Roborowski dwarf hamster

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Roborowski dwarf hamster
Roborowski hamster (Phodopus roborovskii)

Roborowski hamster ( Phodopus roborovskii )

Systematics
Subordination : Mouse relatives (Myomorpha)
Superfamily : Mice-like (Muroidea)
Family : Burrowers (Cricetidae)
Subfamily : Hamster (Cricetinae)
Genre : Short-tailed dwarf hamster ( Phodopus )
Type : Roborowski dwarf hamster
Scientific name
Phodopus roborovskii
( Satunin , 1903)
The Roborowski dwarf hamster lives in the Gobi desert steppe and adjacent desert regions.

The Roborowski dwarf hamster ( Phodopus roborovskii ) is a type of hamster belonging to the short-tailed dwarf hamster . It lives in the Gobi desert steppe and adjacent desert regions of northern China and Mongolia , is not endangered in the population and is increasingly being kept as a pet.

Its head-torso length is about seven centimeters, the average body weight of the males about 23.5 grams and that of the females about 20 grams. The soft fur on the upper side is light brown to gray, that of the underside is white. There is a distinctive white spot above each eye. There is no eel line .

The Roborowski dwarf hamster lives exclusively in sandy areas with sparse vegetation and feeds mainly on plant seeds. His self-dug construction usually consists of a simple tube with a nest chamber. It is active all year round and mainly at dusk, but less so in winter.

From April to September the females give birth to three to four litters with an average of 4.5 young animals after a gestation period of about 21 days each. These are sexually mature after about 19 days and begin to reproduce after two months. Life expectancy in nature is up to one and a half years.

Body features

Body measurements

Seasonal development of the average body weight of adult Roborowski dwarf hamsters

With a head-trunk length of five and a half to nine centimeters, the Roborowski dwarf hamster is one of the smallest hamsters. Its tail is 6 to 14 millimeters long and mostly shorter than the hind paws . Their length is 10 to 12 millimeters and that of the auricles 10 to 15 millimeters. Miller describes the paws as shortened and therefore unusually short and wide. However, the proportions of the bones to one another are not particularly modified. The populations of Manchuria, Mongolia and Shaanxis are smaller and have different body proportions than those of the Nan Shan.

The body weight of the Roborowski dwarf hamster is subject to seasonal fluctuations. According to Feoktistova and Meshchersky, it is lowest in autumn and early winter. It begins to rise steadily in December, peaks in late spring and summer, and rapidly decreases in September. Males weigh on average between 20 and 28 grams, females are slightly lighter at 18 to 23 grams.

Body measurements of different populations of the Roborowski dwarf hamster
Dimensions in millimeters Tuva Nan Shan Shaanxi Mongolia Manchuria
Head to torso length 68-92 90.0 73-81 72.0 (67-76) 53-60
Length of the tail 6-12 7.0 11-14 8.2 (7-11) 7-9
Length of the hind paws 10-12   11.5-12 11.2 (10-12) 10.5-11
Length of the auricles 14-15 14th 12-14 11.2 (10-12) 12-13
   
  1. ↑ The dimensions of the type specimen are given.
  2. ↑ The value ranges of four copies from Yulin are given .
  3. ↑ The mean values ​​and value ranges of four copies are given.
  4. ↑ The value ranges of four copies are given.

Fur and color

Old Roborowski dwarf hamster with shaggy fur

The coat of the Roborowski dwarf hamster is soft and fine. The hair on the top is about nine millimeters long. Flint describes the upper side of the Tuvinian population as pale yellow with a rust-colored shimmer, Satunin that of the population of the Nan Shan as light brown and their sides and rear as yellowish-light brown. Thomas gives the top of the Shaanxi population as gray-brown with a tendency to beige to skin-colored, Allen and Sowerby describe them as skin-colored and Mori describes the top of the Manchurian population as gray. The undercoat is slate gray in all cases. During the coat change , the upper coat has a gray tinge. Winter fur does not differ visibly from summer fur in terms of color, volume and density.

There is a prominent white spot above each eye and a small white spot at the base of each auricle. The front half of the outside of the auricle is gray to dark brown, the back half and the inside are white. The transition between the fur on the top and the bottom runs in three arcs over the shoulders, flanks and hips. The area of ​​the whiskers, the mouth, the entire underside, the tail and the limbs including the soles are covered with a thick white fur. Except for a small hairless area at the root of the thumb, this also applies to the back and outer balls of the sole that have grown together . There is no eel line . The upper whiskers are black, the lower ones white.

skull

The dainty skull of the Roborowski dwarf hamster is 20 to 24 millimeters long. The parietal bone has the shape of an isosceles triangle. The muzzle is slender, the nasal bones are narrow and about eight millimeters long. The length of the palate is about eleven millimeters, that of the lower jaw about 13 millimeters. The under eye holes of the Roborowski dwarf hamster are oval and resemble those of the medium hamsters .

The front edges of the narrow zygomatic plates are indented, but less than in the middle hamsters. The width of the skull is about ten millimeters. The brain capsule is wide and deep at the front, narrow and flat at the back and round when viewed from above. At about twelve and a half millimeters, the skull is widest above the zygomatic arches . The distance between the eye sockets is about four millimeters and the width across the molars is about four and a half millimeters. The pterygoid fossae of the wing processes are broad and flat. The incisor holes are relatively wide, less than four millimeters shorter than the rows of upper molars and do not reach back to them. The tympanic bladders are reduced in size and flattened with tubular, bony eustachi tubes .

Skull dimensions of different populations of the Roborowski dwarf hamster
Dimensions in millimeters Nan Shan Shaanxi Manchuria
Greatest length of the skull 24.0 22.8 (21.5-23.8) 20th
More skull lengths   19.0 (17.3-19.8) (basal) 18.5 (condylobasal)
19.0 (basilar)   16 (basilar)
Dimensions of the parietal bone 2.8 x 7.0    
Length of the nasal bones 9.0   6.5
Length of the palate   11.1 (10.5-11.6) (palatal) 8.8 (palatilar)
Length of the lower jaw 13.5 (condylar)    
Width of the skull 10.8 (above the timpani) 10.1 (9.5-11.0) (via the mastoid processes ) 11 (brain capsule)
Width across the zygomatic arches 14.0 12.4 (11.6-13.1) 11.5
Distance between the eye sockets 4.2   3.6
Width across the molars   4.5 (4.4-4.6)  
Length of the incisor holes 3.8   3.2
Length of the upper molar row 3.8 3.4 (3.1-3.7) 3.3
Length of the lower molar row 4.0 (3.1-3.7)  
Length of the toothless gap 7.0   5.7
 
  1. ↑ The dimensions of the type specimen are given.
  2. ↑ The mean values ​​and value ranges of ten copies are given.
  3. ↑ The dimensions of a young male are given.

Digestive tract

When filled, the cheek pockets of the Roborowski dwarf hamster reach behind the shoulders.
1 · 0 · 0 · 3  =  16
1 · 0 · 0 · 3
Tooth formula of the Roborowski dwarf hamster.

