Karl May's early adventure stories

Karl May's early adventure stories are those stories from Karl May's early work that take place outside Germany , mostly in exotic countries, and were created before May first published in Deutsches Hausschatz . Many of these texts already contain a first-person narrator and form early travel narratives. With a few exceptions, May did not include these early works in his Collected Travel Novels or Stories , but the majority of them represent motif suppliers or preliminary stages of those later texts.

Emergence

Influences and precursors

From 1865 to 1868 Karl May was imprisoned in the Osterstein Castle workhouse for multiple fraud . There he had the opportunity to study travel literature, and he made specific, literary plans. So he put together a list, Repertory C. May , with over a hundred titles and subjects, which already contains a few titles reminiscent of the exotic . According to the company, the first idea for Winnetou should have come from here. After his release, however, May was again delinquent and arrested again. During a prisoner transport he managed to break his iron fetters and to flee from state power for half a year. Erich Wulffen comments: "The sum of adventures, hardships, hardships, [...], persecutions that might fall in the six months of concealment can easily be imagined." Overall, Wulffen sees May's criminal acts as psychologically based on his thirst for adventure, which finally merges into the narrative. May's escape ends in Bohemia in 1870 , where he was arrested for vagrancy . Before a photo could reveal his true identity, May made the following story clear to the officials: He was the plantation owner Albin Wadenbach from the west Indian island of Martinique , who had come to Europe with his brother to visit relatives . When they parted ways, he still had both of their papers in his pocket. May managed to present his alleged origin from Martinique so credibly that all charges against him were initially dropped. According to Heinz Stolte, this was “the first self-contained travel story by Karl May”. On the other hand, May's claim that he wrote an Indian story at the age of sixteen (1858) and sent it unsuccessfully to Die Gartenlaube cannot be substantiated.

Karl May at the time of his early work

From spring 1875 to the end of 1876 / beginning of 1877 May held a position as editor at the publishing house H. G. Münchmeyer in Dresden , where he was in charge of several entertainment journals. a. The observer on the Elbe , its follow-up publication Deutsches Familienblatt and celebrations at the domestic flock . After his first experiences as a freelance writer, May took up his second editorial position at the Bruno Radelli publishing house in Dresden from autumn 1877 to mid-1878 , where he oversaw the second year of the entertainment paper Frohe Stunden . At the beginning of his writing, May tried his hand at various styles of entertainment literature and not only included his first but also most of his early adventure stories in these four sheets. Adventure stories, i.e. descriptions of dangerous journeys to unknown countries on which a hero has to prove himself, were already a popular genre in ancient times and were considered promising in May's time. May had originally started his professional career as a teacher who had been certified as having “no bad teaching skills”, but who, under unfortunate circumstances, had been removed from the list of candidate teachers . An instructive attitude was very important to him in his works and in adventure stories entertaining and instructive elements are ideally combined. In order, on the one hand, to see which genres were particularly popular with the public and, on the other hand, to look for motifs for his texts, May systematically scoured the (illustrated) family magazines of his time. For his adventure stories he let himself be drawn from current events such as B. the third Carlist war , the annexation of the Transvaal or the news of the death of Canada Bill Jones , as well as from fiction articles and illustrations. The early adventure stories are based not only on the adventure novels that had been written since James Fenimore Cooper's works, but also on the robber , knight and horror novels of Goethe's time , which May had "devoured" as a student. Since May stuck very closely to his predecessors, the "patterns with which [he] initially experimented [...] show a small range of variation or 'minimal innovations'." May knew the exotic locations of his stories - with a few exceptions from the turn of the century ( Et in terra pax , Schamah , beginning of Winnetou IV ) - not from his own point of view, but he was just as dependent on external sources as in his historical narratives . One of the most important role models was the world traveler and travel writer Friedrich Gerstäcker , who is known for his large media presence .

The stories

May began his adventure stories in the Münchmeyer-Blätter with the short series From the portfolio of a well-traveled man . According to Joachim Biermann and Josef Jaser , the "well- traveled man [...] was one of the ideas that accompanied him from the very beginning of his writing career." The first story assigned to the portfolio as a sample , Der Gitano , is already mentioned in the C. May repertory . This text is still set in Europe, namely in Spain , and for the first time has a first-person narrator. This was followed by Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief, the first story to be set in North America, which also contains the title hero, a forerunner of Winnetou . In both texts, however, the ego only takes the position of an observer. Only in Old Firehand , in which Winnetou also appears for the first time, does the ego actively intervene in the action. In the last adventure story of the first editorial time, Leïlet , May turned to the Orient for the first time. These last two texts already contain all the essential elements of May's travel novel. May already wove Arabic expressions into the text in the early narratives of the Orient , whereas Indian idioms are still missing in the narratives about North America. Since the use of Indian terms can only be proven from 1880 onwards, it is possible - despite all later attempts at interpretation - Winnetou and the other Indian figures carry fantasy names that May chose on the basis of the sound. Possibly by the rubric title Inspired from all times and zones , May expanded his geographical spectrum to the south to South Africa and to the east to the Pacific during the happy hours . In some cases, historical backgrounds or criminal motives are included. In this context, narratives or framework narratives appeared under pseudonyms , first-person narratives, however, under May's name, whereby in An Adventure on Ceylon the first-person narrator bears May's (anglicized) first name for the first time. With the last Happy Hour story, Nach Sibirien , as well as the later published Ein Dichter , May tried a colloquial spelling. According to Siegfried Augustin , the "articles in the" Happy Hours "[...] seem like a first, representative series of tests in the field of exotic tension literature" after the still modest series of experiments "From the portfolio of a well-traveled man" in order to determine favorable trends for his writing career . The diversity of his works “proves on the one hand how strongly May was attached to the specific range of literary forms of the entertaining and instructive family journal at the beginning of his writing career, but on the other hand also that he was searching - more tentatively than purposefully - for an individual style and an individual form of representation ”, says Jürgen Wehnert .

Among the adventure stories that followed, Winnetou and In the Far West should be highlighted: revisions of Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief and Old Firehand, respectively . May replaced Inn-nu-wo with Winnetou in the first text. Whether both figures were originally identical, as May wrote 35 years later, is controversial in May research. According to Werner Poppe, the "first stories [...] do not suggest an intention to further develop the figure of the Apatschen chief in a series of travel stories, but rather indicate that these were loose episodes without an overall plan." The end of the new narrative has a programmatic character and the presence of the first-person narrator is better motivated and is more suitable for initiating his trips to America. In In Far West , May has replaced Old Firehand's daughter, with whom the first-person narrator falls in love, with a son, thus eliminating the love story, eliminating a change from adventurous to married and family life. At the latest with such an arrangement, May could have thought in larger, programmatic contexts.

Differentiation from later early works

All of these adventurous stories appeared before May's first publication in the Deutsches Hausschatz in the spring of 1879 - only Ein Dichter afterwards. Two exceptions are the texts The Both Shatters and In the Far West . A print from the year 1881 is known of the former; however, the story is closer to earlier works such as Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief and Old Firehand than to May's contemporary Wild West stories, so that it was probably written around 1876/77 and either an earlier print exists or printing could not take place until long after it was written. The latter fate presumably happened to the story In the Far West , which was published in book form in autumn 1879 .

After May had submitted a third and fourth adventure story to Hausschatz , he received the offer to offer all of his works there first, after which it became his main publication for many years. Although the first Hausschatz stories that were published before the Orient cycle , i.e. up to the end of 1880, as well as the Tui Fanua , which was written at the same time, are also counted as early works, many of these texts are on the one hand revisions and extensions of the previous works ( see below ) and on the other hand, May took almost all of these texts later - more or less edited - in Carl May's collected travel novels (later Karl May's collected travel stories ). Of the adventure narratives dealt with here, only In the Far West and Vom Tode Erchter without intermediate stage - albeit with adjustments - found their way into the collected travel novels .

content

Of the 17 stories, nine are set in North America, three in North Africa and two on the European continent. The narrative perspective is dominated by an anonymous first-person narrator; however, there are also first-person narrators by name. The majority of the texts are early travel stories. Several well-known characters make their first appearance here, with Sir Raffley from The Africander not being identical to Sir John Raffley, and some characters already appearing, with Tim Summerland from Ein Self-man and those from A Poet each represent a different figure. The role biographies of the well-known characters differ in some cases: The ego and Winnetou are not yet the noble ideal characters of the later years ( see below ). Furthermore, the ego has a brother, Winnetou's murdered sister is not identical with Nscho-chi and Old Firehand dies at the end of his adventure. Some historical figures who appear also show deviations ( see below ). The most common plot elements include the rescue of a kidnapped woman (in one case there are children), assaults by Indians or white villains, and rescue from an oil fire or a big cat. Furthermore, the motif occurs that a figure appears to be smaller than it actually is due to its appearance.

