of the season
Counting from the beginning of the year
The Chinese year begins between January and February with the Chinese New Year celebrations on the second new moon after the winter solstice , i.e. between January 21 and February 21.
The twelve earth signs (twelve earthly branches: 子, 丑, ...) of the Chinese calendar that follow each other in the annual rhythm are assigned the zodiac (鼠, 牛, ...) and character traits:
- 子zĭ : rat (鼠shŭ ) aggressive
- 丑chŏu : Buffalo (牛niú ) gentle
- 寅yín : Tiger (虎hŭ ) daring
- 卯măo : hare (兔tù ) good-natured
- 辰chén : dragon (龍lóng ) witty
- 巳sì : snake (蛇shé ) clever
- 午wŭ : horse (馬mă ) impatient
- 未wèi : sheep (羊yáng ) like
- 申shēn : monkey (猴hóu ) agile
- 酉yŏu : rooster (鷄jī ) proud
- 戌xū : dog (狗gŏu ) loyal
- 亥hài : Pig (猪zhū ) honest
Every year the name of the year changes cyclically according to this list of names. From February 16, 2018 to February 4, 2019 we were in the year of the dog, from February 5, 2019 to January 24, 2020 it was the year of the pig. At the moment, from January 25, 2020 to February 11, 2021, the year of the rat is in effect.
Legend
According to legend, Buddha , according to other sources, the mythological jade emperor Yu Di “[...] once invited all 13 animals of the zodiac signs to a festival. The cat was originally one of them. However, the mouse told the cat that the festival would take place a day later. The cat went to sleep and dreamed of the party. So it came about that only twelve animals, all except the cat, came to the festival. The first animal was the rat (mouse), followed by the buffalo (the ox), the tiger, the hare, the dragon, the snake, the horse, the goat (the sheep), the monkey, the rooster (the chicken) , the dog and finally the pig. Every animal was given a year and he named it after him. So the rat got the first, the buffalo (the ox) the second, the tiger the third and the pig finally the twelfth. This was in the order in which they came. Everyone agreed to this. Since the cat did not come, it was not given a year and [she] was excluded. "
Time circles (cycles or periods)
12 years and 60 years
Each time cycle begins with a "year of the rat" that recurs in twelve-year series (1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008, 2020 and so on). Since the zodiac is assigned an element from the five-element theory of wood, fire, earth, metal or water for each year, there is not only the "year of the rat", but the year of the "water rat" and that Year of the "Fire Tiger". Such a time cycle lasts for 60 years and then starts all over again. According to legend, the 60-year period began in 2637 BC. Following this, the signs, elements, yin and yang as well as planets are also used to denote years, months, days and hours.
Beginning | The End | Beginning | The End | ☯ | element | character | 干支 | 干支 in pinyin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan. 31, 1900 | Feb. 18, 1901 | Jan. 28, 1960 | Feb. 14, 1961 | Yáng | 金 metal | 鼠 rat | 庚子 | gēngzǐ |
Feb. 19, 1901 | 7 Feb 1902 | Feb. 15, 1961 | Feb. 4, 1962 | Yin | 金 metal | 牛 buffalo | 辛丑 | xīnchǒu |