The teeth of the Roborowski dwarf hamster, which are typical for hamsters , have a total of 16 teeth . There is one incisor tooth and three molars in each half of the jaw . The rows of molars are separated from the incisor teeth by a tooth-free gap about six millimeters in size and about three and a half millimeters long. The third upper molar is greatly reduced and the chewing surface of the molars is the simplest of all hamsters. The cusps and furrows of the upper and lower molars face each other, and between the cusps there are small pits surrounded by enamel .

The stomach of the Roborowski dwarf hamster, like that of other hamsters, consists of a cornified forestomach and a main stomach containing glands. The keratinized epithelial tissue of the gastric mucosa extends to the gastric outlet in the main stomach. Pyloric glands are absent and the border fold limits the number of fundic glands.

Urinary and genital organs

Seasonal development of the testosterone level in the blood plasma of male Roborowski hamsters

At an ambient temperature of 18 to 20 degrees Celsius and a relative humidity of around 60 percent, Sokolow and Meschtscherski found an average osmotic urine concentration of 3417 milliosmoles per liter in the Roborowski dwarf hamster . The excretion of water through the skin and lungs was 4.04 milligrams per gram of body weight and hour. When water was withheld, the osmotic concentration rose to 4278 milliosmoles per liter and the water excretion decreased to 2.40 milligrams per gram of body weight per hour.

According to Meschtscherski and Klischin, of 30 microliters of water per gram of body weight, 43 percent is excreted within four hours. After adding salts, only 45 percent of the excess potassium and sodium chloride is excreted.

The entrance to the vagina of female Roborowski dwarf hamsters is open all year round. The testicles of the males are also visible all year round. Their average testosterone level in blood plasma is highest in summer. According to Feoktistowa and Meschtscherski, it averages 19.5 nanograms per milliliter in June and drops to 2.5 nanograms per milliliter by December. Individual hamsters show clear deviations in every season.

metabolism

Bao and co-workers found that the Roborowski dwarf hamster had a resting metabolism of an average of 2.98 milliliters of molecular oxygen per gram of body weight and hour. The ambient temperature at which the body temperature can be kept constant without using energy, the thermo-neutral zone , is stated as 28 to 34 degrees Celsius. Bao et al. Determined the average additional metabolism with tremor-free heat production with an average of 3.62 milliliters of molecular oxygen per gram of body weight and hour in July and 9.71 milliliters in October.

Body growth

Development of body weight in the Roborowski dwarf hamster after birth

At birth , the Roborowski hamster's body weight is 1.0 to 2.1 grams. The relative growth is greatest immediately afterwards and decreases steadily. Flint and Golowkin give the average body weight after birth with 1.2 grams, after one week with 4.3 grams, after two weeks with 8.7 grams, after three weeks with 12.5 grams and after four weeks with 14.2 Gram on.

According to Ross and Cameron, the average body weight at birth is 1.24 grams, the average total length is 29.6 millimeters, that of the hind paws is 4.5 millimeters and that of the tail is less than two millimeters. After four weeks, 70 percent of the body weight of adult hamsters is reached, the head-trunk length reaches 85 percent of the corresponding length, the length of the hind paws 97 percent, that of the tail 100 percent and that of the auricles 95 percent. In adult hamsters, the average body weight is 18.1 grams, the length of the hind paws is 13.7 millimeters, that of the tail 10.2 millimeters and that of the auricles 13.4 millimeters.

Development of body features

Development of body characteristics in the Roborowski dwarf hamster after birth

The Roborowski dwarf hamster is born naked, with closed eyes and ears and toes that have grown together. After birth, the skin is rosy, after three days it is lightly pigmented gray on the back , and after four days on the entire upper side. After five days, dark pigment spots appear on the ears. The first fur hairs appear after four days, the cross area is hairy after five days, the back after six days and the head after seven days. After eight days only the stomach is bare and after nine days the body is completely hairy. The cranial bone sutures are visible under the skin until the fourth day after birth, the eye spot until the eleventh day and the intestines until the 14th day after birth. The teats of the females are visible after six days and covered by fur after 18 days.

The first fluffy whiskers develop one or two days after birth, the whiskers above the eyes after ten days. The eyelids develop after four days, the eyelid gap is clearly visible after five days and after 12 to 13 days the eyes open. The auricles initially form a cusp, after two days this is clearly recognizable, after three days the edges of the auricles detach from the sides of the head and after four days they stand out from the head. The first furrows on the auricles appear after eight days. The ear canal forms five days after birth and opens after twelve days. The front teeth gape wide apart after birth. They are fully trained after eight days. The toes of the front paws separate after five days, those of the hind paws after six days. After ten days, the toes are fully developed. The young animals leave the nest for the first time after 13 days. The withdrawal takes place 21 days after birth.

genetics

Length of the chromosomes of male Roborowski hamsters
2n = 34
nf = 59

The 34 chromosomes of the double set of chromosomes in the Roborowski dwarf hamster are divided into 16 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes . The average total length of the karyotype is 193.8 micrometers and the individual chromosomes are approximately 1.8 to 25.5 micrometers long. Three autosomes are longer than 20 micrometers, six are 10 to 20 micrometers long, and seven are shorter than 10 micrometers.

According to Spyropoulos and co-workers, of the nine longer autosomes, six are metacentric and three are submetacentric, and of the seven shorter autosomes, four are metacentric, two acrocentric, and one telocentric . Romanenko et al. Put the number of autosome arms at 56, however. According to Schmid and co-workers, the X chromosome is submetacentric, the Y chromosome acrocentric and the number of chromosome arms is 59. Among the short-tailed dwarf hamsters, the Roborowski dwarf hamster thus has the most original karyotype, which differs from the original karyotype only by three chromosome fusions .

The X chromosome makes up 6.7 percent of the karyotype length of the simple chromosome set during the metaphase of nuclear division and 6.3 percent of the length of the synaptonemal karyotype. The short arm of the X chromosome pairs with the long arm of the Y chromosome and the spindle fiber attachments of the two sex chromosomes are not aligned with each other. The length of the pairing averages 5.2 microns, or 39 percent of the X chromosome and 75 percent of the Y chromosome. It varies between 12 and 50 percent for the X chromosome and between 24 and 95 percent for the Y chromosome.

DNA sequences with a high GC content form the constitutive heterochromatin of the X chromosome and the autosomes 9, 11, 13 and 14. According to Schmid et al, the long arms of chromosomes 12 and 14 near the spindle fiber attachment points with the nucleolus organizer regions connected , according to Spyropoulos et al., on the other hand, the short arms of chromosomes 14 and 15. In 87 percent of 69 cells examined, Spyropoulos et al. found at least one mostly round, dense body that was closely connected to the sex chromosome pair in 71 percent of the cells. In ten percent of the cells, they found two differently sized, dense bodies on either side of the long arm of the X chromosome.