Most of the narratives are structured episodically. The texts are often divided into two chapters with different locations, whereby the outcome of the first is only mentioned in a review in the second chapter. In addition to the entertainment, May tries to bring the readers closer to the regional and ethnographic peculiarities of the scenes. According to Claus Roxin , the early texts are characterized by a “tone of archaic savagery”: Both the bad and the good characters show a relatively high degree of cruelty such as careless killing or scalping . Enemies are warded off by fighting rather than by the use of intellectual methods, and Christian charity and the divine justice often sought after later are mostly lacking. In addition, some of the narratives do not end in a way that satisfies the reader, but rather that of conveying melancholy. May's positive attitude towards other “races” is already expressed in the first stories: It is less the Indians than above all the whites who are up to mischief in North America and - apart from The Both Shatters - incite the former to raids. In addition, there are several love relationships between whites and Indians or colored people and gypsies are valued and placed on an equal footing with non-gypsies. May also pillorys false piety and sometimes uses socially critical tones.

More details on the individual stories can be found in the following tables, which also contain known sources from which May drew for the respective text.

Early travel stories

title	Location	Action or motives	Well-known characters & personalities	Sources (without lexicons)
The Gitano	Spain	A tour group is captured by Carlist warriors during the Third Carlist War (1875).	only mentioned: Don Carlos , Dorregaray , General de Jovellar
Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief	North America	Rescuing a girl from a tiger on a steamship		Friedrich Gerstäcker: New Orleans (1846), N. N .: A dangerous shipmate (1875)
Winnetou	North America	like Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief	Winnetou	like in Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief
Old Firehand	North America	The first-person narrator saves Ellen , the daughter of Old Firehand and former love Winnetou, from an oil fire. He assists them in a railroad robbery and an Indian attack led by the murderer of Ellen's mother. (Love story)	Dick Stone , Old Firehand, Sam Hawkens , Swallow , Will Parker , Winnetou	Carl Beyschlag : The prairies. Experiences of a German Refugee (1859), Friedrich Gerstäcker: In der Prairie (1868), Friedrich Gerstäcker: Im Petrolium (1871), J. T. Irving : Indian Sketches (1838), Paul Margot : The Prisoners of the Apaches (1868), George Ruxton : Life in the Far West (1852)
In the far west	North America	like in Old Firehand but with son Harry instead of daughter Ellen and the love story is no longer applicable	like in Old Firehand	like in Old Firehand
The Both Shatters	North America	Indian attack on Winnetou's white relatives	Swallow; only mentioned: Winnetou	Ruxton: Life in the Far West
The oilprince	North America	Oil fire	Sam Hawkens	Gerstäcker: In the petrolium
The rose of Sokna	Orient	Rescuing a kidnapped woman		Alfred Brehm : Travel Sketches from North-East Africa (1853)
The gum	Orient	Rescue from a lion leads to rescue from a predator caravan		Brehm: Travel Sketches , Jules Gérard : Der Löwenjäger (1855), Gustav Rasch : To Algiers and the oases of Siban in the great Sahara desert (1866)
Leïlet	Orient	Kidnapping a woman from a harem, love story		Brehm: Travel Sketches , Alfred Brehm: A Rose of the Orient (1858), Wilhelm Hauff : Die Errettung Fatme (1826)
An adventure on Cylon	Indian Ocean	Rescuing a kidnapped woman	Charley	English East Indies. According to the best sources portrayed by a scholar's association (1858)

Other adventure tales

title	Location	Action or motives	Narrative perspective	Occurring personalities	Sources (without lexicons)
A poet	North America, Mexico	Rescue from dying of thirst, pursuit of a deceiver, love story	He-narrator		Fredéric Armand Strubberg : Seed and Harvest (1866)
A self-man	North America	Frame story, Indian attack, persecution of slave traders	First-person narrator	Abraham Lincoln , Canada Bill	J. Retcliffe (d. I. Wilhelm Schröter): Abraham Lincoln (1866)
Risen from death	North America	Exposing a criminal	He-narrator		Friedrich Gerstäcker: The Hospital on Mission Dolores (1869)
To Siberia	Russia	Chasing jewel thieves, crime story	He-narrator
The Africander	South Africa	Rescue of a kidnapped chief's daughter from a historic decisive battle (1840)	He-narrator	Panda , Dingaan , Pieter Uys	W. O. von Horn : The Booren Family von Klaarfontain (1855)
The revenge of Ehri	South seas	Salvation from Christian forced marriage	He-narrator		Friedrich Gerstäcker: The Girl from Eimeo (1868)

The original I and the original Winnetou

The ego in Der Gitano and Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief, is “neither a hero who determines what happens, nor is it placed on an equal footing with other actors; Rather, this I is involved in the events that only marginally affect it and, due to a lack of 'warlike skill', it reports, as it were, in a reporter-like manner and always ready to flee. ”At this point in time, the I had the civilized world, Spain or the lower reaches of the Mississippi , don't even leave. From Old Firehand onwards , the self is “a (albeit still young) hero who from that moment on proves to be a loyal and daring friend of his friends and a relentless enemy of his enemies”. It is clearly modeled on the later first-person hero Old Shatterhand, Kara Ben Nemsi or Charley, but it led an unhappy life until then, it still lacks charismatic traits, its intellect and high morals and also its worldview is different. This self shows coldness, it lets blood flow and speaks of the indigenous peoples as savages. On the other hand, there is a much more modest self-characteristic. The title From the Folder of a Well-Traveled Man , the recurrence of some characters and some hints in other texts suggests that the respective first-person narrators are identical.

May is said to have received the impetus for the innovation of the first-person hero from John Treat Irving's Indian sketches . "The overcoming of stressful tensions [meaning those that led to May's criminal acts] by the original (detour) path of a self-centered travelogue must have experienced May 1875 in" Old Firehand "as so healing that the [...] process a self-rescue from the fire has become the ritual archetype of an almost unmanageable series of essentially similar liberation acts, ”says Wehnert. Franz Kandolf explains that the ego and other good characters behave in a very inhuman way : “For May at that time it was about creating a secure position in life. He had to work, work feverishly! And it is understandable that in this struggle for existence the highest point of view could not be observed. May's first works are more focused on effect. An ethical tendency lies with him for the time being further [...] [The] life task of May to become the people's teacher by preaching the love of God and neighbor, is not yet clearly recognizable from his first writings. ”Share in the development of a savior had its Erzgebirge village stories . Another essential step in the further development took place in the narrative A poet about the hero Robert Forster, who already bears all the attributes of the later first-person hero and finds his role models in the multilingual scientists, world travelers and writers Johann Reinhold Forster and Georg Forster . Further developmental steps followed in the first Hausschatz stories, such as the introduction of the war name Old Shatterhand up to the completion of the first-person hero in the Orient cycle . Some of the early texts already suggest the author's life was full of adventure, and with the early Hausschatz story Deadly Dust (1880) May achieved an equation between the author and his character Old Shatterhand. The development to the ideal first-person hero was therefore also provoked by the fact that May was responsible for the deeds of his first-person hero and this therefore had to be able to stand up to Christian morality and public opinion. The equation of the first-person narrators and the identification with the author is, however, not without controversy.

First Winnetou illustration (1879)

While the first-person hero was perfected after five years, Winnetou only achieved it after twelve years in the youth story The Son of the Bear Hunter (1887). Until then, the original Winnetou and the later character had nothing in common apart from the name and a few character traits. Kandolf sums up the original Winnetou, as he appeared beyond the stories dealt with here until 1883, as follows: “In his outward appearance he is a half-naked, scalp-hung, war colors-painted savage and adorned with chief feathers, and so is his manners is that of a savage. He loves fighting for the sake of the fight, he collects scalps until shortly before his death [...] and he even managed to desecrate the grave of an enemy chief and scatter the bones to the wind. A mysterious darkness hovers over his past, and he wanders shyly and withdrawn as a loner through the prairies and the rocky mountains. He is a chief of the Apaches, but you never see him at the head of his tribal comrades. ”In addition, the original Winnetou is much older, but also less educated than the later figure. The friendship relationship with the self is quite cool and it is more of a teacher-student relationship. Of the stages of development, Winnetou had not yet reached the next most significant one in the texts dealt with here, which was shaped by May's study of Gabriel Ferry's novel The Ranger and which was only reached with Deadly Dust .

