List of countries by year of television introduction

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World map colored after the decade in which the first regular television channel was founded

1930 to 1939

1940 to 1949

1950 to 1959

1960 to 1969

1970 to 1979

1980 to 1989

1990 to 1999

After 2000

Not a regular TV channel

No data

The year of television introduction cannot be precisely determined for each country. This list is based on the year the first regular, non-experimental television channel was founded. When interpreting the list, the following information must therefore be observed:

• An irregular or regular experimental broadcast of television programs often began long before the first regular broadcaster was founded. If data is available, this is noted in the table.
• In some countries, however, regular broadcasting in the early years can also be described as more experimental. If data is available, this is noted in the table.
• In many small states, a television station of their own was often set up late, but the television programs of larger neighboring states had mostly been received there for decades.
• Regular broadcasting should not be interpreted as meaning that from this point in time a daily television program was broadcast nationwide. In some countries, television programming was limited to a few hours a week in the early years, which could only be seen on a few hundred receivers in the capital and its immediate vicinity. In some small states this is still the case today.

country	year	Remarks
Afghanistan	1978	Banned in the Taliban's sphere of influence; broadcasting continued irregularly in the areas controlled by the United Front .
Egypt	1960
Albania	1960
Algeria	1956
Andorra	1995
Angola	1976
Antigua and Barbuda	1962
Equatorial Guinea	1968
Argentina	1951
Armenia	1956
Azerbaijan	1956
Ethiopia	1964
Australia	1956	Test run from 1934
Bahamas	1977
Bahrain	1973	regularly from 1975
Bangladesh	1964
Barbados	1964
Belgium	1953
Belize	1981	In 1981, Belize City opened a private cable network showing imported video films. Since 1982 own news programs and local advertising have been fed in. Terrestrial television does not exist to this day, but Mexican and US satellite programs can be received.
Benin	1972	Regular broadcasting from 1978
Bhutan	1999
Bolivia	1969
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1969
Botswana	2000	Foreign television programs were broadcast by a private television station from 1988.
Brazil	1950
Brunei	1975
Bulgaria	1959
Burkina Faso	1963
Burundi	1985
Chile	1957
Taiwan	1962
People's Republic of China	1958
Cook Islands	1989
Costa Rica	1960
Denmark	1951	from 1954 daily
Free City of Gdansk	1937	Was operated by German staff and only lasted about two weeks (or information about further demonstrations is missing).
German Empire	1935	Test operation from 1929, the television station Paul Nipkow is the world's first regular television station; 1944 discontinued due to the war.
BR Germany	1952	Test run from 1950
German Democratic Republic	1952	Test run from 1951
Dominica	no television station of its own, foreign programs can be received via cable since 1982.
Dominican Republic	1952
Djibouti	1986	Broadcasting of French television programs from 1967
Ecuador	1959
El Salvador	1964
Ivory Coast	1963
Eritrea	1992
Estonia	1955
Fiji	1994	From 1991 New Zealand television operated a station on the archipelago.
Finland	1957
France	1939	Test operation from 1931, discontinued due to the war in 1940, as " TV station Paris " 1943 restarted by the German occupying forces, from 1944 again under French control. In some cases, 1935 is also mentioned as the “official start of broadcasting”.
Gabon	1963
Gambia	1995
Georgia	1956
Ghana	1965
Grenada	1980
Greece	1966	Test run from 1961
Guatemala	1956
Guinea	1977
Guinea-Bissau	1997	Test operation from 1989
Guyana	1993
Haiti	1959
Honduras	1959
India	1959	Test operation from 1958, broadcast operation very sporadically in the early years; only in Delhi, daily from 1965, in seven major cities from 1975, nationwide from 1982.
Indonesia	1962
Iraq	1956
Iran	1959
Ireland	1961	Northern Irish television could be received in parts of the country from 1955.
Iceland	1966
Israel	1968	is usually given as the year of the regular start of broadcasting, although educational television was broadcast as early as 1966 .
Italy	1954
Jamaica	1959
Japan	1953	Test operation from 1939, discontinued in 1940 due to the war, renewed test operation from 1948
North Yemen	1975