Way of life

The Roborowski hamster is found near Saxaul and other desert plants.
In northwest China, the Roborowski hamster is a common prey of the long-eared owl.
Body weight and daily food intake of the Roborowski dwarf hamster

habitat

Little is known about the way of life of the Roborowski dwarf hamster. Its habitat are sandy areas with sparse vegetation. Outside of this, the downright sand-loving hamster does not appear. It inhabits wandering sickle dunes, weakly fortified sands and semi-solid humpback sands and is only absent where the sand is covered with solid vegetation, as well as in the salt plains that are often found in sandy areas . Flint believes that it prefers movable sands in the southern part of its range, but weakly and semi-fortified in the northern part.

The type of vegetation is of no great importance for the Roborowski dwarf hamster. In Tuva it can be found near pea bushes , sand sedge and riding grass . At Tere-Chol in Tuwa he lives in isolated, 20 to 30 meter high sickle dunes, which are overgrown with wormwood and other desert plants on the leeward side . In Mongolia, it was found near poplar , saxaul , pea bush, seaweed , zygophyllum , saltpeter bush , Lasiogrostis and Tamariscus .

Population density and predators

The population density of the Roborovsky dwarf hamster in Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Tuva is low. Depending on the year and time of year, Judin and her team found a proportion of 0.7 to 4.4 percent of the mammals caught in Tuva. Between 1921 and 1930, during the Central Asiatic Expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History, only one to three specimens each were caught on the Zagaan Nuur , Bajandsag , Kholobolchi Nuur and the eastern end of Lan Shan in the Gobi. During the six Kaszab expeditions from 1963 to 1968, only three specimens were collected in Mongolia. In the southern part of its range, however, it is more numerous. It is often found in the sand hills around Yulin in Shaanxi and in the sand dunes of the Ordos Plain .

Little is known about the predators of the Roborowski dwarf hamster. In the Minqin Desert in northwest China it is the third most common prey of the long-eared owl .

nutrition

The Roborowski dwarf hamster feeds mainly on plant seeds . In Tuwa, the seeds of sandstone , pea bush, saltpeter bush, Dracocephalum peregrinum , tragacanth and sedges come first in summer. Vegetative parts of the plant are irrelevant. In Shaanxi he is known for storing millet seeds .

In the Hunshandake desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, it feeds on the seeds of Agriophyllum squarrosum , Corispermum chinganicum and Psammochloa villosa , the pea bush Caragana microphylla , the green millet , the hop clover and Melissitus ruthenic for most of the year . At times, the seeds include Willow Salix gordejevii , the pea shrub Caragana stenophylla pojark , the Süßklees Hedysarum laeve , the asparagus Asparagus daurius , the Vogelknöterichs Polygonum divaricatum and the salt herb Salsola Collina for food spectrum. Plant seeds make up over 85 percent of its food in the Hunshandake desert steppes. It also feeds on leaves, stems and insects.

In Mongolia, insects such as beetles , earwigs and grasshoppers are also part of its diet. According to Formosow, the stocks of some burrows indicate a diet consisting almost entirely of insects. According to Bannikow, insects make up about half of the cheek pouch contents. The consumption of snails has also been reported. In Tuva, the proportion of animal food is low. In 1958 and 1959, Flint and Golowkin found vegetable food in 100 percent of the hamsters caught with filled cheek pouches, whereas animal food was found in only 23 percent in 1958 and in 32 percent of hamsters in 1959.

The daily food intake of the Roborowski dwarf hamster depends to a large extent on its body weight. Young animals eat more food than adult hamsters in relation to their body weight. Based on its population structure, Wan et al. Calculated an average food intake of around two grams of plant seeds per day. They also indicate the functional relationship between daily food intake (N) and body weight (M) . Young animals, adolescent and adult hamsters store food equally in their burrows.

Construction and activity

Construction of the Roborowski dwarf hamster: 1) tube with nest chamber, 2) tube with branching, 3) tube with two nest chambers

Often the Roborovski Hamster lives in the burrows of other rodents and rabbits-like as those of the Mongolian horse jumper , the Langschwanzziesels and Daurian pikas . His self-dug construction consists of an almost straight tube that extends 50 to 150 centimeters into a dune and widens into a nest chamber. The entrance to the building is mostly buried by drifting and trickling sand and only the part near the nest, which runs through more solid and moist layers of sand, remains. The spherical nest usually consists of shredded wool from the trample or domestic sheep . Occasionally the burrow contains a branch or a second nest chamber.

The activity of the Roborowski dwarf hamster is subject to daily and yearly rhythmic cycles. He is mainly out at dusk , the peak of the activity is between 9pm and 10pm. Daily activity time is longest, averaging five hours in November, and falls below ten minutes in February and March. According to Feoktistova and Meschtscherski, it does not hibernate , does not go into freezing cold even at temperatures around minus 38 degrees Celsius and is still active at times at daily lowest temperatures below minus 40 degrees Celsius. Nevertheless, it probably spends most of the coldest time of the year in its den and feeds on its supplies. According to Sokolow and Orlow, however, it is inactive in winter and hibernates.

Reproduction

Seasonal development of the number of litters in the Roborowski dwarf hamster
Seasonal development of the number of young animals per litter in the Roborowski dwarf hamster

According to Flint, the breeding season of the Roborowski dwarf hamster in Tuva spans April to September. During this time, the females give birth to three to four litters . According to Feoktistova and Meshchersky, they start throwing as early as late February to early March. The number of litters per 100 pairs reached its first peak in April with 24 litters and fell slightly in May. It is highest with 29 litters in June and 26 litters in July. In September the number of litters drops sharply and goes back to one to four litters per 100 pairs in autumn and early winter, with four litters in September, two litters in October, one litter in November, three litters in December and five litters in January. According to Hou and co-workers, the Inner Mongolia breeding season spans February to October for males and March to October for females.

The gestation period is 20 to 22 days. In three consecutive litters, Ross and Cameron found a decrease in the time from the formation of the first vaginal plug after mating to the birth of the first pups from 22.5 days to 20.5 days and 19.2 days.

Flint gives the number of embryos in the uterus of female Roborowski dwarf hamsters with an average of six. In 13 captured females, he found three and four embryos, two five, four six, one seven and two eight and nine embryos. The actual number of young animals per litter may be slightly lower due to absorption . According to Feoktistowa and Meschtscherski, it is highest in February with over five young per litter. In spring and summer it is relatively stable and amounts to 3.5 pups in April, 3.9 pups in June and 3.6 pups per litter in July. The average litter size is 4.5 pups. Hou et al. Give the number of embryos an average of 6.22.

Puberty

The Roborowski dwarf hamster reaches sexual maturity between 14 and 24 days. The average is 19 days. According to Feoktistova and Meshchersky, the males begin to reproduce after two months, the females after two and a half months or earlier, so that in summer older and younger hamsters contribute to population growth and during this time the predominant contribution to growth is made. According to Hou and coworkers, reproductive strength in males and females increases with age.

Flint and Golowkin also found that young females are essential to reproduction. They divided the captured females into three weight groups and determined the proportion of pregnant or fertilized females with 50 percent in the light weight group, 68 percent in the medium weight group and 73 percent in the heavy weight group. According to Hamann, however, even hamsters born in February do not reproduce until the following year if they are already at least twelve months old.