Source usage

Friedrich Gerstäcker: Source for North America and South Seas stories

Alfred Brehm: Source for the Orient narratives

On the one hand, Karl May used sources such as Pierer's Universal Lexikon , regional and ethnological works as well as travelogues or travel stories ( see above ) to reliably describe the locations in which his stories take place and to convey knowledge. He looked for the right details and left out places that seemed too much to him. According to Christian Heermann , May developed “remarkable skills in the use of relevant reference works […].” Travel reports or narratives have the advantage over lexica that the real situation is already linked to a (fictional) action. On the other hand, May also took motifs and subjects from his sources, since at that time, according to Ekkehard Koch, “he [had] not yet found his own way; In these first years he was already writing quickly and a lot, but his imagination still needed the stimulus to ignite, the germ to develop. So he took motifs wherever he found them. "The number of motifs adopted is relatively high, but they" were [...] merged by Karl May into a plot that each of his readers immediately recognizes as [May -] 'typical'. " so Andreas Graf after. Gabriele Wolff "(without his sources) May would not have become the success writer, as he had the greatest impact;. later he could do without the funds that had fed so long as his pictorial imagination"

The type of source utilization ranges from free replicas and complete redesigns to the montage of verbatim quotations to pure copying. In some cases, traces of copying were wiped out by changing the text or a preceding quote was intended to camouflage the following passages that were taken over literally. May's plagiarism becomes understandable because of the fact that he had to be able to write a lot and quickly in order to earn a living. The stories with a high proportion of clearly copied passages include Vom Tode erommen and Die Rache des Ehri , which go back to Gerstäcker texts. However, even in these extreme cases, May brings in enough of his own weighty contributions to be able to regard these texts as independent works, which critics such as Koch, Josef Höck & Thomas Ostwald and Graf even consider more fluent or more exciting than the original. "Where May has taken over entire passages of text, he is undoubtedly on the edge of what is reasonable," says Herbert Meier . In fact, May only exceeded this in the case of Ein Dichter , where he went beyond geographical or cultural-historical descriptions and effectively copied parts of the plot from Strubberg's Saat und Harvest . Augustin sees one reason for Mays doing, who was well aware of the importance of plagiarism, in his personal situation at the time of writing, which made it difficult to write down entertainment literature: May saw his laboriously built bourgeois existence about to end and he feared for the relationship with his girlfriend Emma Pollmer . Just one transcribed passage deals with the first meeting between a poet and the ideal writer's wife. "The paradoxical case here seems to be that plagiarism has an 'auto' biographical meaning," writes Augustin. For the description of the country and its people in his later works, May continues to rely on important ethnological works, but such plagiaristic takeovers are limited to the early work and can only be found in "vanishingly small amounts" in relation to the entire work.

Truthfulness

Since May was heavily dependent on his sources, on the one hand he took over their mistakes accordingly. On the other hand, some sources were now out of date, so that May's image of the Wild West seems antiquated and is in part anachronistic . In addition, the information he could get from his sources was limited. So he puzzled together foreign language expressions and larger numbers from the available material. Although he showed a lot of skill in dealing with foreign languages, there was some gibberish . If necessary, he would transfer foreign language terms to neighboring regions. Since the Indians are typified, the reader can learn little about individual tribes. Historical figures are also used more as accessories: the Canada Bill was - apart from the cheat - just as little a villain as the young Abraham Lincoln was an important adventurer - apart from the fact that their life dates do not match - and Pieter Uys had already died at the time of the plot . The political background and the contemporary mood against the Carlist, the style of Lincoln's speech or the historical core of Der Africander , on the other hand, are authentic . Overall, May relied on reliable sources and “factual […] inaccuracies that May made from time to time generally recede with further work; at least the milieu and motives gain credibility. "

criticism

With one exception, the early work does not stand up to a comparison with later works, because on the one hand the literary novice makes himself noticeable and on the other hand the texts were created under the high pressure of having to write a lot of text in a short time. Meier finds: "In May's early American and Oriental narratives [...] some things seem bumpy and unpolished, and we often miss the tension and comic situation of the later, experienced narrator" and Roxin criticizes: "The plot is pretty haphazard, the drawing of the characters undifferentiated." Roland Schmid emphasizes as positive, at least for the happy hours narratives: All "these little stories have an exciting, well-narrated plot that has a very dense atmosphere, at the same time" compact "." And agrees with Koch. Hermann Wohlgschaft praises the sharpness of the details and the authenticity of the spelling. It is to be criticized, however, that May did not proofread his stories. The numerous atrocities are also perceived as negative, but were quite common at the time.

The worst rated is Die Both Shatters , as they are "one of May's crudest and bloodthirsty stories he has ever written," content and characters are too similar to Old Firehand , and May repeatedly make mistakes with regard to Henry. However, the reason for the “juxtaposition of motif fragments [...] that seems to have been slashed uninspired” and the “fleeting and unconvincing characterization of the figures” is an editorial shortening. In contrast, Leïlet stands out, the quality of which is the only one that can be compared with later travel stories . After receiving this story for printing, Peter Rosegger wrote: “This story is written so ingeniously and excitingly that on the one hand I congratulate myself, on the other hand I have doubts whether the manuscript is also the original. [...] According to his [Mays] whole spelling, I consider him to be an experienced man who must have lived in the Orient for a long time. ” Wolfgang Hammer also considers the story to be“ not only an exciting, but also valuable novella ”. Their composition is particularly emphasized.

The revisions Winnetou and In the Far West are significantly improved compared to their original versions. However, not only did the brutality of the latter remain, but May also hardly changed the dialogues. As a result, the utterances of the ego that were originally addressed to a young woman are often inconsistent with an adolescent boy, and with the words of a young adult in his mouth Harry often appears “a little puffed up”.

Regarding the source evaluation, Roxin says: “Of course it is not to be blamed, but necessary and commendable that a travel writer should stick to the best possible sources.” Despite various shortcomings, the early adventure stories “already hint at the talent of the future travel narrator” and some of the works are lying around already well above the level of comparable texts in contemporary entertainment newspapers. It should also be emphasized that May treated gypsies and colored people, contrary to the prejudices of his time, as equal people.

Significance for later works

For May, who at that time was still trying out “different patterns of evasive tension literature ” and tried to make use of the recipes for success of popular adventure literature , his early works were an important “craft learning process”. According to Wehnert, “ Old Firehand already moves“ only formally in the tradition of the pure adventure novel [...]; In fact, he [May] established his very own narrative form. ”The other early works“ were groundbreaking for his [May] further work ”because:“ They gradually developed into a kind of construction kit, which May could use for travel stories years later that established its fame, knew how to use it skillfully ”, so Biermann & Jaser. Karl Guntermann describes the happy hours stories as the "program of future travel stories " and with Winnetou as the beginning of a series of further stories about the Apache chief, "suggests May's life's work", writes Koch. As a link between the early adventure stories and the classic traveler's tales and the popular fiction novels is a poet seen.

From 1879 May began to rework and expand his material from the happy hours and developed the concept of travel stories , which began in the portfolio of a well-traveled , into a classic form. It was these reworkings that established May's permanent connection to the German House Treasure . The early adventure stories and their revisions thus form the starting material for the later collected travel stories .