South Yemen	1964
Jordan	1968
Yugoslavia	no nationwide uniform television; TV stations were founded in the sub-republics between 1956 and 1975.
Cambodia	1966	Discontinued in 1975 due to the war, resumed in 1979
Cameroon	1985
Canada	1953
Cape Verde	1984
Kazakhstan	1958	according to other data in 1959
Qatar	1970	regularly from 1975
Kenya	1962
Kyrgyzstan	1958
Kiribati	2004	not or hardly active
Colombia	1954
Comoros	2004
Democratic Republic of Congo	1966
Republic of the Congo	1962
North Korea	1963	Test run from 1961
South Korea	1961
Kosovo	1975
Croatia	1956
Cuba	1950
Kuwait	1957	private broadcaster; was nationalized in 1961.
Laos	1983
Lesotho	1988
Latvia	1954
Lebanon	1959
Liberia	1964
Libya	1957
Liechtenstein	1992
Lithuania	1957
Luxembourg	1955
Madagascar	1967
Malawi	1999	President Hastings Banda (1964–1994) banned television in the country.
Malaysia	1963
Maldives	1978
Mali	1983
Malta	1961
Morocco	1962
Marshall Islands	1976
Mauritania	1983
Mauritius	1965	Test run from 1964
North Macedonia	1964
Mexico	1950	Test run from 1946
Micronesia	Chuuk 1975, Yap 1979, Pohnpei 1984, Kosrae after 1993
Moldova	1958
Monaco	1954
Mongolia	1967
Montenegro	1971
Mozambique	1981
Myanmar	1981
Namibia	1981
Nauru	1991
Nepal	1985
New Zealand	1960	Test run from 1951
Nicaragua	1955
Netherlands	1951
Niger	1964	Educational television ; Full range from 1978
Nigeria	West Nigeria 1959, East Nigeria 1960, North Nigeria 1962
Niue	1986
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	1976
Norway	1960	Test run from 1954
Oman	1974
Austria	1958	Test run from 1955
East Timor	2000
Pakistan	1964
Palestine	1994
Palau	1974
Panama	1962
Papua New Guinea	1987
Paraguay	1965
Peru	1958
Philippines	1953
Poland	1952	Test operation from 1937, discontinued in 1939 due to the war.
Portugal	1956
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland	1960	1960 in Southern Rhodesia , 1961 in Northern Rhodesia , not in Nyasaland
Rwanda	1992
Romania	1956
Russia	In contrast to the other republics of the USSR, the RSFSR did not have its own local television station; Such was only founded in 1991, until then only the national television and local channels, which had existed since 1938, could be received.
Solomon Islands	1992
Zambia	1965	from 1961 television of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Samoa	1993
San Marino	1994	Test operation from 1993
Sao Tome and Principe	1972
Saudi Arabia	1965
Sweden	1956
Switzerland	1953
Senegal	1965
Serbia	1958
Seychelles	1983
Sierra Leone	1963
Zimbabwe	1964	from 1960 television of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Singapore	1963
Slovakia	1970
Slovenia	1958
Somalia	1983
Soviet Union	1938	Test run from 1931, discontinued due to the war, resumption 1945/1947
Spain	1956	Test run from 1948
Sri Lanka	1982
St. Kitts and Nevis	1972
St. Lucia	1967
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	1980
South Africa	1976
Sudan	1962
South Sudan	2010	From 1975 the Sudanese television began to set up additional broadcasting systems outside the capital, but the founding of its own South Sudanese television station did not take place until the independence process.
Suriname	1965
Swaziland	1978
Syria	1960
Tajikistan	1959
Tanzania	1973
Thailand	1958
Togo	1973
Tonga	2000	Planning from 1984, from 1991 US television programs were broadcast by a private broadcaster.
Trinidad and Tobago	1962
Chad	1989
Czech Republic	1970
Czechoslovakia	1954
Tunisia	1966	nationwide from 1972
Turkey	1968
Turkmenistan	1959
Tuvalu	1996
Uganda	1962
Ukraine	1956	Test run in 1939, again from 1951
Hungary	1957
Uruguay	1956
Uzbekistan	1956
Vanuatu	1992
Vatican city	1983
Venezuela	1964
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi 1969, Dubai 1974, Sharjah 1989
United States	The size of the country and the large number of early TV channels that came with it make it difficult to pinpoint the beginning of television in the US. The first test operation took place in 1928, earlier than in any other country. In 1938, a regular television program was first broadcast in New York and Los Angeles. However, all television stations that have not yet used the NTSC standard with 441 lines, which was adopted in 1941 , are considered experimental because the broadcast licenses previously issued did not allow commercial operation.
United Kingdom	1936	Test operation from 1929, discontinued due to the war in 1939, resumed in 1946.
North Vietnam	1970
South Vietnam	1966
Belarus	1956
Central African Republic	1974	according to other data in 1983
Cyprus	1957