In human care, sexual maturity begins a little later than in nature. Under laboratory conditions, the Roborowski dwarf hamster only becomes sexually active at four and a half months, in pet ownership often at three to four months, but sometimes only at ten months.

Life expectancy and gender ratio

The rapid aging and high mortality rate of adult Roborowski dwarf hamsters after the breeding season lead Hamann to assume that only hamsters born during spring and summer survive the harsh winters. Feoktistowa and Meshchersky came across mainly adult hamsters in Tuva in July, in August the hamsters from the current year already predominated. While life expectancy is lower in nature, it can exceed a year and a half in human care.

According to Feoktistowa and Meschchersky, the sex ratio between male and female newborns varies between 1: 1 and 1: 1.3 during the year. It does not deviate significantly from the 1 to 1 ratio. According to Hou et al., The ratio of adult males to females in Inner Mongolia is close to 1 to 1.2.

behavior

Little is known about the behavior of the Roborowski dwarf hamster. He is a lively, nimble and agile hamster who moves with short, jerky, almost nervous jumps and at a step. Its multi-loop paths run from one tuft of grass to the other and there dissolve into numerous individual tracks.

Sowerby describes him as meek, naturally tame, and easy to hold. He is not tempted to bite or run away, is extremely clean and cleans himself frequently and carefully. He fills his cheek pouches with seeds to the point and empties them when he is disturbed by pressing with his front paws. According to Ross and Cameron, on the other hand, he never becomes tame and eschews contact with people, even if he was raised with it from birth. If picked up, they will try to escape or bite, especially if they are over 21 days old.

Marking behavior

Average time it takes male Roborowski hamsters to sniff the excretions of conspecifics

The interest of the Roborowski dwarf hamster in the excretions of conspecifics varies during the year. Urine is most attractive to the opposite sex. Males sniff urine of the opposite sex longer in all seasons, while females only sniff the urine of the opposite sex in spring and summer. When marking the area , the secretion of the abdominal gland seems to be of greater importance. Except in winter, males and females sniff longer at the secretion of male conspecifics in all seasons. Feces , on the other hand, are neither decisive in inter-sex nor territorial communication. Nevertheless, both sexes show great interest in the faeces, especially in summer.

Behavior development

Even before opening the eyes, pushing siblings, crawling over and jostling between them and hiding among siblings are part of the social behavior of the Roborowski dwarf hamster. The young animals do mutual body care for the first time twelve days after birth. After 13 days, when the eyes are open, they approach each other purposefully and sniff each other. They start boxing with their front paws after 14 days. They sniff the noses of siblings after 15 days. They also begin to hunt other young animals after 15 days, knock over them after 16 days and bite and jump over them after 20 days.

After two days scratching the body, elbows and shoulders with the hind paws are part of the comfort behavior of the Roborowski dwarf hamster, after six days scratching the head. Also after six days, the young animals begin to brush their face with their front paws. After eight days they lick the front paws with their tongue, after ten days the hind paws. They shake their heads for the first time after twelve days and their bodies after 14 days. Also after 14 days they start cleaning their head with their front paws and perform a cleaning movement in which they first clean the front paws and then the head and then lick the hind paws. They comb the fur with their front paws for the first time after 16 days. Also after 16 days they start licking the sides of the body and after 18 days the stomach, elbows and shoulders.

The movement in the nest initially limited to the winds of the body and the way there pulling over siblings with their front paws. The young animals begin to crawl after seven to nine days. They only leave the nest when the eyes are open and the development of toe walkers is complete. Adolescent young animals move increasingly lively. They never hop on the backside. After 10 days the young Roborowski hamsters are able to dig alternately with their front paws, after 18 days digging becomes an important part of their behavior. All young animals dig together in one place. The upper ones push away the lower ones, which in turn climb back up. Up to 30 minutes at a time are spent in this way.

Ten days after birth, the young begin to sniff, gnaw and chew food. After 13 days they begin to stuff food into their cheek pouches and to transport it. They drink water for the first time after 17 days. After eight days, the Roborowski dwarf hamster's exploratory behavior begins with targeted sniffing at objects. The young animals seldom sniff in an upright position, but stop, lift their head and one front paw, and sniff while the whiskers move. In doing so or afterwards they throw their heads back and lift the second front paw off the ground. You keep your balance by a kicking movement of the two front paws just before you lift the second paw. They stay upright for less than a second.

The proportion of locomotion in behavior increases after 21 days, but social behavior and digging remain important components of behavior.

  • Behavioral development of the Roborowski dwarf hamster after birth

  • Social behavior

  • Comfort behavior

  • Nutritional behavior

Distribution and systematics

Distribution and existence

Distribution area of ​​the Roborowski hamster and type localities of 1) Cricetulus roborovskii , 2) Cricetulus bedfordiae , 3) Phodopus praedilectus and 4) Phodopus przewalskii

The distribution area of the Roborowski dwarf hamster is the Gobi desert steppe and the adjacent desert regions of northern China , western and southern Mongolia , southern Tuva and the Saissan basin in eastern Kazakhstan . There it occurs at altitudes of 1200 to 1450 meters. Fossil finds are not known.

In China, its distribution area stretches from Djungaria in northwestern Xinjiang , through northern Gansu and Qinghai , Ningxia , northern Shaanxi and Shanxi as well as Inner Mongolia to western Liaoning and Jilin and southwest Heilongjiang in Manchuria . According to Panteleev, it is also common in the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN) classifies the Roborowski hamster as not endangered .

Sympatricities

In the north and east , the range of the Roborowski dwarf hamster overlaps with that of the Campbell dwarf hamster , which, however, lives on solid ground. In the northwest it occurs together with the Campbell dwarf hamster, the Daurian dwarf hamster , the long-tailed dwarf hamster and the Mongolian dwarf hamster . The diet of these species is sufficiently varied to avoid competition.

In the Nan Shan and the southern Gobi its range overlaps with that of the long-tailed dwarf hamster. In addition, there are other rodents and rabbits in this area such as the Daurian pigeon hare and the pigeon hare Ochotona erythrotis and Ochotona thibetana , the Japanese giant sliding squirrel , the steppe marmot , the jerboa , the noon rat , the house mouse , the marsh mole in front and the blind mole . The sandy areas of the eastern steppe region of Meng-Xin in Liaoning are inhabited by the Roborowski dwarf hamster, the Daurian dwarf hamster, the grouse jerboa, the Mongolian horse jumper and the Daurian ground squirrel .

Systematics

The Roborowski dwarf hamster is a type of short-tailed dwarf hamster . Up to four subspecies can be distinguished:

  • Phodopus roborovskii roborovskii ( Satunin, 1903 ) in Nan Shan,
  • Phodopus roborovskii bedfordiae ( Thomas, 1908 ) in Shaanxi and neighboring Mongolia,
  • Phodopus roborovskii praedilectus Mori, 1930 in Manchuria as well
  • Phodopus roborovskii przewalskii Vorontsov & Kryukova, 1969 in Kazakhstan.