Feb. 8, 1902 | Jan. 28, 1903 | Feb 5, 1962 | Jan. 24, 1963 | Yáng | 水 water | 虎 tiger | 壬寅 | rényín |
Jan. 29, 1903 | Feb 15, 1904 | Jan 25, 1963 | Feb 12, 1964 | Yin | 水 water | 兔 bunny | 癸卯 | guǐmǎo |
Feb 16, 1904 | February 3, 1905 | Feb 13, 1964 | Feb. 1, 1965 | Yáng | 木 wood | 龍 dragon | 甲辰 | jiǎchén |
Feb. 4, 1905 | Jan. 24, 1906 | Feb. 2, 1965 | Jan. 20, 1966 | Yin | 木 wood | 蛇 snake | 乙巳 | jǐsì |
Jan 25, 1906 | Feb 12, 1907 | Jan. 21, 1966 | Feb. 8, 1967 | Yáng | 火 fire | 馬 horse | 丙午 | bǐngwǔ |
Feb 13, 1907 | Feb. 1, 1908 | Feb 9, 1967 | Jan. 29, 1968 | Yin | 火 fire | 羊 sheep | 丁未 | dīngwèi |
Feb. 2, 1908 | Jan. 21, 1909 | Jan. 30, 1968 | Feb 16, 1969 | Yáng | 土 earth | 猴 monkey | 戊申 | wùshēn |
Jan. 22, 1909 | February 9, 1910 | Feb. 17, 1969 | Feb 5, 1970 | Yin | 土 earth | 雞 rooster | 己酉 | jǐyǒu |
Feb 10, 1910 | Jan. 29, 1911 | Feb 6, 1970 | Jan. 26, 1971 | Yáng | 金 metal | 狗 dog | 庚戌 | gēngxū |
Jan. 30, 1911 | Feb. 17, 1912 | Jan 27, 1971 | Feb 14, 1972 | Yin | 金 metal | 豬 pig | 辛亥 | xīnhài |
Feb. 18, 1912 | Feb 5, 1913 | Feb 15, 1972 | Feb. 2, 1973 | Yáng | 水 water | 鼠 rat | 壬子 | rénzǐ |
Feb 6, 1913 | Jan. 25, 1914 | Feb. 3, 1973 | Jan. 22, 1974 | Yin | 水 water | 牛 buffalo | 癸丑 | guǐchǒu |
Jan. 26, 1914 | February 13, 1915 | Jan. 23, 1974 | Feb 10, 1975 | Yáng | 木 wood | 虎 tiger | 甲寅 | jiǎyín |
Feb. 14, 1915 | Feb. 2, 1916 | Feb 11, 1975 | Jan. 30, 1976 | Yin | 木 wood | 兔 bunny | 乙卯 | yǐmǎo |
February 3, 1916 | Jan. 22, 1917 | Jan. 31, 1976 | Feb. 17, 1977 | Yáng | 火 fire | 龍 dragon | 丙辰 | bǐngchén |
Jan. 23, 1917 | Feb 10, 1918 | Feb. 18, 1977 | Feb 6, 1978 | Yin | 火 fire | 蛇 snake | 丁巳 | dīngsì |
Feb 11, 1918 | Jan. 31, 1919 | Feb. 7, 1978 | Jan. 27, 1979 | Yáng | 土 earth | 馬 horse | 戊午 | wùwǔ |
February 1, 1919 | Feb. 19, 1920 | Jan. 28, 1979 | Feb. 15, 1980 | Yin | 土 earth | 羊 sheep | 己未 | jǐwèi |
Feb. 20, 1920 | Feb. 7, 1921 | Feb 16, 1980 | Feb. 4, 1981 | Yáng | 金 metal | 猴 monkey | 庚申 | gēngshēn |
Feb 8, 1921 | Jan. 27, 1922 | Feb 5, 1981 | Jan. 24, 1982 | Yin | 金 metal | 雞 rooster | 辛酉 | xīnyǒu |
Jan. 28, 1922 | Feb 15, 1923 | Jan 25, 1982 | Feb 12, 1983 | Yáng | 水 water | 狗 dog | 壬戌 | rénxū |
Feb 16, 1923 | Feb. 4, 1924 | Feb 13, 1983 | Feb. 1, 1984 | Yin | 水 water | 豬 pig | 癸亥 | guǐhài |
Feb. 5, 1924 | Jan. 24, 1925 | Feb. 2, 1984 | Feb 19, 1985 | Yáng | 木 wood | 鼠 rat | 甲子 | jiǎzǐ (60 years →) |
Jan. 25, 1925 | Feb 12, 1926 | Feb 20, 1985 | Feb. 8, 1986 | Yin | 木 wood | 牛 buffalo | 乙丑 | yǐchǒu |
Feb 13, 1926 | Feb. 1, 1927 | Feb 9, 1986 | Jan. 28, 1987 | Yáng | 火 fire | 虎 tiger | 丙寅 | bǐngyín |
Feb. 2, 1927 | Jan. 22, 1928 | Jan. 29, 1987 | Feb 16, 1988 | Yin | 火 fire | 兔 bunny | 丁卯 | dīngmǎo |
Jan. 23, 1928 | Feb 9, 1929 | Feb. 17, 1988 | Feb 5, 1989 | Yáng | 土 earth | 龍 dragon | 戊辰 | grow |
Feb 10, 1929 | Jan. 29, 1930 | Feb 6, 1989 | Jan. 26, 1990 | Yin | 土 earth | 蛇 snake | 己巳 | jǐsì |
Jan. 30, 1930 | Feb 16, 1931 | Jan. 27, 1990 | Feb 14, 1991 | Yáng | 金 metal | 馬 horse | 庚午 | gēngwǔ |
Feb. 17, 1931 | Feb 5, 1932 | Feb 15, 1991 | Feb 3, 1992 | Yin | 金 metal | 羊 sheep | 辛未 | xīnwèi |