The following table shows in a simplified manner the relationships between the early adventure stories and later works, with some texts representing direct preliminary stages, while others merely took over significant plot motifs.

original version	New version or takeover of motif	Subsequent processing or utilization
Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief	Winnetou	The treasure in the silver lake (beginning)
Old Firehand	In the far west	Winnetou II (2nd half)
A self-man	Three carde monte	Old Surehand II (1st chapter)
Old Firehand / The Oil Prince
Risen from death
The gum	Under strangulation	in oranges and dates under the title Die Gum
The rose of Sokna
	A Liberation ( The Rose of Kaïrwan , Section 3)
An adventure on Cylon	The girl-robber	On the Pacific Ocean (Chapter 4)
The Africander	The Boer van het Roer ( German House Treasure Version )	Der Boer van het Roer ( On Stranger Paths - Version )
The revenge of Ehri	The Ehri	Tui Fanua
		On the Pacific Ocean (Chapter 1)
A poet	Deadly dust (beginning)	Winnetou III (1st half)
	The stake man ( The Rose of Kaïrwan , 2nd section)
To Siberia	The Brodnik (middle)	At the Pacific (Chapter 3)
Leïlet	Giölgeda padiśhanün (= beginning of the Orient cycle , 2nd chapter)	Through the desert and harem or through the desert
The Both Shatters	Winnetou I

Further small motifs taken over can be found in numerous travel and youth stories as well as colportage novels. Many well-known characters find their forerunners in these texts: Richard Forster ( A Poet ) as Old Shatterhand's predecessor has already been mentioned above . Further examples are the Arab servants and companions of the Orient tales as models for Hajji Halef Omar or Selim and Sir John Emery Walpole ( An Adventure on Cylon ) represents the archetype of the quirky British nobles Sir John Raffley, Sir David Lindsay , Lord Eagle-nest and Lord Castlepool . Some of the motifs in later works, which are now considered typical of May and which go back to the early texts, originally come from the sources May used in his early days. The first person is one of the main causes of the later Old Shatterhand legend.

bibliography

Some stories appeared under the pseudonyms M. Gisela , Emma Pollmer or Karl Hohenthal .

The following table shows the current numbers of the volume and the story from Karl May's Gesammelte Werken (titles may differ here), the title of the corresponding reprint of the Karl May Society, as well as the department and volume number of the historical-critical edition of Karl May's works (if already published).

title	year	Remarks	Karl May’s Collected Works	Reprints of the Karl May Society	Historical-critical edition
The Gitano	1875	First print in self-edited sheet	48 , 09	The observer on the Elbe	I.8
From the portfolio of a well-traveled man. No. 1. Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief	1875	First print in self-edited sheet	71 , 01	Old Firehand	I.8
From the portfolio of a well-traveled man. No. 2. Old Firehand	1875	First print in self-edited sheet	71.02	Old Firehand	I.8
Leïlet	1876	First print in self-edited sheet	71.03	Celebrations at the domestic flock	I.8
The oilprince	1877	possibly published before taking up the second editorial position	84 , 02	Happy hours	I.8
The gum	1877	possibly published before taking up the second editorial position	71.06	Happy hours	I.8
An adventure in Ceylon	1877	First print in self-edited sheet	84.11	Happy hours	I.8
A self-man	1877/78	First print in self-edited sheet	71.08	Happy hours	1.8
The Africander	1878	First print in self-edited sheet	71.09	Happy hours	1.8
Risen from death	1878	First print in self-edited sheet	84.04	Happy hours	I.8
The revenge of Ehri	1878	First print in self-edited sheet	71.10	Happy hours	I.8
To Siberia	1878	First print in self-edited sheet	48.10	Happy hours
Winnetou	1878	Revision of Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief	80 , 03	The Krumir	I.8
The rose of Sokna	1878	possibly before the gum emerged	71.04	The Krumir	I.8
A poet	1879		84.04	The forest king	I.9
In the far west	1879	Revision of Old Firehand , possibly. already available in 1877	89 , 01		(I.8 per list of variants)
The Both Shatters	1881	possibly already available in 1877	71.05	Old Firehand	I.9

Most of the novel On the Sea Caught (1877/78), in which Winnetou also appears, is similar to these early adventure stories .

Since, on the one hand, an earlier print of Die Both Shatters is suspected and, on the other hand, May refers to a Western man named the Lange Hilbers in Im "wilden Westen" Nordamerika's (1882/83) and in Ein Oelbrand (1883) who does not appear in any of his known works, other early adventure tales could have remained unrecognized or lost.

Book editions

The Far West was the only one of the texts to appear directly in book form in 1879 and was one of May's very first book publications. In addition to the title story, the volume also contains sagas and legends of the Mississisippi by Friedrich Carl von Wickede . In editions from 1889 onwards, the book and May's story bear the title Jenseits der Felsengebirge . A reprint of the first edition was published in 1975 by Karl May Verlag . Originally May had started to edit Old Firehand for inclusion in Winnetou II (1893) (manuscript reproduced in I.8), but then turned to In the Far West . The conversion from the original Winnetou to the noble Indian was not entirely successful. The narrative Vom Tode erahme , which had not previously been revised for the Deutsche Hausschatz , was integrated as an internal narrative in Old Surehand II (1985) and placed in the context of the Canada Bill.

A selection of the texts from Happy Hours was edited by third parties in 1893 or 1894 in the anthology Der Karawanenwürger . The following stories are included: The caravan strangler (=  The Gum ), In the wild west (=  A self-man ), A fight with pirates (unknown author), An adventure in South Africa (=  The Africander ), On board the swallow (=  A Adventure on Ceylon ), The Fire of the Oil Thale (=  The Oil Prince ) and The Vengeance of Ehri . This book was published during his lifetime under changing and parallel titles ( Memorable Adventures on Water and Land , In the Wild West , On the Prairie and Sigismund Rustig or The Shipwreck of the ›Pacific‹ ) with further and changing stories unrelated to May and z. Sometimes without an adventure in South Africa . A smaller selected volume appeared under the title From faraway zones or later as Assad Bei der Herdenwürger and contained The Caravan Strangler or with the new title Assad Bei, the Herdenwürger , An Adventure in South Africa and The Fire of the Oil Throat . The texts were edited by a third party: corrections and abbreviations, changing the narrative perspective to the narrator as well as omission of foreign language terms and geographical or historical introductions. May's relationship to this anthology is unclear. While the publication was supposedly legal, the editing of the texts was "almost certainly" unauthorized. The book was - despite its shortcomings - a bestseller, the circulation figures of which were comparable to those of the volumes of the Gesammelte Reiseerzählungen , although probably not even the publishers knew that the texts published under a pseudonym were also by May. A reprint of the first edition was published in 1987 by Karl May Verlag.

Old Firehand , Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief , Der Gitano and other May texts published by Münchmeyer were published by the new publisher Adalbert Fischer without authorization in the anthology Humoresken und Erzählungen (1902). An excerpt from the local Old Firehand appeared with further excerpts from May's Kolportageromanen in the same publisher in 1904 in Sunbeams from Karl May's Volksromanen , which was also not authorized.

Adaptations

Within the series Karl May's Gesammelte Werke , the anthology Halbblut contained the story Joe Burkers, the Einaug, until it was restructured in 1997 . This narrative had been compiled by a third party from The Both Shatters and Ein Oelbrand , with the self being rewritten as Old Firehand.

Winnetou was adapted once as an audio book , Old Firehand several times as a radio play. In contrast, the film Winnetou and his friend Old Firehand has nothing in common with the texts mentioned here.

literature

• Siegfried Augustin : Introduction . In: Karl May. Happy hours. Entertainment papers for everyone. Reprint of the Karl May Society , Hamburg 2000, pp. 7–36.
• Joachim Biermann, Josef Jaser: Editorial report . In: Karl May: From the portfolio of a well-traveled man. Adventure stories I . Karl May's works . Historical-critical edition for the Karl May Foundation , Volume I.8. Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg / Radebeul 2015, ISBN 978-3-7802-2007-3 , pp. 443-629.
• Andreas Graf: From oil and other sources. Texts by Friedrich Gerstäcker as models for Karl May's ›Old Firehand‹, ›Der Schatz im Silbersee‹ and ›Inn-nu-wo‹. In: Claus Roxin , Helmut Schmiedt , Hans Wollschläger (Eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1997 . Hansa Verlag, Husum 1997, ISBN 3-920421-71-X , pp. 331-360. ( Online version )
• Franz Kandolf : The future Winnetou . [ Compiled from Karl May yearbook essays, edited and provided with an afterword by Roland Schmid.] In: Karl May: Old Surehand III . Reprint of the first Freiburg edition. Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg 1983, ISBN 3-7802-0219-0 , pp. A9-A74.
• Christoph F. Lorenz: "A love that is eternally angry is devilish!" Karl May's discussion of God and man, evil, guilt and forgiveness in the early work - with an outlook on the philosophy of the later books , in: ders. ( Ed.): Between heaven and hell. Karl May und die Religion , Bamberg / Radebeul: Karl-May-Verlag 2003. Second, revised and expanded edition 2013, pp. 391–424.
• Herbert Meier: Introduction . In: Karl May. Smaller house treasure counts from 1878–1897. Reprint of the Karl May Society, Hamburg, and the Pustet bookshop, Regensburg 1982, pp. 4–44. ( Online version ; PDF; 34.8 MB)
• Hainer Plaul: Illustrated Karl May Bibliography . With the participation of Gerhard Klußmeier . Saur, Munich / London / New York / Paris 1989, ISBN 3-598-07258-9 .
• Hainer Plaul: Temporary editor. About Karl May's stay and activity from May 1874 to December 1877. In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte , Hans Wollschläger (eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1977. Hansa-Verlag, Hamburg 1977, ISBN 3-920421-32 -9 , pp. 114-217.
• Gert Ueding (Ed.): Karl May Handbook . Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg ² 2001. ISBN 3-8260-1813-3 . (Some texts are dealt with under the title of the later versions.)
• Jürgen Wehnert: ... and I the only living being in this wilderness. On the innovation of the first-person hero in Karl May. In: Heinz Ludwig Arnold (Ed.): Text + Criticism Special Volume Karl May. Edition text + kritik, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-88377-180-5 , pp. 5–38.
• In the under bibliography mentioned reprints of Karl May society more work items found.