Allen (1940) regards Phodopus bedfordiae as a separate species, Corbet (1978), Ellerman (1941), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Musser and Carleton (1993, 2005), Pawlinow and Rossolimo (1987) and Pawlinow and co-workers ( 1995) assign bedfordiae to Phodopus roborovskii . Walker (1975) lists bedfordiae as a subspecies of Phodopus roborovskii . Corbet (1978) and Pawlinow and Rossolimo (1987) discuss the status of przewalskii . According to Rossolimo and Wang (1982), it may be a separate species.

nomenclature

The type locality of the Roborowski dwarf hamster is located in Nan Shan.

The type specimen of the Roborowski dwarf hamster is a single, young, adult female preserved in liquid. Vsevolod Iwanowitsch Roborowski and Pyotr Kuzmich Koslow caught it in July 1894 on their expedition to the Nan Shan on the upper reaches of the Dang in northern Gansu ( 39 ° 0 ′  N , 96 ° 0 ′  E ). Konstantin Alexejewitsch Satunin described the type specimen in 1903 as Cricetulus roborovskii and thus placed the Roborowski dwarf hamster in the genus Cricetulus .

Arthur de Carle Sowerby and Malcolm Playfair Anderson discovered another population in 1908 on the edge of the Ordos Plain near Yulin in Shaanxi ( 38 ° 17 ′  N , 109 ° 45 ′  E ) . Named after Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford , Oldfield Thomas described this as Cricetulus bedfordiae in the same year . He assumed that the two forms have different body proportions, but did not rule out an incorrect measurement by Satunin. Further copies derived from Zagaan Nuur ( 44 ° 55 '  N , 111 ° 8'  O ) and 160 kilometers south-east of Sain Ussu in Mongolia and thus expand the known range of this population considerably.

In 1910 Gerrit Smith Miller introduced Cricetulus bedfordiae as a type species in the new genus Phodopus . In 1933 AI Argiropulo assigned Cricetulus roborovskii to this genus as well. He thought both forms were identical, but recommended further research to determine taxonomic differences. The population at Shuangliao in Jilin ( 43 ° 30 '  N , 123 ° 30'  O ) in the central Manchurian described Tamezō Mori 1930 as Phodopus praedilectus .

Named after the explorer Nikolai Michailowitsch Prschewalski , Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Voronzow and JP Krjukowa described the population in the sands east of the Saissan Basin between Ul'kekaratal and Akzhon on the left bank of the Black Irtysh in Kazakhstan ( 47 ° 38 ′  N , 85 ° 15 ′)  O ) as Phodopus przewalksii due to their karyotype . Ross gives the name with przhewalskii .

Roborowski dwarf hamster and human

The Roborowski hamster is increasingly being kept as a pet.

The Roborowski dwarf hamster inhabits areas that are far from human settlement and usually remain unaffected by human action.

In the first 60 years after it was first described, it was hardly mentioned. In a colony founded in the London Zoo in the early 1960s, the offspring failed . The colony in the Moscow Zoo in the 1970s also only existed for a comparatively short time. In Germany it was introduced by the Tierpark Berlin-Friedrichsfelde .

The Roborowski dwarf hamster is not kept as an experimental animal. In 1994, however, he was diagnosed with the first spontaneous gastric infection by cryptosporidia in hamsters. Breeding in laboratory conditions is difficult, presumably as a result of the stress involved, and suitable litter sizes are rare.

Since the early 1990s, it has been increasingly kept as a pet . They are kept individually or in same-sex or mixed-sex couples or groups. It is considered to be comparatively compatible with other species and there is seldom aggression in family groups . In addition to the natural coloring, there are white-headed Roborowski dwarf hamsters. According to Fox (2006), these are a spoiled breeding , since homozygosity the "Dreher disease" occurs the responsible for this heritage, the hamster continuously rotates in on itself.

Flint (1966), Piechocki (1969), Hoffmann (1978) and Niethammer (1988) use the common German name “Roborowski dwarf hamster”. The English name desert hamster is less often translated as “ desert hamster ”.

supporting documents

Mainly used literature

  • Patricia D. Ross: Phodopus roborovskii . In: Mammalian Species . No. 459 , 1994, ISSN  0076-3519 , pp. 1–4 (English, full text (PDF; 528 kB)).
  • Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Flint: The dwarf hamsters of the Palearctic fauna . In: The New Brehm Library . 2nd Edition. tape 366 . Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2006, ISBN 3-89432-766-9 (first edition: 1966, reprint of the 1st edition from 1966).
  • Patricia D. Ross, Duncan M. Cameron: A Comparison of the Physical Development and Ontogeny of Behavior in the Djungarian Hamster and the Desert Hamster . In: Acta Theriologica . tape 34 , 1989, ISSN  0001-7051 , pp. 253–268 (English, abstract , full text subject to license).
  • Natalja Jurjewna Feoktistowa, Ilja Grigoryevich Meshchersky: Seasonal Changes in Desert Hamster Phodopus roborovskii Breeding Activity . In: Acta Zoologica Sinica . tape 51 , no. 1 , 2005, ISSN  0001-7302 , p. 1–6 (English, abstract and full text ( memento from March 25, 2005 in the Internet Archive )).
  • Guy G. Musser, Michael D. Carleton: Superfamily Muroidea . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 , pp. 894-1531 (English).