Feb 6, 1932 | Jan 25, 1933 | Feb 4, 1992 | Jan. 22, 1993 | Yáng | 水 water | 猴 monkey | 壬申 | rénshēn |
Jan. 26, 1933 | Feb 13, 1934 | Jan. 23, 1993 | Feb 9, 1994 | Yin | 水 water | 雞 rooster | 癸酉 | guǐyǒu |
Feb. 14, 1934 | February 3, 1935 | Feb 10, 1994 | Jan. 30, 1995 | Yáng | 木 wood | 狗 dog | 甲戌 | jiǎxū |
Feb. 4, 1935 | Jan. 23, 1936 | Jan. 31, 1995 | Feb 18, 1996 | Yin | 木 wood | 豬 pig | 乙亥 | jǐhài |
Jan. 24, 1936 | Feb 10, 1937 | Feb 19, 1996 | Feb 6, 1997 | Yáng | 火 fire | 鼠 rat | 丙子 | bǐngzǐ |
Feb 11, 1937 | Jan. 30, 1938 | Feb 7, 1997 | Jan. 27, 1998 | Yin | 火 fire | 牛 buffalo | 丁丑 | dīngchǒu |
Jan. 31, 1938 | Feb. 18, 1939 | Jan 28, 1998 | Feb 15, 1999 | Yáng | 土 earth | 虎 tiger | 戊寅 | wùyín |
Feb. 19, 1939 | Feb 7, 1940 | Feb 16, 1999 | Feb. 4, 2000 | Yin | 土 earth | 兔 bunny | 己卯 | jǐmǎo |
Feb 8, 1940 | Jan. 26, 1941 | Feb 5, 2000 | Jan. 23, 2001 | Yáng | 金 metal | 龍 dragon | 庚辰 | gēngchén |
Jan. 27, 1941 | February 14, 1942 | Jan. 24, 2001 | Feb 11, 2002 | Yin | 金 metal | 蛇 snake | 辛巳 | xīnsì |
Feb 15, 1942 | February 4, 1943 | Feb 12, 2002 | Jan. 31, 2003 | Yáng | 水 water | 馬 horse | 壬午 | rénwǔ |
Feb 5, 1943 | Jan. 24, 1944 | Feb. 1, 2003 | Jan. 21, 2004 | Yin | 水 water | 羊 sheep | 癸未 | guǐwèi |
Jan 25, 1944 | Feb 12, 1945 | Jan. 22, 2004 | Feb 8, 2005 | Yáng | 木 wood | 猴 monkey | 甲申 | jiǎshēn |
Feb 13, 1945 | Feb. 1, 1946 | Feb 9, 2005 | Jan. 28, 2006 | Yin | 木 wood | 雞 rooster | 乙酉 | yǐyǒu |
Feb. 2, 1946 | Jan. 21, 1947 | Jan. 29, 2006 | Feb. 17, 2007 | Yáng | 火 fire | 狗 dog | 丙戌 | bǐngxū |
Jan. 22, 1947 | Feb 9, 1948 | Feb. 18, 2007 | Feb 6, 2008 | Yin | 火 fire | 豬 pig | 丁亥 | dīnghài |
Feb 10, 1948 | Jan. 28, 1949 | Feb 7, 2008 | Jan 25, 2009 | Yáng | 土 earth | 鼠 rat | 戊子 | wùzǐ |
Jan. 29, 1949 | Feb 16, 1950 | Jan. 26, 2009 | Feb 13, 2010 | Yin | 土 earth | 牛 buffalo | 己丑 | jǐchǒu |
Feb. 17, 1950 | Feb 5, 1951 | Feb. 14, 2010 | Feb. 2, 2011 | Yáng | 金 metal | 虎 tiger | 庚寅 | gēngyín |
Feb 6, 1951 | Jan. 26, 1952 | Feb 3, 2011 | Jan. 22, 2012 | Yin | 金 metal | 兔 bunny | 辛卯 | xīnmǎo |
Jan. 27, 1952 | Feb 13, 1953 | Jan. 23, 2012 | Feb 9, 2013 | Yáng | 水 water | 龍 dragon | 壬辰 | rénchén |
Feb. 14, 1953 | Feb. 2, 1954 | Feb 10, 2013 | Jan. 30, 2014 | Yin | 水 water | 蛇 snake | 癸巳 | guǐsì |
Feb. 3, 1954 | Jan. 23, 1955 | Jan. 31, 2014 | Feb. 18, 2015 | Yáng | 木 wood | 馬 horse | 甲午 | jiǎwǔ |
Jan. 24, 1955 | Feb 11, 1956 | Feb. 19, 2015 | Feb. 7, 2016 | Yin | 木 wood | 羊 sheep | 乙未 | yǐwèi |
Feb 12, 1956 | Jan. 30, 1957 | Feb 8, 2016 | Jan. 27, 2017 | Yáng | 火 fire | 猴 monkey | 丙申 | bǐngshēn |
Jan. 31, 1957 | Feb. 17, 1958 | Jan. 28, 2017 | Feb. 15, 2018 | Yin | 火 fire | 雞 rooster | 丁酉 | dīngyǒu |
Feb. 18, 1958 | Feb 7, 1959 | Feb 16, 2018 | February 4, 2019 | Yáng | 土 earth | 狗 dog | 戊戌 | wùxū |
Feb 8, 1959 | Jan. 27, 1960 | Feb. 5, 2019 | Jan. 24, 2020 | Yin | 土 earth | 豬 pig | 己亥 | jǐhài |
Jan. 28, 1960 | Feb. 14, 1961 | Jan 25, 2020 | Feb 11, 2021 | Yáng | 金 metal | 鼠 rat | 庚子 | gēngzǐ |
Feb. 15, 1961 | Feb. 4, 1962 | Feb 12, 2021 | Jan 31, 2022 | Yin | 金 metal | 牛 buffalo | 辛丑 | xīnchǒu |