Web links

• Digital reprints on the Karl May Society website
• List of entries in the Karl May Wiki

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Dieter Sudhoff , Hans-Dieter Steinmetz: Karl May Chronicle I . Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg / Radebeul 2005, ISBN 3-7802-0170-4 . Pp. 131-134, 140.
2. ^ Christian Heermann: Winnetou's blood brother. Karl May biography. Second, revised and expanded edition. Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg / Radebeul 2012, ISBN 978-3-7802-0161-4 . P. 100 f.
3. ↑ Karl May: My life and striving. Volume 1. Verlag Friedrich Ernst Fehsenfeld, Freiburg i. Br. O. J. (1910). P. 136. ( online version )
4. ↑ Erich Wulffen: Karl May's Inferno. A criminal psychological biography. With unknown materials & letters from Erich Wulffen, Klara May and Euchar Albrecht Schmid , edited and commented by Albrecht Götz von Olenhusen and Jürgen Seul . Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg / Radebeul 2017, ISBN 978-3-7802-0561-2 . P. 98.
5. ^ E. Wulffen: Karl May's Inferno. 2017, p. 181 ff.
6. ↑ Heinz Stolte: My name is Wadenbach. On the identity problem with Karl May. In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte, Hans Wollschläger (eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1978 . Hansa-Verlag, Hamburg 1977, ISBN 3-920421-33-7 , pp. 37-59 (37-43). ( Online version )
7. ↑ H. Stolte: My name is Wadenbach . 1978, p. 37.
8. ↑ K. May: My life and striving . 1910, p. 99 f.
9. ^ Ulrich Schmid: The work of Karl May 1895-1905. Narrative structures and editorial findings. Materials for Karl May Research, Volume 12. Verlag Heimat- und Volkskunde (KMG-Presse), Ubstadt 1989, ISBN 3-921983-17-7 . P. 19. ( online version )
10. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 445.
11. ↑ D. Sudhoff, H.-D. Steinmetz: Karl May Chronicle I . 2005, p. 229.
12. ↑ Martin Lowsky: Karl May (Realien zur Literatur, Vol. 231). J. B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung and Carl Ernst Poeschel Verlag GmbH, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-476-10231-9 . P. 38 ff.
13. ^ Michael Petzel, Jürgen Wehnert: The new lexicon around Karl May. Lexicon Imprint Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-89602-509-0 . P. 8.
14. ^ Christoph F. Lorenz: sovereign and smuggler prince. A review treatise on the stories of Karl May in the magazine "For All World" (= "All-Germany") in the years 1879 and 1880 . In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte, Hans Wollschläger (eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1981. Hansa Verlag, Hamburg 1981, ISBN 3-920421-38-8 , pp. 360–374 (362). ( Online version )
15. ^ Hans-Dieter Steinmetz & Dieter Barth: Lesson book and school revision report. On two documents from Karl May's work as a factory school teacher. In: Claus Roxin, Helmut Schmiedt, Hans Wollschläger (eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1999 . Hansa Verlag, Husum 1999, ISBN 3-92042175-2 . P. 23 f. ( Online version )
16. ↑ D. Sudhoff, & H.-D. Steinmetz: Karl May Chronicle I . 2005, pp. 110-120.
17. ↑ M. Lowsky: Karl May . 1987, p. 40.
18. ↑ M. Petzel, J. Wehnert: Lexicon . 2002, p. 8.
19. ↑ A. Graf: From oil and other sources . 1997, p. 334 f.
20. ^ H. Plaul: Editor for a time. 1977, p. 162 f.
21. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 572.
22. ↑ Ekkehard Koch: The "Canada Bill". Variations of a motif in Karl May. In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte, Hans Wollschläger (Hrsg.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1976 . Hansa-Verlag, Hamburg 1976, ISBN 3-920421-31-0 , pp. 29-46 (29 ff.). ( Online version )
23. ^ H. Plaul: Temporary editor . 1977, p. 167 f.
24. ^ Joachim Biermann, Wilhelm Vinzenz: Notes on ›Inn-nu-wo‹ and New Orleans . In: Communications of the Karl May Society No. 150/2006, pp. 29–35 (29 f.). ( Online version )
25. ↑ Herbert Meier: Karl May and Jules Gérard, the ›lion slayers‹ . In: Claus Roxin, Helmut Schmiedt, Hans Wollschläger (eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1993 . Hansa Verlag, Husum 1993, ISBN 3-920421-65-5 , pp. 191-228 (204 ff.). ( Online version )
26. ↑ Christoph F. Lorenz: Introduction . In: Karl May. The observer on the Elbe. Reprint of the Karl May Society, Hamburg 1996, pp. 5-11 (9).
27. ↑ K. May: My life and striving . 1910, p. 72 ff.
28. ↑ Rainer Jeglin: From apples and pears, oranges and dates - about ways to compare Karl May with others. In: Communications of the Karl May Society No. 55/1983, pp. 3–8 (6). ( Online version ).
29. ↑ A. Graf: From oil and other sources . 1997, p. 341.
30. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 447.
31. ^ H. Plaul: Editor for a time . 1977, p. 165 f.
32. ^ Karl May: Repertory C. May . In: Karl May: Old Shatterhand in the home . Karl May's Collected Works , Volume 79. Karl May Verlag, Bamberg / Radebeul 1997, ISBN 978-3-7802-0079-2 , pp. 272-288 (272).
33. ^ H. Plaul: Editor for a time . 1977, p. 163.
34. ↑ Joachim Biermann: [article on] Inn-nu-wo, the Indian chief . In: G. Ueding: Karl May Handbook . 2001, p. 397 ff.
35. ^ H. Plaul: Editor for a time . 1977, pp. 163, 168.
36. ^ H. Plaul: Editor for a time . 1977, p. 168.
37. ^ H. Plaul: Editor for a time . 1977, p. 175.
38. ↑ J. Wehnert: ... and I the only living being in this wilderness . 1987, p. 9.
39. ^ H. Plaul: Editor for a time . 1977, p. 175.
40. ^ Franz Kandolf: How yearbook essays are made. In: Roland Schmid, Thomas Ostwald (Eds.): Karl-May-Jahrbuch 1979 . Karl May Verlag, Bamberg / Verlag A. Graff, Braunschweig 1979, ISBN 3-7802-0379-0 , pp. 54-63 (56 f.).
41. ↑ Werner Poppe: "Winnetou". A name and its sources. In: Claus Roxin (ed.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1972/73 . Hansa-Verlag, Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-920421-17-5 , pp. 248-253. ( Online version )
42. ↑ Jürgen Dörner, Wolfgang Dörner: On the interpretation of the name Winnetou . In: Mitteilungen der Karl-May-Gesellschaft No. 24/1975, p. 37. ( online version ).
43. ^ H. Plaul: Editor for a time . 1977, p. 169 f.
44. ↑ S. Augustin: Introduction . 2000, p. 23.
45. ↑ H. Plaul: Karl May Bibliography . 1989.
46. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 564.
47. ↑ Joachim Biermann: [Work article on] To Siberia . In: G. Ueding: Karl May Handbook . 2001, p. 400.
48. ^ Ch. F. Lorenz: sovereign and smuggler prince . 1981, p. 373.
49. ↑ S. Augustin: Introduction . 2000, p. 23.
50. ^ Siegfried Augustin: Introduction. In: Karl May. Celebrations at the domestic flock . Reprint of the Karl May Society, Hamburg 1994, pp. 3-32 (4).
51. ↑ J. Wehnert: ... and I the only living being in this wilderness . 1987, p. 26 f.
52. ↑ Ekkehard Bartsch: "I immediately started with" Winnetou "..." On the rediscovery of an unknown early Karl May text. In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte, Hans Wollschläger (Eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1980 . Hansa-Verlag, Hamburg 1980, ISBN 3-920-421-37-X , pp. 189-192. ( Online version )
53. ^ Roland Schmid: Afterword by the editor. In: Karl May: In the far west. Reprint of the first book edition from 1979 with all pictures of the first and later editions and an afterword on the history of the work. Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg 1975, ISBN 3-7802-0271-9 , pp. 196-200.