References and comments

  1. ↑ a b c d e Flint, 1966 (“Systematics, Descriptions, Distribution”, pp. 7-10).
  2. ↑ a b c d Ross, 1994 ("General Characters" p. 1).
  3. ↑ Gerrit Smith Miller: Two New Genera of Murine Rodents . In: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections . tape 52 , 1910, ISSN  0096-8749 , p. 497-498 , here p. 498 (English). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“General Characters” p. 1).
  4. ^ A b c d Oldfield Thomas: The Duke of Bedford's Zoological Exploration in Eastern Asia, XI. On Mammals from the Provinces of Shan-si and Shen-si, Northern China . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 1908, ISSN  0370-2774 , p. 963-983 (English). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“General Characters” p. 1).
  5. ↑ a b c Feoktistowa and Meschtscherski, 2005 (p. 3, fig. 1). The information relates to hamsters from Tuva kept under semi-natural conditions.
  6. ↑ a b c d Konstantin Alexejewitsch Satunin: New rodents from Central Asia . In: Annuaire du Musée zoologique de l'Academie imperiale de St. Petersbourg . tape 7 , 1903, pp. 571-574 . Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“General Characters” p. 1).
  7. ↑ a b c d e Glover Morrill Allen: The Mammals of China and Mongolia, Part 2 . In: Walter Granger (Ed.): Central Asiatic Expeditions. Natural History of Central Asia, Volume XI . American Museum of Natural History, New York 1940, p. 621-1350 (English). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“General Characters” p. 1, “Ecology” p. 3).
  8. ↑ a b Tamezō Mori: On Four New Mammals from Manchuria . In: Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses . tape 12 , 1930, ISSN  0003-5092 , p. 417-420 . Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“General Characters” p. 1).
  9. ^ A b c Arthur de Carle Sowerby: Fur and Feather in North China . Tientsin Press, Tientsin 1914, p. 68 (English, full text ).
  10. ↑ Argiropulo, 1933; Hamann, 1987. Quoted in: Patricia D. Ross: Phodopus sungorus . In: Mammalian Species . No. 595 , 1998, ISSN  0076-3519 , pp. 1–9 , here p. 1 (English, full text [PDF; 1,2 MB ] "Context and Content" [genre]).
  11. ↑ According to Ross (1994, “General Characters” p. 1), Thomas (1908) gives the color of the upper whiskers as white and that of the lower ones as black.
  12. ^ AI Argiropulo: The genera and species of the hamsters (Cricetinae Murray, 1866) of the Palearctic . In: Journal of Mammals . tape 8 , 1933, pp. 129-149 . Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Diagnosis”, “General Characters” p. 1).
  13. ↑ Miller, 1910; Thomas, 1908. Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Form and Function” p. 2).
  14. ^ Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Voronzow: Evolution of the Alimentary System in Myomorph Rodents . Indian National Scientific Documentation Center, New Delhi 1979 (English, English translation from Russian). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 ("Form and Function" p. 2).
  15. ↑ Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Sokolow, Ilja Grigorjewitsch Meschtscherski: [Water Metabolism of Phodopus roborovskii ] . In: Soologitscheski Schurnal . tape 68 , no. 5 , 1989, ISSN  0044-5134 , pp. 115-126 (Russian). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 ("Form and Function" p. 2). The information relates to five males and five females from Tere-Chol in Tuva.
  16. ↑ Ilya Grigoryevich Meschtscherski, WO Klischin: [The Functional Capacities of the Kidney in Hamsters from the Genus Phodopus ] . In: Schurnal Ewoljuzionnoi Biochimii i Fisiologii . tape 26 , no. 1 , 1990, ISSN  0044-4529 , pp. 47-55 , PMID 2360381 (Russian, with English abstract). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 ("Form and Function" p. 2).
  17. ↑ a b Feoktistowa and Meschtscherski, 2005 (p. 4, fig. 4). The information relates to hamsters from Tuva kept under semi-natural conditions.
  18. ↑ Bao Wei-Dong, Wang De-Hua, Wang Zu-Wang: Metabolism in Four Rodent Species from Ordos Arid Environment in Inner Mongolia, China . In: Folia Zoologica . tape 51 , Supplement, 2002, ISSN  0139-7893 , p. 3–7 (English, INIST abstract ). The data refer to 26 hamsters caught in July 1997 in the Ordos Plain in Inner Mongolia with an average body weight of 15.4 grams.
  19. ↑ Bao Wei-Dong, Wang De-Hua, Wang Zu-Wang: Nonshivering Thermogenesis in Four Rodent Species from Kubuqi Desert, Inner Mongolia, China . In: Folia zoologica . tape 1 , Supplement, 2002, ISSN  0139-7893 , p. 9–13 (English, INIST abstract ). The figures for the summer refer to five hamsters and those for the autumn to six in 1997 in the Ordos Plain in Inner Mongolia.
  20. ↑ Flint and Golowkin, 1961; Judin and co-workers, 1979. Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ontogeny and Reproduction” p. 2).
  21. ↑ a b c d Ross and Cameron, 1989. Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ontogeny and Reproduction” pp. 2-3).
  22. ↑ a b c d Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Flint, Alexander Nikolajewitsch Golowkin: [Comparative ecology of the dwarf hamsters of Tuwa] . In: Bjulleten Moskowskowo Obschtschestwa Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologitscheski . tape 66 , no. 5 , 1961, ISSN  0027-1403 , pp. 57-76 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint, 1966 (“Growth and Development” Fig. 60, pp. 82-89). The information relates to hamsters from four litters kept under laboratory conditions.
  23. ↑ a b c d Ross and Cameron, 1989 (p. 256, Figs. 1-3). The information relates to hamsters from five litters kept under laboratory conditions.
  24. ↑ a b c d Barbara Spyropoulos, Patricia D. Ross, Peter B. Moens, Duncan M. Cameron: The Synaptonemal Complex Karyotypes of the Palearctic Hamsters, Phodopus roborovskii Satunin and Phodopus sungorus Pallas . In: Chromosoma (Berlin) . tape 86 , 1982, ISSN  0009-5915 , pp. 397-408 , here pp. 401-404, Tab. 3 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00292266 (English). The information relates to investigations of the synaptonemal complex of 26 to 130 cells of two adult male hamsters.
  25. ↑ a b Swetlana A. Romanenko and others: Karyotype Evolution and Phylogenetic Relationships of Hamsters (Cricetidae, Muroidea, Rodentia) Inferred from Chromosomal Painting and Banding Comparison . In: Chromosome Research . tape 15 , no. 3 , 2007, ISSN  0967-3849 , p. 283–297 , Tab. 1, Fig. 6, p. 295 , doi : 10.1007 / s10577-007-1124-3 (English).
  26. ↑ a b c Michael Schmid, Thomas Haaf, Heinz Weis, Werner Schempp: Chromosomal Homologies in Hamster Species of the Genus Phodopus (Rodentia, Cricetinae) . In: Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics . tape 43 , 1986, ISSN  0301-0171 , pp. 168-173 . Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Genetics” p. 3).
  27. ↑ Natalja Jurjewna Feoktistowa, Swetlana Wladimirowna Naidenko: Hormonal Response to Conspecific Chemical Signals as an Indicator of Seasonal Reproduction Dynamics in the Desert Hamster, Phodopus roborovskii . In: Russian Journal of Ecology . tape 37 , no. 6 , 2006, ISSN  1067-4136 , p. 426–430 , doi : 10.1134 / S1067413606060105 (English, English translation of the original Russian edition; abstract).