干支 (Gānzhī) is the Chinese name for the heavenly trunks (天干) and earth branches (地支) or one of the 60 possible combinations in the 60-year cycle.
This 60-year cycle begins in the Yang-Yin alternation (male and female principle) with the "male" wood rat (甲子) and ends with the "female" water pig (癸亥). Therefore, the beginning of the cycle has been highlighted in the table . The next time Water-Pig and Wood-Rat will alternate with a new cycle beginning in early 2044. Those who turn 60 in February or thereafter will find their way back to the constellation at the time of their birth.
Element table
The five elements are assigned to Yang and Yin, respectively. The resulting 10 combinations also correspond to the 10 year-end digits.
Digit | element | Yin / yang | planet |
---|---|---|---|
0 | metal | Yang | Venus |
1 | metal | Yin | Venus |
2 | water | Yang | Mercury |
3 | water | Yin | Mercury |
4th | Wood | Yang | Jupiter |
5 | Wood | Yin | Jupiter |
6th | Fire | Yang | Mars |
7th | Fire | Yin | Mars |
8th | earth | Yang | Saturn |
9 | earth | Yin | Saturn |
Months
From 1900 BC The month count is said to have started with tiger (ping, ying, fire) . In the twelve months, the same signs repeat after five years (12 months × 5 years = 60 months).
Days
Likewise from 1900 BC. The day count is said to have started with a tiger (Kia, Ying, wood) . They are counted continuously, regardless of the time cycle, continuously, from 1 to 12, starting with tiger, rabbit, dragon ... and up to dog, pig, rat / mouse.
Hours
The count starts at 11 p.m. and the first double hour lasts until 1 a.m. Here, too, the 12 branches of the earth appear again (see above):
- Double hour: 23–01 o'clock, 子zĭ : rat (鼠shŭ ), (yang) wood, aggressive, sentimental
- Double hour: 01–03 o'clock, 丑chŏu : buffalo / beef (牛niú ), (yin) wood, gentle, hardworking
- Double hour: 3–05 am, 寅yín : Tiger (虎hŭ ), (Yin) metal, bold, hot-blooded
- Double hour: 05–07 am, 卯măo : rabbit (兔tù ), (yang) metal, good-natured, gentle
- Double hour: 7 am–09 am, 辰chén : Dragon (龍lóng ), (Yang) earth, witty, solitary
- Double hour: 9 am – 11 am, 巳sì : snake (蛇shé ), (yin) earth, cunning, cunning
- Double hour: 11 am–1pm, 午wŭ : horse (馬mă ), (yin) Imperial fire, impatient, sociable
- Double hour: 1–3 pm, 未wèi : sheep / goat (羊yáng ), (yang) Imperial fire, good, capricious
- Double hour: 3–5 p.m., 申shēn : monkey (猴hóu ), (yang) water, agile, flexible
- Double hour: 5–7 pm, 酉yŏu : tap (鷄jī ), (yin) water, proud, showy
- Double hour: 7–9 pm, 戌xū : dog (狗gŏu ), (yin) Ministerial fire, faithful, social
- Double hour: 9 pm - 11 pm, 亥hài : Pig (猪zhū ), (Yang) Ministerial fire, honest, honest
The text modules are put together from the seven basic components: Chinese philosophy (five elements, Yin and Yang) , calendar (moon, sun) , astronomy (five planets) , 10 celestial stems (signs) , 12 earthly branches ( zodiac ) , cycles and time cycle and formulated into a meaningful whole.
interpretation
The assignment and connection of the five cardinal points, ten celestial trunks and twelve earthly branches with the five elements (the five basic substances) then enable the interpretation.