Web links

• African Media Development Initiative
• Public Broadcasting in Africa Series

literature

• Sydney W. Head (Ed.): Broadcasting in Africa. A Continental Survey of Radio and Television . Temple University Press, Philadelphia 1974, ISBN 0-87722-027-1 .
• Amanda C. Quick (Ed.): World Press Encyclopedia. A Survey of Press Systems Worldwide. Gale, Detroit 2003, ISBN 0-7876-5582-1 .
• Harald Voss : Radio and television in Africa . Verlag Deutscher Wirtschaftsdienst, Cologne 1962
• Hartmut Deckelmann : Television in Africa. Cultural Imperialism or Education for the Masses? Dialogus Mundi, Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-921862-39-6 .
• James E. Bently (Ed.): Pacific Islands Television Survey Report 2002 . UNESCO, Suva 2003 (PDF; 137 kB)
• Douglas A. Boyd (Ed.): Broadcasting in the Arab world. A Survey of Radio and Television in the Middle East. Temple University Press, Philadelphia 1982, ISBN 0-87722-237-1 .
• John A. Lent (Ed.): Broadcasting in Asia and the Pacific. A Continental Survey of Radio and Television . Temple University Press, Philadelphia 1978, ISBN 0-87722-068-9 .
• Sydney W. Head (Ed.): Broadcasting in America. A Survey of Television and Radio Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1976, ISBN 0-395-20644-8 .
• WJ Howell : World Broadcasting in the Age of the Satellite. Comparative Systems, Policies and Issues in Mass Telecommunication . Ablex Publishing Corporation Norwood 1986, ISBN 0-89391-340-5 .
• Sydney W Head : World Broadcasting Systems. A Comparative Analysis. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont 1985, ISBN 0-534-04734-3 .
• Michael A. McGregor , Paul D. Driscoll , Walter S. McDowell : Broadcasting in America. A Survey of Electronic Media . Allyn & Bacon 2001, ISBN 0-205-55534-9 .
• RW Burns : Television. An International History of the Formative Years . Institution of Electrical Engineers, London 1998, ISBN 0-85296-914-7 .
• Albert Abramson : The History of Television, 1880 to 1941 . McFarland & Company, Inc. 2009, ISBN 978-0-7864-4086-3 .
• Albert Abramson , Christopher H. Sterling : The History of Television, 1942 to 2000 . McFarland & Company, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7864-3243-1 .
• Konrad Dussel : German radio history . UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2004, ISBN 3-8252-2573-9 .
• George Wedell : Making Broadcasting Useful. The African Experience the Development of Radio and Television in Africa in the 1980s . Manchester University Press, Manchester 1986, ISBN 0-7190-1865-X .
• Barbara Thomaß : Media systems in international comparison . UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 200, ISBN 978-3-8252-2831-6 .
• Jürgen Wilke (Ed.): Mass media in Latin America 1. Argentina, Brazil, Guatemala, Colombia, Mexico . Vervuert, Frankfurt am Main 1992–1996, ISBN 978-3-89354-952-8 .
• Jürgen Wilke (Ed.): Mass media in Latin America 2. Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Paraguay . Vervuert, Frankfurt am Main 1994, ISBN 3-89354-955-2 .
• Jürgen Wilke (Ed.): Mass media in Latin America 3. Bolivia, Nicaragua, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. Vervuert, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 3-89354-958-7 .
• John A. Lent : Third World Mass Media and Their Search for Modernity. The Case of Commonwealth Caribbean, 1717-1976 . Bucknell University Press, Lewisburg 1977, ISBN 0-8387-1896-5 .