  28. ↑ a b c Flint, 1966 (“Biotopes and Settlements”, pp. 20–21).
  29. ↑ a b c d Boris Stepanowitsch Judin, Lijana Iwanowa Galkina, Antonina Fedorowna Potapkina: [Mammals of the Altai-Sayan Mountain Region] . Verlag Nauka, Novosibirsk 1979 (Russian, original title: Млекопитающие Алтае-Саянской горной страны; 296  pages .). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  30. ^ A b György Topál: On the mammal fauna of Mongolia. Results of the zoological research of Dr. Z. Kaszab in Mongolia. No. 322 . In: Vertebrata Hungarica . tape 14 , 1973, ISSN  0506-7839 , pp. 47-99 . Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  31. ↑ Flint, 1966. Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  32. ↑ Ross, 1994 ("Ecology" p. 3).
  33. ↑ Sowerby, 1914. Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  34. ↑ a b c d Ross and Cameron, 1989 (pp. 254-255, pp. 266-267).
  35. ↑ Shao Ming-Qin, Liu Nai-Fa: The Diet of the Long-Eared Owls, Asio otus , in the Desert of Northwest China . In: Journal of Arid Environments . tape 65 , no. 4 , 2006, ISSN  0140-1963 , p. 673-676 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jaridenv 2005.10.006 (English).
  36. ↑ Flint and Golowkin, 1961. Quoted in: Flint, 1966 (“Nutrition” p. 31); Ross, 1994 ("Ecology" p. 3).
  37. ↑ Allen, 1940; Thomas, 1908. Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  38. ↑ a b Wan Xin Rong, Liu Wei, Wang Guang He, Zhong Wen-Qin: [Food Consumption and Feeding Characters of Phodopus roborovskii on Hunshandake sandy land of Inner Mongolia] . In: Chinese Journal of Ecology . tape 26 , no. 2 , 2007, ISSN  1000-4890 , p. 223-227 , pp. 223-224, Tab. 1 (English, Chinese, abstract - with an English abstract).
  39. ↑ Alexander Nikolajewitsch Formosow: [The mammals of northern Mongolia from the Sboram expedition in 1926] . In: [Preliminary report of the zoological expeditions in northern Mongolia] . Publishing House of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 1929, p. 1–144 (Russian, original title: Млекопитающие Северной Монголии по сборам экспедиции 1926 г. In : Предваритающие Северной Монголии по сборам экспедиции 1926 г. In: Предваритающие Северный оесиеп . Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  40. ^ Andrei Grigoryevich Bannikow : [The mammals of the Mongolian People's Republic] . 1954 (Russian). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  41. ↑ Zdenêk Veselovský, S. Grundová: Contribution to the knowledge of the jungle hamster, Phodopus sungorus (Pallas, 1773) . In: Journal of Mammals . tape 30 , 1964, ISSN  0044-3468 , pp. 305-311 . Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  42. ↑ Flint and Golowkin, 1961. Quoted in: Flint, 1966 (“Nutrition” p. 36).
  43. ↑ Flint, 1966 ("Baue" p. 61, p. 67).
  44. ↑ Formosow, 1929. Quoted in: Flint, 1966 (“Baue” Fig. 38).
  45. ↑ a b c d U. Hamann: On the activity and behavior of three taxa of the dwarf hamsters of the genus Phodopus Miller, 1910 . In: Journal of Mammals . tape 52 , 1987, ISSN  0044-3468 , pp. 65-76 . Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ontogeny and Reproduction”, “Behavior” p. 3).
  46. ↑ a b c Feoktistowa and Meschtscherski, 2005 (p. 5).
  47. ↑ Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Sokolow, WN Orlow: [Handbook of Mammals of Mongolian People's Republic] . Publishing house Nauka, Moscow 1980, p. 117-118 (Russian).
  48. ↑ a b Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Flint: [On the biology of the Roborowski dwarf hamster] . In: Bjulleten Moskowskowo Obschtschestwa Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologitscheski . tape 65 , no. 5 , 1960, ISSN  0027-1403 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint, 1966 (“Vermehrung” p. 41, p. 42).
  49. ↑ a b Flint, 1966 ("Vermehrung" pp. 43–44).
  50. ↑ a b Feoktistowa and Meschtscherski, 2005 (pp. 1, 3–4). The information relates to hamsters from Tuva kept under semi-natural conditions.
  51. ↑ a b c d Hou Xi-Xian, Dong Wei-Hui, Zhou Yan-Lin, Wang Li-Min, Bao Wei-Dong: Study on Reproductive Ecology of Phodopus roborovskii Population . In: Zoological Research . tape 21 , no. 3 , 2000, ISSN  0254-5853 , p. 187–191 (English, Chinese, zoores.ac.cn - with an English abstract). The information relates to hamsters from Dalate in Inner Mongolia.
  52. ↑ Feoktistowa and Meschtscherski, 1999 (p. 434). The information relates to nine pairs with 23 litters kept under semi-natural conditions.
  53. ↑ a b Flint and Golowkin, 1961. Quoted in: Flint, 1966 (“Vermehrung” pp. 42–43).
  54. ↑ a b c Chris Logsdail, Peter Logsdail, Kate Hovers: Hamsterlopaedia. A Complete Guide to Hamster Care . Ringpress Books, Dorking 2005, ISBN 1-86054-246-8 , pp. 12, pp. 19-20, p. 154 (English, first edition: 2002, reprint of the 2002 edition).
  55. ↑ Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Sokolow, Natalja Jurjewna Feoktistowa: [The Reaction of Adult Roborowski Dwarf Hamsters ( Phodopus roborovskii ) to the Odor Signals of Individuals of Their Own and the Opposite Sex at Different Seasons of the Year] . In: Izvestia Akademii nauk SSSR, Serija Biologitscheskaja . No. 5 , 1996, ISSN  0002-3329 , pp. 578-582 , PMID 9004898 (Russian, with English abstract). The information relates to hamsters kept under natural temperature and light conditions.
  56. ↑ Ross and Cameron, 1989 (pp. 259-265, Figs. 4-7). The information relates to hamsters from five litters kept under laboratory conditions.
  57. ↑ a b Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1045):
    • Ma Yong, Wang Feng-Gui, Jin Shan-Ke, Li Si-Hua: [Glires (Rodents and Lagomorphs) of Northern Xinjiang and Their Zoogeographical Distribution] . Publishing house of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 1987 (Chinese).
    • Qin Chan-Yu: [On the Faunistics and Regionalization of Glires in Ningxia Autonomous Region] . In: Acta Theriologica Sinica . tape 4 , no. 4 , 1991, ISSN  1000-1050 , pp. 320 (Chinese).
    • Wang Ying-Xiang: A Complete Checklist of Mammal Species and Subspecies in China. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing 2003.
    • Zhang Yong-Zu, Jin Shan-Ke, Quan Guo-Qiang, Li Si-Hua, Ye Zhong-Yao, Wang Feng-Gui, Zhang Man-Li: Distribution of Mammalian Species in China . China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing 1997.
  58. ↑ a b Quoted in: Ross, 1994 ("Distribution" pp. 1–2, Fig. 3):
    • Gordon Barclay Corbet: The Mammals of the Palaearctic Region. A Taxonomic Review . British Museum (Natural History) / Cornell University Press, London 1978, ISBN 0-8014-1171-8 .
    • Li Weixian: [On the Dividing of Zoogeographical Regions of Rodent Fauna in Liaoning Province] . In: Acta Zoologica Sinica . tape 29 , 1983, ISSN  0001-7302 , pp. 383-390 (Chinese).
    • Ma Yong (Ed.): Fauna Heilongjianica . Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press, Harbin 1986, ISBN 1-86054-246-8 (Chinese).