- Basic rules
- Wood causes fire, is destroyed by metal
- Fire creates earth, is destroyed by water
- Earth makes metal, is destroyed by wood
- Metal creates water, is destroyed by fire
- Water makes wood, is destroyed by earth
- Restriction
- Wood is made by water, but too much water washes the wood away.
- Fire is made by wood, but too much wood creates a conflagration.
- Earth is made by fire, but too much fire withers the earth.
- Metal is made by earth, but too much earth spills the metal.
- Water is made by metal, but too much metal pollutes the water.
- Wood causes fire, but too much fire burns the wood itself.
- Fire creates earth, but too much earth puts out the fire.
- Earth makes metal, but too much metal weakens the earth.
- Metal creates water, but too much water causes the metal to sink.
- Water makes wood, but too much wood soaks up the water.
- Wood depresses earth, but too much earth breaks the wood.
- Fire melts metal, but too much metal puts out the fire.
- Earth absorbs water, but too much water washes away the earth.
- Metal cuts wood, but too much wood, if hard, breaks the metal.
- Water extinguishes fire, but too much fire boils the water.
- Wood, when soft, is easily broken by metal.
- Wood too hard, becomes usable for processing through fire.
- Fire, if too weak, is easily extinguished by water.
- Fire too strong, constrained by earth.
- Earth, if too soft, is easily shattered by wood.
- Earth too hard, is loosened by metal.
- Metal, if too soft, is easily melted by fire.
- Metal too hard, becomes smooth when sanded with water.
- Water, if too little, is easily absorbed by the earth.
- Too much water is made usable by wood.
- example
If the heavenly sign of the day is fire (Mars), so it is
- What dominates me -: Water, because water destroys fire
- What I can do -: Metal, because fire destroys metal
- What creates me -: Wood, because wood causes fire
- What I produce -: Earth, because fire leaves earth behind
- That which is like me -: Fire: because fire is like fire
- Interpretation attempt based on an example
Albert Einstein , * March 14, 1879, 11:30 am OZ, Ulm, 48 ° 23'57 "N 9 ° 59'06" O
In 1879, the Chinese year begins on January 22nd, 1879 (New Year's Day, the first day of the first new moon month) .
Rough overview of the individual "text modules":
- Year of birth 1879, an "Earth-Rabbit-Year": Rabbit, Yin, Earth, Saturn
- helpful, good-natured, lets himself be harnessed or exploited, is misjudged, serious, loving, reliable, introverted
- Earth in spring: needs warmth (fire, Mars)
Last digit of the year, 9: Earth, Yin, Saturn
- (design, limited willingness to take risks, sincere, fair, factual, evening energy, review, harvest, harmony, security)
Season Spring (March): Moon (Yi), Yin and Sun (Kia / Jia), Yang
- March (= 2nd month, 1st month is February): Moon, Yin, Rabbit (Mao), Wood, Jupiter, East, Spring Blue Dragon, time of the return of the rain and the resurrection of the dragon
yin: feminine, passive, receiving, giving and covering, non-creative, negative, opposing principle
- Hare: modest, careful, closed, sensitive, loyal, reliable
- Wood: design, for example the daily routine, with dignity, stability, peacefully
- Jupiter: wood (green, greenish shimmer), grow, shape
Birthday March 14th, corresponds to the 9th day, monkey:
- agile, flexible, adaptable, capable of development
Heavenly sign (companion) of the day
- Birth time 11:30, corresponds to the 7th double lesson, 11: 00-13: 00, horse, Yang / Wu, fire, Mars, south, summer:
- Horse: elegant, lively, fast, agile, changeable, sociable
- Yang: is assigned to the male, energetic, active, dynamic, procreative and productive, creative, affirmative principle. This also includes sun and light, sky and day, and odd numbers.
- Fire: cautiously tackling and realizing a project, putting in a restrained momentum, quiet energy and dynamism, ready to fight and argue only when necessary
- Keyword-like summary of the text modules
- He is serious and matter-of-fact, sober and reliable, helpful and can be exploited.
- He wants to work creatively, is looking for warmth and security.
- He organizes his daily routine with dignity and steadfastness while exercising a peaceful activity.