Footnotes

1. ^ Afghanistan Cultural Profile, Media - Broadcasting
2. ^ Afghanistan Cultural Profile, Media - Broadcasting
3. ^ Egypt State Information Service - Radio and Television
4. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 519.
5. ↑ Télévision Algérienne - Historique
6. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 554.
7. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 572.
8. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 585.
9. ↑ Max Liniger-Goumaz : La Guinée Equatoriale. Un pays méconnu L'Harmattan, Paris 1979, ISBN 2-85802-132-5 , p. 453.
10. ↑ La Historia de la Televisión Argentina
11. ↑ Armenian Television - Encyclopedia of the First Chapter A § 1.1 ( Memento of August 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
12. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 724.
13. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1726.
14. ^ Televisionau.com The History of the Australian Television
15. ^ TV Times Makes a Sentimental Journey. In: TV Times. May 4, 1961, p. 5 ( online ( Memento of the original from May 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. ) 
16. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 734.
17. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 751.
18. ^ Noha Mellor, Muhammad I. Ayish, Nabil Dajani, Khalil Rinnawi: Arab Media. Globalization and Emerging Media Industries . Polity Press, Malden, Cambridge 2011, ISBN 978-0-7456-4534-6 , p. 87.
19. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 776.
20. ^ Richard F. Nyrop (ed.): Area handbook for Pakistan . 2nd Edition. Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1971, p. 319 (online)
21. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 787.
22. ↑ About the VRT - Timeline ( Memento of the original from December 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
23. ↑ ostamyy.com - TV and Radio Channels, Belize ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
24. ↑ Présentation de l'ORTB ( Memento of February 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ).
25. ↑ Historique de l'ORTB ( Memento of the original from January 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
26. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 883.
27. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 901.
28. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1995 . Europa Publications, London 1995, ISBN 1-85743-014-X , p. 602.
29. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 942.
30. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 942.
31. ↑ The Museum of Broadcast Communications - Brazil ( Memento of the original from June 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
32. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 988.
33. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1009.
34. ^ Télévision Nationale du Burkina - L'historique ( Memento of September 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
35. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1996 . Europa Publications, London, 1996, ISBN 1-85743-018-2 , p. 714.
36. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1191.
37. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1312.
38. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1238.
39. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} James E. Bently (Ed.): Pacific Islands Television Survey Report 2002 . UNESCO, Suva 2003 (PDF; 137 kB)
40. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3355.
41. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1404.
42. ↑ DRs history 1950–1959
43. ↑ DRs history 1950–1959
44. ↑ ^{a b} Mirosław Gliński: Telewizja w Gdańsku do 1945. In: Błażej Śliwiński (Ed.): Encyklopedia Gdańska . Fundacja Gdańska, Gdańsk 2012, ISBN 978-83-929932-5-4 ( online ).
45. ^ Konrad Dussel : Deutsche Rundfunkgeschichte UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2004, ISBN 3-8252-2573-9 , p. 119.
46. ^ Konrad Dussel : Deutsche Rundfunkgeschichte UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2004, ISBN 3-8252-2573-9 , p. 121.
47. ^ Konrad Dussel : Deutsche Rundfunkgeschichte UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2004, ISBN 3-8252-2573-9 , p. 229.
48. ^ Konrad Dussel : Deutsche Rundfunkgeschichte UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2004, ISBN 3-8252-2573-9 , p. 229.
49. ^ Konrad Dussel : Deutsche Rundfunkgeschichte UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2004, ISBN 3-8252-2573-9 , p. 144.
50. ^ Konrad Dussel : Deutsche Rundfunkgeschichte UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2004, ISBN 3-8252-2573-9 , p. 144.
51. ^ The World Factbook
52. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1574.
53. ↑ Dominicana Online - History of Television in the Dominican Republic ( Memento of the original from January 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
54. ↑ 105 Radio Télévision de Djibouti - Qui somme nous? ( Memento from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
55. ↑ 105 Radio Télévision de Djibouti - Qui somme nous? ( Memento from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
56. ↑ Roberto Guerrero Córdova: Historia de la Televisión en el Ecuador y en la ciudad de Loja PDF, 37 kB
57. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1995 . Europa Publications, London 1995, ISBN 1-85743-014-X , p. 1093.
58. ↑ Radiodiffusion Télévision Ivoirienne - Historique ( Memento of December 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
59. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1687.
60. ↑ Eesti Televisioon 1955–1990 ( Memento of the original dated February 17, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
61. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1742.
62. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1762.
63. ^ The Museum of Broadcast Communications - France
64. ^ Raymond Kuhn : The Media in Contemporary France . Open University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-335-23622-0 , p. 15.
65. ↑ Sydney W. Head (ed.): Broadcasting in Africa: A Continental Survey of Radio and Television . Temple University Press, Philadelphia 1974, ISBN 0-87722-027-1 , pp. 129f and 399f
66. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1923.
67. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1946.
68. ^ About Ghana Broadcasting Corporation
69. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1993 . Europa Publications, London, 1993, ISBN 0-946653-80-1 , p. 1293.
70. ↑ kathimerini.gr ( Memento of the original from December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
71. ↑ kathimerini.gr ( Memento of the original from December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
72. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2066.
73. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2084.
74. ↑ Televisão da Guiné-Bissau - Historico em breve ( Memento of the original of March 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
75. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1098.
76. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1996 . Europa Publications, London, 1996, ISBN 1-85743-018-2 , p. 1473.
77. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2131.
78. ↑ Televicentro Corporación - Historia, Canal 5 ( Memento of the original from October 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
79. ^ All India Radio - Important Milestones since Independence
80. ^ Richard F. Nyrop (Ed.): Area handbook for India . 3. Edition. Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1975, p. 302 (online)
81. ↑ Barbara Thomaß : Media systems in international comparison . UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 200, ISBN 978-3-8252-2831-6 .
82. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2276.
83. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1995 . Europa Publications, London 1995, ISBN 1-85743-014-X , p. 1571.
84. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting - About Us
85. ^ History of the RTÉ
86. ^ Irish Public Service Broadcasting - 1950s
87. ↑ Saga Ríkisútvarpsins ( Memento of the original from August 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
88. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2410.
89. ^ Sydney W Head : World Broadcasting Systems. A Comparative Analysis. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont 1985, ISBN 0-534-04734-3 , p. 22.
90. ^ La radio in Italia - Cronologia
91. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2497.
92. ↑ A Brief History of TV Technology in Japan ( Memento of the original from May 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
93. ↑ "Can you see me clearly?" Public TV image reception experiment ( Memento of the original from January 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
94. ↑ A Brief History of TV Technology in Japan ( Memento of the original from May 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
95. ↑ A Brief History of TV Technology in Japan ( Memento of the original from May 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
96. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1994 . Europa Publications, London, 1994, ISBN 0-946653-87-9 , p. 3221.
97. ^ Noha Mellor, Muhammad I. Ayish, Nabil Dajani, Khalil Rinnawi: Arab Media. Globalization and Emerging Media Industries . Polity Press, Malden, Cambridge 2011, ISBN 978-0-7456-4534-6 , p. 87.
98. ^ Tareq Y. Ismael , Jacqueline S. Ismael : The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. Politics, Economics, and Society. The Politics of Socialist Transformation. (= Marxist Regimes Series. ) Pinter, London 1986, ISBN 0-86187-451-X , p. 105.
99. ^ Richard F. Nyrop (ed.): Area handbook for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan . 2nd Edition. Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1974, p. 119.
100. ^ Noha Mellor, Muhammad I. Ayish, Nabil Dajani, Khalil Rinnawi: Arab Media. Globalization and Emerging Media Industries . Polity Press, Malden, Cambridge 2011, ISBN 978-0-7456-4534-6 , p. 87.
101. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1995 . Europa Publications, London 1995, ISBN 1-85743-014-X , p. 3465.
102. ^ Cambodia Cultural Profile, Media - Broadcasting - Television
103. ^ Cambodia Cultural Profile, Media - Broadcasting - Television
104. ↑ Cameroon Radio and Television ( Memento of the original of July 23, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