54. ↑ K. May: My life and striving . 1910, p. 185.
55. ^ W. Poppe: "Winnetou". A name and its sources . 1972, p. 250.
56. ↑ J. Dörner, W. Dörner: To the interpretation of the name Winnetou . 1975, p. 37.
57. ^ H. Plaul: Editor for a time . 1977, p. 170.
58. ^ Ekkehard Koch: [article on] Winnetou. A travel memory . In: Karl May: The Krumir. Rare original texts. Volume 1. Reprint of the Karl May Society, Hamburg 1985, p. 180 f.
59. ↑ Jürgen Pinnow: News about Inn-nu-wo, Winnetou (Great Spirit) and other Indian proper names from Karl May's early work (= Indian languages ​​in Karl May III) . Special issue of the Karl May Society No. 95/1993. ( Online version )
60. ^ W. Poppe: "Winnetou". A name and its sources . 1972, p. 249.
61. ↑ Hartmut Kühne: The May stories in the "German Family Gazette" . In: Karl May: Old Firehand. Rare original texts Volume 3. Reprint of the Karl May Society, Hamburg 2003, pp. 9–24 (12).
62. ↑ Martin Lowsky: About the transformation of the image of women in May's work (I) . In: Communications from the Karl May Society No. 19/1974, pp. 4–8. ( Online version ).
63. ↑ H. Kühne: The May stories in the "German Family Gazette" . 2003, p. 12.
64. ↑ H. Plaul: Karl May Bibliography . 1989.
65. ↑ Hartmut Kühne: Karl May's "Oil Brandy". In: Claus Roxin (Ed.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1970 . Hansa-Verlag, Hamburg 1970, pp. 258-262 (260). ( Online version )
66. ↑ Peter Krauskopf: Karl May and the magazine "For all the world!" In: Karl May: Old Firehand. Rare original texts Volume 3. Reprint of the Karl May Society, Hamburg 2003, pp. 251-259 (257).
67. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A65.
68. ^ Roland Schmid: Afterword . In: Karl May: Old Firehand . Karl May's Collected Works , Volume 71. Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg 1967, ISBN 3-7802-0071-6 . P. 422.
69. ↑ Hartmut Kühne: [article on] The rose of Sokna . In: Karl May: The Krumir. Rare original texts Volume 1 . Reprint of the Karl May Society, Hamburg 1985, pp. 96–98.
70. ↑ Alfred Schneider: "... our souls have a lot in common!" On the relationship between Peter Rosegger and Karl May. In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte, Hans Wollschläger (Hrsg.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1975 . Hansa-Verlag, Hamburg 1975, ISBN 3-920421-29-9 . Pp. 227-242 (228 f.). ( Online version )
71. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 474.
72. ^ Roland Schmid: Appendix to the reprint edition . In: Karl May: On foreign paths. Reprint of the first book edition from 1897 . Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg 1984, ISBN 978-3-7802-0623-7 . P. A6
73. ^ Euchar Albrecht Schmid, [Christoph F. Lorenz, Ekkehard Bartsch]: Shape and Idea . In: Karl May: "I". Karl May's life and work. Karl May's Collected Works , Volume 34, 39th edition. Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg 1992, ISBN 3-7802-0034-1 . Pp. 369-376.
74. ↑ Erwin Koppen, Helmut Lieblang: [Work article on] Am Stillen Ocean . In: G. Ueding: Karl May Handbook . 2001, pp. 188-192.
75. ↑ D. Sudhoff, H.-D. Steinmetz: Karl May Chronicle I . 2005, p. 265.
76. ↑ H. Plaul: Karl May Bibliography . 1989.
77. ↑ Bernhard Kosciuszko: The new large Karl May figure lexicon. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin ³2000, ISBN 3-8960-2244-X . P. 387 f. ( Online version of the 2nd edition )
78. ↑ B. Kosciuszko: Karl May figure lexicon . 2000, p. 464.
79. ↑ H. Kühne: The May stories in the "German Family Gazette" . 2003, p. 17.
80. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 567.
81. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, p. 15.
82. ↑ Claus Roxin: Introduction to "The Scout" / "Deadly Dust" . In: Karl May. The Scout - Deadly Dust - Ave Maria. Reprint of the Karl May Society, Hamburg ²1997, pp. 7-11 (9).
83. ↑ Helmut Schmiedt: [article on] Winnetou I – III . In: G. Ueding: Karl May Handbook . 2001, pp. 174-183 (179).
84. ↑ Christoph F. Lorenz: [Afterword to] An adventure on Ceylon. In: Karl May: The Bowie Pater . Karl May's Collected Works , Volume 84. Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg / Radebeul 2003, ISBN 3-7802-0084-8 . P. 408.
85. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, p. 5.
86. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, p. 5.
87. ^ E. Koch: The "Canada Bill" . 1976, p. 38.
88. ↑ Eckehard Koch: "The Gitano is a hunted dog". Karl May and the Gypsies. In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte, Hans Wollschläger (Eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1989 . Hansa Verlag, Husum 1989, ISBN 3-920421-56-6 . Pp. 178-229 (187). ( Online version )
89. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, p. 25.
90. ^ H. Plaul: Editor for a time . 1977, p. 175.
91. ↑ A. Graf: From oil and other sources . 1997, p. 354 f.
92. ↑ J. Biermann: Addendum to a possible source of ›Inn-nu-wo‹ . In: Communications from the Karl May Society No. 151/2007, pp. 42–45. ( Online version )
93. ↑ Ruprecht Gammler doubts the status as a love story: Old Firehand is a "funny and at the same time typical example of the man's phantasy of fear that emerged in the early phase of women's emancipation ". (Ruprecht Gammler: Editor's Appendix . In: Karl May: Old Firehand. Rare Original Texts Volume 3. Reprint of the Karl May Society, Hamburg 2003, pp. 25-27.)
94. ^ H. Schmiedt: Winnetou I – III . 2001, p. 178.
95. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 466.
96. ↑ J. Wehnert: ... and I the only living being in this wilderness . 1987, p. 12.
97. ↑ J. Wehnert: ... and I the only living being in this wilderness . 1987, p. 24 f.
98. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 466.
99. ↑ H. Schmiedt, Winnetou I – III , p. 178.
100. ↑ P. Krauskopf: Karl May and the magazine "For all the world!" . 2003, pp. 251-259.
101. ↑ Not to be confused with May's youth story of the same name, Der Ölprinz .
102. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 464.
103. ↑ Helmut Lieblang: "The owner of this Buiruldu ..." Alfred Edmund Brehm's Orient in Karl May's early work. In: Claus Roxin, Helmut Schmiedt, Hans Wollschläger (Eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1997 . Hansa Verlag, Husum 1997, ISBN 3-920421-71-X , pp. 232-271 (234. f.). ( Online version )
104. ↑ H. Lieblang: "The owner of this Buiruldu ..." . 1997, p. 234 f.
105. ^ H. Meier: Karl May and Jules Gérard . 1993, pp. 191-228.
106. ↑ Woiciech Kunicki: Gustav Rasch - without Karl May he would be forgotten. In: Communications from the Karl May Society No. 61/1984, pp. 17–23. ( Online version )
107. ↑ Wolfgang Hammer: Karl May's novella ›Leilet‹ as an example of his use of sources. In: Claus Roxin, Helmut Schmiedt, Hans Wollschläger (Hrsg.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1996 . Hansa-Verlag, Husum 1996, ISBN 3-920421-70-1 , pp. 205-230 (205). ( Online version ).
108. ↑ Bernhard Kosciusko: 'Leilet' - 'A Rose of the Orient'. In: Communications from the Karl May Society No. 63/1985, pp. 26–29. ( Online version )
109. ^ W. Hammer: Karl May's novella ›Leilet‹ . 1996, p. 205
110. ^ Helmut Lieblang: English East Indies. According to the best sources portrayed by an association scholar. - A source from Karl May. In: Communications from the Karl May Society No. 108/1996, pp. 36–41. ( Online version ).