- Outwardly, he is lively and agile, attentive and changeable, sociable and talkative.
criticism
There are no known scientific studies on the subject of "Chinese astrology". In the textbook “The Chinese Horoscope” the question is discussed whether the above cases are correct. The author says, "Most of it is true, but not everything" and adds, "Since nobody knows of himself to what extent he has succumbed to the urge to 'help out', this has no evidential value ..." The Chinese astrologer is not interested in an explanation been embarrassed. He had named a set of 24 books, beginning around the year 1700, with which the great Chinese horoscope could be set - but he refused the author access to them. In conclusion, Weber says, "Dealing with Chinese star interpretation brings at least one benefit: it prompts us to check the requirements of our own star interpretation!" ( Weber )
Historical aspects
Based on the idea that China is the “Middle Kingdom” on the flat earth, the belief of the “Son of Heaven”, whom the emperor represents as an earthly equivalent, arose ( Chinese mythology , Shennong , Fu Xi , Huáng Dì ). One did not believe in gods who determine the fate of people. Rather, it was believed that if one followed the directions of heaven, one would be lucky. Disharmonies on earth could be carried over to the heavenly regions and vice versa. So eclipses and comets were signs of heavenly disorders, which pointed to incorrect behavior on the part of the emperor and his ministers. Part of the task of the emperor, as the “son of heaven”, was to pay attention to the harmony between heaven and earth. Under harmony one imagined that heaven, man and earth were to be understood as an interplay of forces that strive for a harmonious balance. This includes the practical application of the teaching of Yin and Yang as well as the five-element teaching (phases of change). They condition each other and interpenetrate, should be processed into a meaningful whole and applied according to the rhythms of the year, month, day and hour.
In order to understand and adhere to the harmony rhythm, a time calculation was required. That was the hour of birth of the Chinese calendar, which is still in use today. The imperial astronomers were commissioned to design one. With its help, all measures should be taken at the right time. This included determining the times of the seasons (course of the sun, solar year) and the various phases of the moon (course of the moon, lunar year). So the lunar and solar calendars developed into a lunisolar calendar. It contained 24 entries for peasant activities such as sowing and harvesting, traditional feast days, festivities and holidays (Chinese calendar). In addition, there are references to possible happy and unhappy days, according to the harmony doctrine and about the duration of the “rulers' retreat”. The masters of the calendar define the power of the king. “... He travels the empire in the direction of the course of the sun ( 天道 , tiān dào , T'ien1-tao4 ), so that just like the cardinal points with the seasons, the insignia of his followers come in harmony with the emblematic virtues of the four world quarters; He thus proves his ability to establish a heavenly order ( 天道 , tiān dào , T'ien1-tao4 ) in the 'land of men' ( 天下 , tiān xià , T'ien1-hsia4 ) - and thus deserves the title ' Son of Heaven '( 天子 , tiān zǐ , T'ien1-tzu3 ), he shows that he is keeping the' way of heaven '( 天道 , tiān dào , T'ien1-tao4 ) ... “.
Observation of the night sky was limited to the movements of the sun and moon. The rest of the planets like Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were also observed, but their movements were not documented (as the Babylonians did). The stars were treated in a similar way and, similar to Babylonia, were grouped into constellations. A star catalog was known with 809 stars in 122 constellations. Occasionally a solar eclipse was also observed. It was only during the Han period (141–87 BC, one of the seven kingdoms) that astronomical knowledge developed more strongly. They later enabled the processing of the sightings of Halley's comet in the years 989, 1066, 1145, 1301 and 1054 of the supernova in the constellation Taurus
"Chinese astrology" does not know how to calculate the positions of the sun, moon and planets, and consequently no horoscope in the western sense. It can therefore be called a calendar interpretation. This is reflected in everyday life to this day. The Chinese sage calls the four times: year and month, day and hour of birth.
1st example | 2nd example | ||
Chinese | German | January 28, 2006 - 11:50 pm | October 10, 2006 - 10:10 am |
---|---|---|---|
西元 | Western calendar |
2006 年 1 月 28 日 23:50 * | 2006 年 10 月 10 日 10:10 |
農曆 | Chinese calendar |
丙戌年正月初一日子時 | 丙戌年八月十九日巳時 |
八字 | Eight characters each 2 Sz for year, month, day, hour |
乙酉年己丑月戊午日壬子時 | 丙戌年戊戌月壬申日乙巳時 |
* January 28, 2006 is the last day of the year. Apparently, this double hour belongs to the following year 丙戌 (borderline case).
Then, according to the Chinese calendar, he calculates the “eight characters” on his fingers. The calendar sheet produced in this way describes the person at the time of their birth. There is never any mention of planets or stars. Everything revolves around the “eight characters” ( 八字 , bāzì ) - two for the year and month, day and hour (the “four pillars” / “four pillar astrology” Chinese 八字 算命 , Pinyin bāzì suànmìng ). A statement is then made.