    • Argiropulo, 1933; Flint, 1966; Ma et al., 1987; Mori, 1930.
  59. ↑ Thomas, 1908; Topál, 1973. Ross, 1994 ("Distribution" pp. 1-2).
  60. ↑ Ross, 1994 ("Distribution" pp. 1-2).
  61. ^ PA Panteleev: The Rodents of the Palaearctic. Composition and Areas . Publishing house of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 1998 (English, Russian). Quoted in: Ulrich Weinhold, Anja Kayser: Der Feldhamster. Cricetus cricetus . In: The New Brehm Library . 1st edition. tape 625 . Westarp Sciences, Hohenwarsleben 2006, ISBN 3-89432-873-8 , Fig. 3 .
  62. ↑ Phodopus roborovskii in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2009 Posted by: S. Shar, D. Lkhagvasuren, 2008. Accessed June 24 of 2009.
  63. ↑ Nikolai Nikolayevich Voronzow: Species of Palaearctic Hamsters (Cricetinae, Rodentia) in statu nascendi . In: Doklady Biological Sciences . tape 132 , 1960, ISSN  0012-4966 , pp. 491–493 (English, English translation from Russian). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  64. ↑ Flint and Golowkin, 1961. Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  65. ^ Andrei Grigoryevich Bannikow: [Notes on the Mammals of Nienshan and the South Gobi Area (China)] . In: Bjulleten Moskowskowo Obschtschestwa Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologitscheski . tape 65 , 1960, ISSN  0027-1403 , pp. 5–12 (Russian). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  66. ↑ Li, 1983. Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (“Ecology” p. 3).
  67. ↑ a b c Musser and Carleton, 2005 (pp. 1045-1046):
    • John Reeves Ellerman: The Families and Genera of Living Rodents, Volume 2. Family Muridae . British Museum (Natural History), London 1941 (English).
    • John Reeves Ellerman, Terence Charles Stuart Morrison-Scott: Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946 . British Museum (Natural History), London 1951 (English).
    • Guy G. Musser, Michael D. Carleton: Family Muridae . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 2nd Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 1993, ISBN 1-56098-217-9 , pp. 501-755 (English).
    • Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow, Olga Leonidowna Rossolimo: [Systematics of the mammals of the Soviet Union] . Publishing house of the Moscow State University, Moscow 1987 (Russian, zmmu.msu.ru - original title: Систематика млекопитающих СССР .).
    • Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow, Je. L. Jachontow, Alexander Karenowitsch Agadschanjan: [Mammals of Eurasia. 1. Rodents: Taxonomic and Geographical Guide] . In: Sbornik trudow Soologitscheskowo museia Moskowski Gossudarstwenny Uniwersitet . tape 32 , 1995 (Russian, original title: Млекопитающие Евразии. I. Rodentia: систематико-географический справочник .).
  68. ↑ a b c d e f Ross, 1994 (Synonymy p. 1, “Remarks” p. 3-4).
  69. ^ Ernest P. Walker: Mammals of the World . 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1975, ISBN 0-8018-1657-2 , pp. 815 (English).
  70. ↑ Olga Leonidowna Rossolimo, Wang Sung: Phodopus . In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . Allen Press / Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas 1982, ISBN 0-942924-00-2 , pp. 455 (English).
  71. ↑ Satunin, 1903 (p. 571). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (Synonymy p. 1). Original wording on the location of Cricetulus roborovskii : "Upper reaches of the Scharagol-dschin (Nan-schan)."
  72. ^ Thomas, 1908 (p. 974). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (Synonymy p. 1). Original wording on the location of Cricetulus bedfordiae : "Yu-lin-fu, Shen-si."
  73. ^ Glover Morrill Allen: Hamsters Collected by the American Museum Asiatic Expeditions . In: American Museum Novitates . No. 179 , 1925, ISSN  0003-0082 , pp. 1–7 , here p. 7 (English, full text ).
  74. ^ Miller, 1910 (p. 498). Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1045); Ross, 1994 (synonym p. 1).
  75. ↑ Argiropulo, 1933 (p. 136). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (Synonymy p. 1).
  76. ^ Mori, 1930 (p. 418). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (Synonymy p. 1). Original wording on the location of Phodopus praedilectus : "Cheng-chia-tun, Central Manchuria."
  77. ↑ Yukibumi Kaneko, Kishio Maeda: A List of Scientific Names and the Types of Mammals Published by Japanese Researchers . In: Mammalian Science . tape 42 , 2002, ISSN  0385-437X , p. 1–21 (English, Japanese, abstract - with English abstract). Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1045).
  78. ↑ Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Voronzow, JP Krjukowa: [ Phodopus przhewalskii species nova, a New Species of Desert Hamsters (Cricetinae, Cricetidae, Rodentia) from the Zaissan Basin] . In: Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Voronzow (Ed.): [Mammals] . Novosibirsk 1969, p. 102–104 , here p. 102 (Russian, original title: Млекопитающие .). Quoted in: Ross, 1994 (Synonymy p. 1). Wording in Ross (1994) on the location of Phodopus przewalskii : "Peski vostoka Zaysanskoy kotlovini mezhdu Ulken-Karatalom i Akzhonom na lyevom beregu Chernogo Irtisha [sands east of Zaissan Basin between Ulken-Karatal and Akzhon on the left bank of the Black Irtish River, Kazakhstan]. "
  79. ↑ Flint, 1966 ("Synanthropismus" p. 75).
  80. ^ Feoktistowa and Meschtscherski, 2005 (p. 2).
  81. ↑ a b Sandra Honigs: Dwarf Hamsters. Biology. Attitude. Breeding . 2nd Edition. Natur- und Tier-Verlag, Münster 2005, ISBN 3-931587-96-7 , p. 14, p. 20 .
  82. ↑ a b Silke Stricker: A contribution to animal-friendly keeping of hamsters based on literature . Hanover 1999, p. 48 ( summary [PDF]).
  83. ↑ I. Pavlásek, M. Lavička: [The First Finding of a Spontaneous Gastric cryptosporidiosis infection in hamster ( Phodopus roborovskii Satunin, 1903)] . In: Veterinární Medicína . tape 40 , no. 8 , ISSN  0375-8427 , p. 261-263 , PMID 8585141 (Czech).
  84. ↑ a b Judy Fox: My dwarf hamster at home . 4th edition. Bede-Verlag, Ruhmannsfelden 2006, ISBN 3-89860-121-8 , p. 11, p. 50 .
  85. ^ Rudolf Piechocki: Family Wühler . In: Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Martin Eisentraut, Hans-Albrecht Freye, Bernhard Grzimek, Heini Hediger, Dietrich Heinemann, Helmut Hemmer, Adriaan Kortlandt, Hans Krieg, Erna Mohr, Rudolf Piechocki, Urs Rahm, Everard J. Slijper, Erich Thenius ( Ed.): Grzimeks Tierleben : Encyclopedia of the Animal Kingdom. Eleventh volume: Mammals 2 . Kindler-Verlag, Zurich 1969, p. 301-344 .
  86. ^ Alfred Hoffmann: Glossary of the most important mammals of China . In: Publications of the East Asia Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum . tape 24 . Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1978, ISBN 3-447-02001-6 , p. 84 .
  87. ^ Jochen Niethammer: Wühler . In: Bernhard Grzimek (Ed.): Grzimek's Enzyklopädie Säugetiere. tape 5 , p. 206–265 , here p. 212 (eleven-volume licensed edition of the original edition from 1988).

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