111. ^ Siegfried Augustin: Armands Saat and Karl May's harvest. In: Communications from the Karl May Society No. 53/1982, pp. 15–26. ( Online version ).
112. ↑ The framework must be considered by the reader. (E. Koch: The "Canada Bill" . 1976, p. 36.)
113. ↑ Rudi Schweikert: Pocahontas becomes Tim Summerland. J. Retcliffe's historical novel ›Abraham Lincoln‹ as a source for A Self-man. With a reference to Allan Pinkerton's ›Canada Bill‹ sign. In: Rudi Schweikert: »Assembled through own ingenuity«. Studies of Karl May's working method from twenty-five years. Materials on the work of Karl May's volume 8. Hansa Verlag Ingwert Paulsen jr., Husum 2017, ISBN 978-3-941629-20-2 , pp. 29–55.
114. ^ Josef Höck, Thomas Ostwald: Karl May and Friedrich Gerstäcker . In: Roland Schmid & Thomas Ostwald (eds.): Karl-May-Jahrbuch 1979 . Karl May Verlag, Bamberg / Verlag A. Graff, Braunschweig 1979, ISBN 3-7802-0379-0 , pp. 143-188 (145-162).
115. ↑ Ekkehard Koch: The way to the "Kafferngrab". On the historical and contemporary background of Karl May's South Africa stories. In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte, Hans Wollschläger (eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1981 . Hansa-Verlag, Hamburg 1981, ISBN 3-920421-38-8 , pp. 136-165 (151 f.). ( Online version )
116. ↑ Alfons Stenzel: WO Horn, a literary source Mays In: Mitteilungen der Karl-May-Gesellschaft No. 34/1977, pp. 18-19. ( Online version )
117. ^ J. Höck, T. Ostwald: Karl May and Friedrich Gerstäcker . 1979, pp. 168-177.
118. ↑ J. Wehnert: ... and I the only living being in this wilderness . 1987, p. 9.
119. ↑ J. Wehnert: ... and I the only living being in this wilderness . 1987, p. 9. Original brackets.
120. ↑ Ch. F. Lorenz: An adventure on Ceylon . 2003, p. 409.
121. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 467.
122. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A47 f.
123. ^ H. Kühne: Karl May's "Oil Brandy" . 1970, p. 261.
124. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 557 f.
125. ↑ J. Wehnert: ... and I the only living being in this wilderness . 1987, pp. 29-32.
126. ↑ J. Wehnert: ... and I the only living being in this wilderness . 1987, p. 32. Original round brackets
127. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A23 f.
128. ↑ Rainer Jeglin: God angels rebel and missionary. Notes on the rescue style in Karl May. Special issue of the Karl May Society No. 24/1980. Pp. 1-56. ( Online version )
129. ^ Herbert Meier: Foreword . In: Karl May: The Forest King. Stories from the years 1879 and 1880. Reprint of the Karl May Society, Hamburg 1980. pp. 3–16 (8).
130. ↑ Rudi Schweikert: Choosing a name (1): Forster and Sternau. Investigations into Karl May's character names. In: Communications from the Karl May Society No. 124/2000, pp. 23–28. ( Online version ).
131. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A49.
132. ↑ Walther Ilmer: Through the Saxon desert to the Ore Mountains Balkans. Karl May's first great literary foray into his mistakes. In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte, Hans Wollschläger (eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1982 . Hansa-Verlag, Husum 1982, ISBN 3-920421-42-6 , pp. 97-130 (102). ( Online version )
133. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A44.
134. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A49 f.
135. ^ Wilhelm Brauneder: The different I variants in Karl May . In: Michael Rudloff, Karl Schäfer, Albrecht Götz von Olenhusen (eds.): “Me? Yes, me! ”How Karl May invented himself. Special issue of the Karl May Society No. 156/2017, pp. 87–98.
136. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A59 f.
137. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A57.
138. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A56.
139. ↑ E. Bartsch: »I immediately started with" Winnetou "...« . 1980, pp. 189-192.
140. ↑ H. Kühne: The May stories in the "German Family Gazette" . 2003, p. 15.
141. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A12.
142. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, pp. A16, A67.
143. ↑ Rudi Schweikert: 'The Ehri' and the 'Pierer'. On Karl May's practice of using the lexicon. In: Communications from the Karl May Society No. 99/1994, pp. 39–48. ( Online version ).
144. ↑ Rudi Schweikert: 'The Boer van het Roer' and the “Pierer”. Karl May runs his finger along the lines of the lexicon, copies and imagines one. In: Communications from the Karl May Society No. 103/1995, pp. 28–36. ( Online version ).
145. ↑ Helmut Lieblang: From the »Pierer«. A source for Karl May's ›From death erupted‹. In: Communications of the Karl May Society No. 115/1998, pp. 22–23. ( Online version ).
146. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 564.
147. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, p. 20.
148. ↑ R. Schweikert: 'The Boer van het Roer' and the “Pierer” . 1995, p. 32.
149. ↑ Ch. Heermann: Winnetou's blood brother . 2012, p. 147 f.
150. ↑ A. Graf: Von Öl- and other sources , p. 332.
151. ^ E. Koch: The "Canada Bill" . 1976, p. 36 f.
152. ↑ A. Graf: From oil and other sources . 1997, p. 355.
153. ^ Gabriele Wolff: George Catlin: The Indians of North America. - The material of the dream. In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte, Hans Wollschläger (Hrsg.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1985 . Hansa Verlag, Husum 1985, ISBN 3-920421-48-5 , pp. 348-363 (363). ( Online version )
154. ^ Claus Roxin: Karl May's ›Freistatt‹ article. A literary feud. In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte, Hans Wollschläger (eds.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1976 . Hansa-Verlag, Hamburg 1976, ISBN 3-920421-31-0 . Pp. 215-229 (221). ( Online version )
155. ↑ R. Schweikert: 'The Ehri' and the 'Pierer' . 1994, p. 45.
156. ↑ R. Schweikert: 'The Boer van het Roer' and the “Pierer” . 1995, p. 33.
157. ↑ A. Graf: From oil and other sources . 1997, p. 334.
158. ^ J. Höck, T. Ostwald: Karl May and Friedrich Gerstäcker . P. 162.
159. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, p. 20.
160. ^ E. Koch: The "Canada Bill" . 1976, p. 37 f.
161. ^ J. Höck, T. Ostwald: Karl May and Friedrich Gerstäcker . 1979, pp. 143-188.
162. ^ J. Höck, T. Ostwald: Karl May and Friedrich Gerstäcker . 1979, pp. 162, 178.
163. ↑ A. Graf: From oil and other sources . 1997, p. 354 f.
164. ↑ E. Koch, The "Canada Bill" . 1976, p. 36 f.
165. ^ J. Höck, T. Ostwald: Karl May and Friedrich Gerstäcker . 1979, p. 162.
166. ↑ A. Graf: From oil and other sources . 1997, p. 339.
167. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, p. 20.
168. ↑ S. Augustin: Armands Saat and Karl May's harvest . 1982, p. 23.
169. ↑ Karl May: Mailbox . In: Schacht und Hütte , 1st year, 1875, issue 44, p. 352. ( online version )
170. ↑ S. Augustin: Armands Saat and Karl May's harvest . 1982, p. 23 f.
171. ^ C. Roxin: Karl May's ›Freistatt‹ article . 1976, p. 221.
172. ^ Hermann Wohlgschaft: Karl May - Life and Work. 3 volumes. Bookstore , Bargfeld 2005, ISBN 3-930713-93-4 . P. 105.
173. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, p. 20.
174. ^ W. Kunicki: Gustav Rasch - without Karl May he would be forgotten . 1984, p. 18.
175. ↑ P. Krauskopf: Karl May and the magazine "For all the world!" . 2003, p. 259.
176. ↑ R. Schweikert: 'The Boer van het Roer' and the “Pierer” . 1995, p. 35.