四 |
柱 |
Four |
columns
|
|
時 柱 | 日 柱 | 月 柱 | 年 柱 | |
Hourly |
Daily |
Monthly |
Annual |
|
pillar |
pillar |
pillar |
pillar |
|
丙 |
庚 |
丁 |
辛 |
天干 stems of heaven |
子 |
午 |
酉 |
卯 |
地支 branches of earth |
The origin of the eight characters is unknown. An old legend is handed down. According to this, “[...] in the distant past they were given to an emperor, who was hard pressed by the barbarians around, as a godsend from heaven to ward off his enemies. Not a word from the stars […] ”( Weber )
"Chinese astrology" has been widely used in everyday life since its early days, for example at funerals or weddings. The “eight characters” of the couple are compared with one another for compatibility. To this day it happens that the man, when proposing marriage to his beloved, gives her his eight characters.
The following scene is described in the novel Kin Ping Meh (Jin Ping Mei), published around 1600: The matchmaker who solicits the hand of Yü Loh for her client says: “'[...] If you are now willing, my suggestion then be so kind as to write down the card with the eight characters of your date of birth so that Mr. Li can have your yes in writing. ' Mon Yü Loh selected a strip of red atlas fabric (red, the color of decency) and had the provisional Fu artist paint the eight characters he wanted on it [...] ”( quoted from Anton Lübke )
Erwin Wickert found out about a similar experience 379 years later. He writes: “[...] I asked the son if he had known his bride for a long time. 'No,' replied the father, 'she is from the neighboring commune; but the middleman brought us the dates of birth, of course, and someone who knew what to do compared the signs of birth and found that they matched. My son saw her last week. '"( Wickert )
- marriage
In Mongolia, which had adopted the Chinese calendar, the rule applies that partners match each other if their birth signs are five characters (years, months) apart. Georg Timkowski reports:
“The second, no less important obstacle to marital union with the Mongols is that, according to their prejudices and their own superstitions, with the help of books they investigate the year of birth of the bridegroom and the bride, that is, under which animal circles they were born are so that the mark under which the bride was born should not harm the bridegroom or exceed him in strength; This means that the woman in the family does not get the upper hand over the man. Heavenly signs are counted with them twelve, after which they name the years, as we do the months; they are known under the following names:
- Chulúnga - the mouse (rat);
- Utér - the calf (beef);
- Bar - the tiger;
- Tolái - the hare;
- Lu - the dragon;
- Mogó - the snake;
- Mori - the horse;
- Choni - the ram (sheep, goat);
- Megit - the monkey;
- Takiá - the chicken;
- Nochái - the dog;
- Gachái (Hachai) - the pig; "
The fifth year, to be counted according to the above order, is always that which allows entry into the marriage, and is called Ibegél, the seventh on the other hand: Charschi. For example, if the bride is born under the sign of the mouse or the calf, and the bridegroom is born under the sign of the dragon or the serpent, marriage is legal; but if one of these is born under the sign of the mouse and the other under the sign of the horse, then, even if they were from different tribes, they are not allowed to marry one another. Moreover, they assume that the calf with the tiger, the chicken with the horse, the pig with the snake, are opposing or hostile signs (charschi), and marriage under these signs is absolutely forbidden. "
literature
- Paula Delsol: Chinese Horoscopes. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1973.
- Heidi Mitchener: The Chinese animal symbolism and its influence on the worldview. Verlag Th. Breit, Marquartstein 1980, ISBN 3-922046-07-X .
- Derek Walters: Ming Shu. Art and Practice of Chinese Astrology. M&T Verlag, Edition Astroterra, Zurich / St. Gallen 1987, ISBN 3-7265-3022-3 .
- Derek Walters: Chinese Astrology. History and practice. A methodically structured textbook. M&T Verlag, Edition Astroterra, Zurich 1990, ISBN 3-7265-3039-8 .
- Harald Weber: The Chinese Horoscope. Verlag Richard Schikowski, Berlin 1978. (anthology with Gregor Gregorius (Chakra), Ernst Schertel (magic))
- Christopher A. Weidner: Chinese astrology. The practice book. Heyne Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-453-12054-X .
- Horst Görtz: Practice of Chinese astrology. Textbook by Bazi Suanming. Drachen Verlag, Klein Jasedow 2008, ISBN 978-3-927369-31-3 .