105. ↑ CBC Radio-Canada - Our History
106. ^ Breve Histórial sobre a Televisão de Cabo Verde
107. ↑ Alexander Prokhorov (ed.): Great Soviet Encyclopedia . 3. Edition. Macmillan, London / New York, 1974-1983, Vol. 11, p. 528
108. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2580.
109. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3731.
110. ^ Noha Mellor, Muhammad I. Ayish, Nabil Dajani, Khalil Rinnawi: Arab Media. Globalization and Emerging Media Industries . Polity Press, Malden, Cambridge 2011, ISBN 978-0-7456-4534-6 , p. 87.
111. ↑ The History of Kenya Broadcasting Corporation ( Memento of the original from January 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
112. ↑ Alexander Prokhorov (ed.): Great Soviet Encyclopedia . 3. Edition. Macmillan, London / New York, 1974-1983, Vol. 12, p. 500
113. ^ Television Kiribati Limited ( Memento of October 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
114. ↑ BBC : Kiribati country profile
115. ↑ Michael Schmitz, Wolf Siebel: Sender & Frequenzen 2012 - Yearbook for worldwide radio reception 29th year. vth - Verlag für Technik und Handwerk GmbH, Baden-Baden, ISBN 978-3-88180-865-1 , pp. 145–146.
116. ^ The World Factbook
117. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1337.
118. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1352.
119. ^ Gordon C. McDonald (ed.): Area handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa) . Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1971, p. 273.
120. ^ Gordon C. McDonald (ed.): Area handbook for People's Republic of the Congo (Congo Brazzaville) . Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1971, p. 122.
121. ↑ TV Broadcasting and its Development in DPRK ( Memento of the original from August 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
122. ↑ TV Broadcasting and its Development in DPRK ( Memento of the original from August 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
123. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2675.
124. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1995 . Europa Publications, London 1995, ISBN 1-85743-014-X , p. 3466.
125. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1448.
126. ^ Michael Brian Salwen : Radio and Television in Cuba. The Pre-Castro Era. Iowa State University Press, Ames 1994, ISBN 0-8138-2180-0 , p. 36.
127. ↑ Amanda C. Quick (Ed.): World Press Encyclopedia: A Survey of Press Systems Worldwide Gale, Detroit 2003, ISBN 0-7876-5582-1 , p. 542.
128. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1993 . Europa Publications, London, 1993, ISBN 0-946653-80-1 , p. 1715.
129. ^ Noha Mellor, Muhammad I. Ayish, Nabil Dajani, Khalil Rinnawi: Arab Media. Globalization and Emerging Media Industries . Polity Press, Malden, Cambridge 2011, ISBN 978-0-7456-4534-6 , p. 87.
130. ^ Lao National Television
131. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2800.
132. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2756.
133. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2784.
134. ↑ ELBC - A Brief History ( Memento from October 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
135. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2836.
136. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2865.
137. ↑ Harold D. Nelson (Ed.): Area handbook for the Malagasy Republic . Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1973, p. 190 (online)
138. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2930.
139. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1996 . Europa Publications, London, 1996, ISBN 1-85743-018-2 , p. 2061.
140. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2964.
141. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2984.
142. ↑ L'historique de l'ORTM  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
143. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1989 . Europa Publications, London, 1989, ISBN 0-946653-69-0 , p. 1742.
144. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3170.
145. ^ Noha Mellor, Muhammad I. Ayish, Nabil Dajani, Khalil Rinnawi: Arab Media. Globalization and Emerging Media Industries . Polity Press, Malden, Cambridge 2011, ISBN 978-0-7456-4534-6 , p. 87.
146. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3035.
147. ↑ Broadcasting Corporation - About Us  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
148. ↑ Broadcasting Corporation - About Us  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
149. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2897.
150. ↑ XTimeline - Primer canal comercial de televisión en México ( Memento of the original of October 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
151. ↑ Thomas E. Weil , John Morris Ryan (Ed.): Area handbook for Mexico . 2nd Edition. Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1975, p. 254 (online)
152. ↑ XTimeline - Primera transmisión en blanco y negro ( Memento of the original from September 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
153. ^ Teleradio Moldova - Istoric
154. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3113.
155. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3135.
156. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3148.
157. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3189.
158. ↑ The Myanmar Times - Broadcasting options expanding ( Memento of the original from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
159. ^ Sarah Taylor, Jeanette Minnie, Hendrik Bussiek: Namibia (= Public Broadcasting in Africa Series. Volume 6). Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Johannesburg 2011, ISBN 978-1-920489-09-0 , p. 15 ( PDF, 0.7 MB ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. ) 
160. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3246.
161. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3269.
162. ↑ About TVNZ - The Early Years
163. ↑ About TVNZ - The Early Years
164. ↑ James D. Rudolph , John Morris Ryan (Eds.): Nicaragua. A Country Study. Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1982, p. 157.
165. ↑ Over de NOS - Ontstaansgeschiedenis
166. ↑ AfDevInfo Organization Record
167. ↑ Hartmut Deckelmann : Television in Africa. Cultural Imperialism or Education for the Masses? Dialogus Mundi, Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-921862-39-6 , pp. 42-46.
168. ^ Tidiane Dioh: Histoire de la télévision en Afrique noire francophone, des origines à nos jours. Paris. Karthala, Paris 2009, ISBN 978-2-8111-0197-8 , p. 156.
169. ↑ Hartmut Deckelmann : Television in Africa. Cultural Imperialism or Education for the Masses? Dialogus Mundi, Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-921862-39-6 , pp. 42-46.
170. ^ Luke Uka Uche : Mass Media, People, and Politics in Nigeria Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi 1989, ISBN 81-7022-232-X , pp. 62f ( online )
171. ^ Bayrak Radio Television Corporation from 1963 to today
172. ^ NRK's ​​History in Brief
173. ^ NRK's ​​History in Brief
174. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3465.
175. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4400.
176. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3504.
177. ^ Richard F. Nyrop (ed.): Area handbook for Pakistan . 2nd Edition. Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1971, p. 319 (online)
178. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3547.
179. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3564.
180. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3587.
181. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3604.
182. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3628.
183. ^ The Birth of Philippine Television ( Memento from October 25, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
184. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3695.
185. ↑ The Warsaw Voice - What's on? (February 14, 2003)
186. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3716.
187. ^ Harald Voss: Radio and television in Africa . Verlag Deutscher Wirtschaftsdienst, Cologne 1962, p. 125f.
188. ↑ Sydney W. Head (ed.): Broadcasting in Africa: A Continental Survey of Radio and Television . Temple University Press, Philadelphia 1974, ISBN 0-87722-027-1 , pp. 129f.
189. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3815.
190. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3755.
191. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3793.
192. ↑ Hartmut Deckelmann : Television in Africa. Cultural Imperialism or Education for the Masses? Dialogus Mundi, Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-921862-39-6 , p. 45.
193. ^ Harald Voss: Radio and television in Africa . Verlag Deutscher Wirtschaftsdienst, Cologne 1962, p. 125f.
194. ↑ SMTV San Marino - Radiotelevisione di Stato della Repubblica di San Marino
195. ↑ SMTV San Marino - Radiotelevisione di Stato della Repubblica di San Marino
196. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3872.
197. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3892.
198. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4259.
199. ↑ Radio Television Senegalaise - Historique de la TV ( Memento of the original from October 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
200. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1995 . Europa Publications, London 1995, ISBN 1-85743-014-X , p. 3465.
201. ↑ The History of Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation ( Memento of the original from July 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
202. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3969.
203. ^ R. Kent Rasmussen (ed.): Historical dictionary of Rhodesia / Zimbabwe (= African Historical Dictionaries. Volume 18). Scarecrow Press, Metuchen 1979, ISBN 0-8108-1187-1 , p. 272.
204. ^ Harald Voss: Radio and television in Africa . Verlag Deutscher Wirtschaftsdienst, Cologne 1962, p. 125f.
205. ^ MediaCorp - Pilot television service
206. ↑ Slovenská televízia - História ( Memento of the original from April 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
207. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1995 . Europa Publications, London 1995, ISBN 1-85743-014-X , p. 2735.
208. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4064.
209. ^ Eugene K. Keefe (Ed.): Area handbook for the Soviet Union Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1971, p. 537 ( online )