177. ↑ Helmut Lieblang: "See this Darb, Sihdi ..." Karl May on the trail of Count d'Escayrac de Lauture. In: Claus Roxin, Helmut Schmiedt, Hans Wollschläger (Hrsg.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1996 . Hansa Verlag, Husum 1996, ISBN 3-920421-70-1 , pp. 132-204 (176-181). ( Online version )
178. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 564.
179. ^ E. Koch: The "Canada Bill" . 1976, p. 37.
180. ^ E. Koch: The "Canada Bill" . 1976, p. 32 f.
181. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 568.
182. ↑ E. Koch: The way to the "Kafferngrab" . 1981, p. 152.
183. ^ H. Wohlgschaft: Karl May - Life and Work . 2005, p. 408.
184. ↑ E. Koch: The Gitano is a hunted dog . 1989, p. 182.
185. ^ E. Koch: The "Canada Bill" . 1976, p. 35.
186. ↑ E. Koch: The way to the "Kafferngrab". 1981, pp. 145, 152.
187. ^ Claus Roxin: Karl May's ›Freistatt‹ article . 1976, p. 221.
188. ^ H. Meier: Karl May and Jules Gérard . 1993, p. 191.
189. ↑ A. Graf: Von Öl- and other sources , p. 332.
190. ↑ Ch. Heermann: Winnetou's blood brother . 2012, p. 148.
191. ↑ Hans Wollschläger: Karl May - outline of a broken life - interpretation of personality and work - criticism . VEB Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1989, ISBN 3-364-00168-5 . P. 46.
192. ^ E. Koch: The "Canada Bill" . 1976, p. 36.
193. ↑ E. Bartsch: »I immediately started with" Winnetou "...« . 1980, p. 191.
194. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, p. 24.
195. ^ Roland Schmid: Epilogue to the reprint edition . In: Karl May: The caravan strangler . Reprint of the first book edition from 1894. Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg 1987, ISBN 3-7802-0269-7 . S. N37.
196. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, p. 5
197. ^ Claus Roxin: [Work article on] Old Surehand I – III . In: G. Ueding: Karl May Handbook . 2001, p. 205.
198. ^ R. Schmid: Epilogue to the reprint edition . 1987, p. N37.
199. ^ E. Koch: The "Canada Bill" . 1976, p. 36.
200. ^ H. Wohlgschaft: Karl May - Life and Work . 2005, p. 447.
201. ^ R. Schmid: Epilogue to the reprint edition . 1987, p. N23.
202. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A42.
203. ^ R. Schmid: Afterword by the editor . 1975, p. 196.
204. ↑ C. Roxin: Old Surehand I – III . 2001, p. 205.
205. ^ H. Wohlgschaft: Karl May - Life and Work . 2005, p. 490.
206. ↑ Rudi Schweikert: Deadly dust - third and fourth chapters by Karl May and W. F. A. Zimmermann. The novel ›California and the Gold Fever‹ compared with May's story. In: R. Schweikert: "Assembled through own ingenuity". 2017, pp. 57-131 (125).
207. ↑ P. Krauskopf: Karl May and the magazine "For all the world!" 2003, p. 251.
208. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A36.
209. ↑ Hartmut Schmidt: A strange Henrystutzen. In: Communications from the Karl May Society No. 36/1978, pp. 40–41. ( Online version ).
210. ↑ P. Krauskopf: Karl May and the magazine "For all the world!" . 2003, p. 258.
211. ^ W. Hammer: Karl May's novella ›Leilet‹ . 1996, p. 225.
212. ↑ Peter Rosegger. Letter to Robert Hamerling dated July 12, 1977. Quoted from: Alfred Schneider: "... our souls have a lot in common!" On the relationship between Peter Rosegger and Karl May. In: Claus Roxin, Heinz Stolte, Hans Wollschläger (Hrsg.): Yearbook of the Karl May Society 1975 . Hansa-Verlag, Hamburg 1975, ISBN 3-920421-29-9 . Pp. 227-242 (228). ( Online version )
213. ^ W. Hammer: Karl May's novella ›Leilet‹ . 1996, p. 225.
214. ↑ S. Augustin: Introduction. 1994, p. 4.
215. ^ W. Hammer: Karl May's novella ›Leilet‹ . 1996, pp. 212, 225.
216. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, pp. 475, 596.
217. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A14.
218. ^ R. Schmid: Afterword by the editor . 1987, p. 196.
219. ^ C. Roxin: Karl May's ›Freistatt‹ article . 1976, p. 221.
220. ^ Karl Guntermann: Bibliographical Notes. New episode: ›In the Wild West‹ . In: Communications of the Karl May Society No. 45/1980, pp. 26–32 (28). ( Online version ).
221. ↑ E. Koch: The Gitano is a hunted dog . 1989, p. 179.
222. ↑ Ch. F. Lorenz: Introduction . 1996, p. 7.
223. ↑ R. Jeglin: Of apples and pears . 1983, p. 6.
224. ↑ S. Augustin: Armands Saat and Karl May's harvest . 1982, p. 25.
225. ^ W. Ilmer: Through the Saxon desert to the Ore Mountains Balkans . 1982, p. 103.
226. ↑ J. Wehnert: ... and I the only living being in this wilderness . 1987, p. 10.
227. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 445.
228. ↑ K. Guntermann: Bibliographical Notes. 1980, p. 28.
229. ↑ E. Koch: Winnetou . 1985. p. 180 f.
230. ↑ Hansotto Hatzig: Letter to Siegfried Augustin from January 6, 1982. Quoted from: S. Augustin: Armands Saat and Karl May's harvest . 1982, p. 25.
231. ↑ P. Krauskopf: Karl May and the magazine "For all the world!" . 2003, p. 255.
232. ^ R. Schmid: Appendix to the reprint edition . 1984, p. A6
233. ^ R. Schmid: Epilogue to the reprint edition . 1987, p. N16
234. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, p. 5.
235. ^ R. Schmid: Appendix to the reprint edition . 1984, pp. A2-A5.
236. ↑ The exact relationship with each other or a common version as the basis for three carde monte is discussed. (J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial Report . 2015, p. 464 f., 544 f.)
237. ^ Klaus Eggers: [article on] Ein Dichter . In: G. Ueding: Karl May Handbook . 2001, p. 401.
238. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A42 f.
239. ^ H. Meier: Foreword . 1980, p. 8.
240. ↑ H. Meier: Introduction . 1982, pp. 12-15.
241. ^ H. Wohlgschaft: Karl May - Life and Work . 2005, p. 513.
242. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, pp. 558, 563, 607.
243. ↑ A. Graf: From oil and other sources . 1997, p. 355.
244. ↑ Brauneder: The different I variants in Karl May. 2017, p. 87.
245. ↑ H. Plaul: Karl May Bibliography . 1989.
246. ↑ Dating of the Happy Hour texts according to S. Augustin: Introduction . 2000, p. 22. Information on other texts from H. Plaul: Karl-May-Bibliographie . 1989.
247. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 544.
248. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 557.
249. ^ H. Kühne: The rose of Sokna . 1985, p. 96 f.
250. ^ H. Kühne: Karl May's "Oil Brandy". 1970, p. 260 f.
251. ↑ D. Sudhoff, H.-D Steinmetz: Karl May Chronicle I . 2005, p. 256.
252. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 471 f.
253. ↑ F. Kandolf: The becoming Winnetou . 1983, p. A14.
254. ^ R. Schmid: Epilogue to the reprint edition . 1987, pp. N1-N12.
255. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, pp. 587-595.
256. ^ R. Schmid: Epilogue to the reprint edition . 1987, pp. N22-N33.
257. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 586 f.
258. ↑ K. Guntermann: Bibliographical Notes . 1980, p. 30.
259. ^ Karl Guntermann: Bibliographical Notes. New episode: Renald and Rahel “Under Strangles” . In: Communications from the Karl May Society No. 52/1982, pp. 29–33 (30). ( Online version ).
260. ^ J. Biermann, J. Jaser: Editorial report . 2015, p. 454.
261. ↑ Karl May: A trash publisher. Private printing. Printed by Alvin Risse , Dresden 1905. p. 406. ( Online version ( Memento of the original from January 7, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ) 
262. ↑ Audio play database , accessed on January 24, 2017.