- Manfred Kubny: Traditional Chinese Astrology. Bazi Suanming. The calculation of fate according to the eight characters. Kehrer Verlag, Heidelberg 2000, ISBN 3-933257-08-5 .
- Astrology of the I Ching . After d. Ho Lo Li Schu ed. by Wen Kuan Chu u. Wallace A. Sherrill. From d. Engl. Transl. by Matthias Dehne. Diederichs (Yellow Series 65), Cologne 1986, ISBN 3-424-00875-3 .
Web links
- Chinese astrology (Astrowiki)
- How did the Chinese zodiac come about?
- Bazi Suanming Chinese terms (耙子, 入門) IATCA (International Academy of Traditional Chinese Astrology)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Derek Walters: Chinese Astrology. History and practice. A methodically structured textbook. M&T Edition Astroterra, Zurich 1990, ISBN 3-7265-3039-8 , p. 20.
- ↑ Derek Walters, pp. 154, 174.
- ↑ Marcel Granet: The Chinese Thought. Suhrkamp TB, Science No. 519, Frankfurt a. M. 1985, ISBN 3-518-28119-4 , p. 240.
- ↑ Harald Weber: The Chinese Horoscope. Astra-Verlag, Leipzig 1930, pp. 26–32.
- ^ Derek Walters, p. 37.
- ↑ Harald Weber, p. 12.
- ↑ Derek Walters, p. 214.
- ↑ Harald Weber: The Chinese Horoscope. Astra-Verlag, Leipzig 1930, pp. 16-17.
- ↑ Eugen Gabowitsch: Chinese astronomy versus Chinese historiography. In: Efodin Synesis. No. 3/2001, pp. 7-12, Karlsruhe.
- ↑ Marcel Granet: The Chinese Thought. Wissenschaft 519, Suhrkamp, 1985-2007, ISBN 3-518-28119-4 , pp. 27-37.
- ^ Vietnamese Year of the Cat. Retrieved February 11, 2019 .
- ↑ Harald Weber, p. 13.
- ↑ Derek Walters, pp. 57-60, 68.
- ↑ Marcel Granet: The Chinese Thought. Wissenschaft 519, Suhrkamp, 1985-2007, ISBN 3-518-28119-4 , p. 80.
- ↑ Harald Weber: The Chinese Horoscope. Astra-Verlag, Leipzig 1930, pp. 12-14, 36.
- ↑ Marcel Granet: The Chinese Thought. Wissenschaft 519, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt 1985-2007, ISBN 3-518-28119-4 , pp. 113-114.
- ↑ Lingyu Feng et al. a .: Outline of Chinese culture. 2001, ISBN 7-80113-817-1 , pp. 170-174.
- ↑ Graves, Anne .: Secrets of the Chinese Horoscope All about Chinese astrology . neobooks Self-Publishing, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8476-3411-9 .
- ↑ Why is there no Cat in the Chinese Zodiac? Retrieved February 11, 2019 .
- ↑ a b Harald Weber: The Chinese Horoscope. Astra-Verlag, Leipzig 1930, p. 13.
- ↑ Harald Weber: The Chinese Horoscope. Astra-Verlag, Leipzig 1930, p. 14.
- ^ Weber, p. 25.
- ↑ Harald Weber, p. 38.
- ↑ Harald Weber, pp. 87-89.
- ↑ Harald Weber, p. 90.
- ↑ Marcel Granet: The Chinese Thought. Pp. 86-109.
- ↑ Marcel Granet: The Chinese Thought. Pp. 230-235.
- ↑ Marcel Granet: The Chinese Thought. Pp. 66-71.
- ↑ Marcel Granet: The Chinese Thought. Pp. 79-85.
- ↑ Marcel Granet: The Chinese Thought. P. 240.
- ^ Dieter Schlueter: History of Astronomy. I + II, Kiel 2000, p. 14.
- ↑ John North: Vieweg's History of Astronomy and Cosmology. Springer, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-540-41585-8 , pp. 90-102.
- ↑ Wolfram Eberhard: Astronomy and worldview in ancient China: Collected essays. Chinese Materials and Research Aids Service Center, Taipei 1970, pp. 11-19, 115-121, 137-142.
- ↑ Harald Weber, p. 11.
- ↑ Anton Lübke: The sky of the Chinese. R. Voigtländers Verlag, Leipzig 1931, p. 43.
- ↑ Erwin Wickert: China seen from the inside. Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1984, ISBN 3-453-01889-3 , p. 349.
- ↑ Georg Timkowski: Journey to China through Mongoley in the years 1820 and 1821. Translated from the Russian by MJAE Schmidt. Third part, Gerhard Fleischer, Leipzig 1826, pp. 299-300.