210. ^ Eugene K. Keefe (Ed.): Area handbook for the Soviet Union Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1971, p. 537 ( online )
211. ↑ Jürgen Kuczynski (ed.), Wolfgang Steinitz (ed.): Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Culture and Progress Publishing House, Berlin 1952, p. 1736.
212. ↑ Norbert P. Franz (Ed.): Lexicon of Russian Culture . Primus Verlag, Darmstadt 2002, ISBN 3-89678-413-7 , p. 140.
213. ^ The Museum of Broadcast Communications - Spain
214. ^ The Museum of Broadcast Communications - Spain
215. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4180.
216. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3824.
217. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3836.
218. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 3846.
219. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4095.
220. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4207.
221. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): Africa South of the Sahara 1977–1978. 7th edition. Europa Publications, London 1977, ISBN 978-0-905118-10-9 , p. 890
222. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4207.
223. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4221.
224. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4235.
225. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4310.
226. ↑ Alexander Prokhorov (ed.): Great Soviet Encyclopedia . 3. Edition. Macmillan, London / New York, 1974-1983, Vol. 25, p. 307
227. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1996 . Europa Publications, London, 1996, ISBN 1-85743-018-2 , p. 3097.
228. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4379.
229. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4417.
230. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4428.
231. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1996 . Europa Publications, London, 1996, ISBN 1-85743-018-2 , p. 3140.
232. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4428.
233. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4444.
234. ^ Société Télévision tchadienne sur satellite, pour source image du Tchad?
235. ^ Czechoslovak Television - History in a nutshell
236. ^ Czechoslovak Television - History in a nutshell
237. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4463.
238. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4463.
239. ↑ Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu - Tarihçe ( Memento of the original from March 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
240. ↑ Alexander Prokhorov (ed.): Great Soviet Encyclopedia . 3. Edition. Macmillan, London / New York, 1974-1983, Vol. 26, p. 506
241. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4543.
242. ^ History of television in Ukraine
243. ^ History of television in Ukraine
244. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 2166.
245. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4873.
246. ↑ Alexander Prokhorov (ed.): Great Soviet Encyclopedia . 3. Edition. Macmillan, London / New York, 1974-1983, Vol. 26, p. 679
247. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4916.
248. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 4938.
249. ^ Noha Mellor, Muhammad I. Ayish, Nabil Dajani, Khalil Rinnawi: Arab Media. Globalization and Emerging Media Industries . Polity Press, Malden, Cambridge 2011, ISBN 978-0-7456-4534-6 , p. 87.
250. ^ Mechanical Television - The Queen's Messenger
251. ^ Visionary Period, 1880's Through 1920's. In: History of Communications - Historical Periods in Television Technology. Federal Communications Commission , November 21, 2005, accessed on February 25, 2012 : "Charles Jenkins [...] received the 1st US television license for W3XK (1928), operating out of Wheaton, MD;" 
252. ↑ The story of BBC Television - Development timeline ( Memento of the original from January 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
253. ↑ The Story of BBC Television - Development timeline ( Memento of the original from January 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
254. ^ Konrad Dussel : Deutsche Rundfunkgeschichte UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2004, ISBN 3-8252-2573-9 , p. 228.
255. ^ Cultural Profile - Media, Broadcasting - Television ( Memento of January 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
256. ↑ Harvey H. Smith (Ed.): Area handbook for South Vietnam . Foreign Area Studies, the American University, Washington DC 1967, p. 293.
257. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 807.
258. ↑ Europa Publications : Africa South of the Sahara 1977–1978. 7th edition. Europa Publications, London 1977, ISBN 0-905118-10-3 , p. 257.
259. ↑ Jacqueline Woodfork: Culture and Customs of the Central African Republic (= . Culture and Customs of Africa Band). Greenwood, London / Westport 2006, ISBN 0-313-33203-7 , p. 61.
260. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 1996 . Europa Publications, London 1996, ISBN 1-85743-018-2 , p. 793.
261. ↑ www.beafrika.net
262. ↑ Europa Publications (Ed.): The Europa World Year Book 2008 . Routledge, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85743-451-4 , p. 1495.