Nolinoideae

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Nolinoideae
Butcher's broom (Ruscus aculeatus)

Butcher's broom ( Ruscus aculeatus )

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily : Nolinoideae
Scientific name
Nolinoideae
Burnett

The nolinoideae form a subfamily in the plant family asparagaceae (Asparagaceae) within the order of the asparagus-like (Asparagales). Many species and their varieties from some genera are used as ornamental plants in parks, gardens and indoor spaces.

description

Illustration of the many-flowered white root ( Polygonatum multiflorum )
Stems from Beaucarnea hookeri
Lily of the valley ( Convallaria majalis )
Dasylirion durangense
Canarian dragon tree ( Dracaena draco )
Liriope muscari varieties are sometimes found as ornamental plants.
Maianthemum gigas
The tree-shaped Nolina parviflora
The lawn-like Ophiopogon japonicus with bright blue berries

Since the extent of the subfamily Nolinoideae was determined by molecular genetic properties, the range of habitus of the taxa is particularly large.

Habit and leaves

They are either woody shrubs , half bushes , vines , tree-like plants or perennial to perennial herbaceous plants . Since there is no secondary growth in thickness in Nolinoideae , the woody species are not referred to as trees, but rather as tree-shaped plants. Many species form rhizomes , some tubers as persistent organs.

The leaves are alternate or opposite and arranged in a spiral or two lines or whirling. The leaves are simple, with entire margins, with parallel veins. With some taxa the leaves are scaled down and flattened and pointed shoot axes ( phyllocladia ) replaced in the task as assimilation organs .

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers stand together individually or in several or many in racemose inflorescences . In the genus Ruscus , the flowers are arranged in racemose groups on the surface of the phyllocladia. In the genus Semele , the flowers are arranged in golden groups on the edge of the phyllocladia. The mostly hermaphrodite or, more rarely, unisexual flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. If the flowers are unisexual then the plants can be monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ) separately sexed. The usually six bracts are mostly of the same shape; they can be free or overgrown. There are one or two circles with usually three (rarely two or four) fertile stamens each. Three fruit leaves are a mostly upper constant ovary fused with a stylus.

Fruits and seeds

When ripe, bright red or blue, one to four- seeded berries are usually formed as fruits, and more rarely a triple capsule fruit .

Chromosomes and ingredients

The species have chromosomes 0.5 to 19 µm long and have basic chromosome numbers of x = 5–7, 9, 18–21.

Flavonoids , saponins and styloid crystals are named as ingredients .

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

Genera and their distribution

With its broad scope, the subfamily Nolinoideae has a wide distribution. There are taxa in the Holarctic , Paleotropic and Capensis . There are occurrences in the temperate areas of Eurasia and North America, from the Mediterranean to Asia Minor , on the Canary Islands , in southern Africa, subtropical to tropical Central America, and in northern Australia .

The subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae sl) includes 24 to 30 genera with 475 to 700 species:

  • Shoemaker's palms ( Aspidistra Ker Gawl. , Syn .: Antherolophus Gagnep. , Colania Gagnep. , Evrardiella Gagnep. , Macrogyne Link & Otto , Plectogyne Link , Porpax Salisb. Nom. Illeg.): The approximately 160 species in Asia from the eastern Himalaya , India over China and Indochina to Japan widespread.
  • Beaucarnea Lem. (Syn .: Calibanus Rose ): The 13 species since 2016 are distributed from Mexico to Central America .
  • Chrysodracon (Jankalski) P.-L. Lu & Morden : All six to ten species of the genus Pleomele occurring on the Hawaiian Islandswere placed in this new genus in 2014. Before 2014, these species also belonged to the genus Dracaena according to some authors.
  • Comospermum Rauschert : It contains only one species:
  • Convallaria L .: Only about three species thrive in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere .
  • Danae med. (Syn .: Danaida Rchb. , Danaidia Link ): It contains only one species:
  • Dasylirion Zucc. : The approximately 20 species occur from the southwestern USA to Mexico .
  • Disporopsis Hance (Syn .: Aulisconema Hua ): The ten species since 2015 are distributed in East and Southeast Asia from southern China via Indochina to the northern Philippines .
  • Dragon trees ( Dracaena Vand. Ex L. , Syn .: Acyntha Medik. , Draco Crantz nom. Illeg., Drakaina Raf. , Nemampsis Raf. , Oedera Crantz nom. Illeg., Pleomele Salisb. , Salmia Cav. , Stoerkia Crantz , Terminali s Medic. ): The approximately 113 species thrive from the subtropics to the tropics of the Old and New World; mostly in tropical Africa and Asia .
  • Eriospermum Jacq. ex Willd. (Syn .: Loncodilis Raf. , Phylloglottis Salisb. , Thaumaza Salisb. ): It contains about 115 species from tropical to southern Africa .
  • Heteropolygonatum M.N. Tamura & Ogisu : The ten species since 2017 come from southwest and southern China via Thailand to northern Vietnam .
  • Liriope Lour. : The approximately six species are distributed from China and Vietnam to Japan and the northern Philippines .
  • Shadow flowers ( Maianthemum F.H.Wigg. ): The approximately 39 species are common in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere and extend to Central America.
  • Nolina Michx. (Syn .: Pincenectia K. Koch & Fintelm. , Roulinia Brongn. ): The 27 species since 2013 occur from the southern USA to Mexico.
  • Snake Beard ( Ophiopogon Ker Gawl. Nom. Cons., Syn .: Chloopsis Blume , Flueggea Rich. Nom. Illeg., Mondo Adans. Nom. Rej., Slateria Desv. ): The approximately 68 species come from the Himalayas to Japan and Malesia , predominantly in East Asia .
  • Peliosanthes Andrews : The 16 or so species are mostly found in Southeast Asia.
  • Weisswurzen ( Polygonatum Mill. ): The approximately 75 species are common in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere, with centers of biodiversity in the eastern Himalayas and in the Indo-Burma region, especially in southwest China.
  • Reineckea Kunth : It contains only one species:
  • Rohdea Roth ( Titragyne Salisb. Nom. Superfl., Tilcusta Raf. , Campylandra Baker , Gonioscypha Baker ): Since 2010 it contains around 17 species from the eastern Himalayas to Japan and Indochina .
  • Butcher's broom ( Ruscus L. ): The seven or so species occur in Macaronesia , Western Europe and from the Mediterranean to Iran .
  • Bow hemp ( Sansevieria Thunb. ): The 66 to 73 species are widespread from Africa via Madagascar and from the Arabian Peninsula to South Asia .
  • Semele Kunth : There are about three species in Macaronesia , including:
  • Speirantha Baker : It contains only one species:
  • Theropogon Maxim. : It contains only one type:
  • Tupistra Ker Gawl. (Syn .: Macrostigma Kunth , Platymetra Noronha ex Salisb. , Tricalistra Ridl. ): The approximately 14 species are common in Asia.

Botanical history

The Ruscaceae family was founded in 1826 by Kurt Sprengel in Syst. Veg. , 3, 3 (Ruscinae, nom. Cons.) Put up. In the past the family of the Ruscaceae (s. Str.) Consisted only of the three genera: Ruscus , Semele and Danae with only about nine species. Then the taxa of the former families like Aspidistraceae became Hassk. , Lily of the valley family (Convallariaceae Horan. ), Dragon tree family (Dracaenaceae Salisb. , Nom. Cons.), Eriospermaceae Lem. , Nolinaceae Nakai , Ophiopogonaceae Meisn. , Platymetraceae Salisb. , Polygonataceae Salisb. and Sansevieriaceae Nakai integrated into this family on the basis of molecular genetic studies. In the past, some genera of this family were placed in the lily family (Liliaceae). Rudall et al. 2000 established that the name Ruscaceae, which was published by Sprengel in 1826, has priority over Convallariaceae, which was only published by Pawel Fyodorowitsch Gorjaninow in 1834 , although the Convallariaceae was actually expanded to include the additional taxa (according to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature = ICBN = International Code for Botanical Nomenclature ). Because according to molecular genetic studies (for example rbcL studies by Chase et al. 1995) the Convallariaceae s. st. without the taxa of the former families Nolinaceae, Dracaenaceae and Ruscaceae paraphyletic .

Molecular genetic studies have led to the fact that the family boundaries within the order of the Asparagales have shifted significantly since the 1990s . Since Chase et al. 2009 the Nolinoideae only a subfamily in the family of the asparagus plants (Asparagaceae). Previously it was an independent family butcher's broom family (Ruscaceae). The scope of some genres has been greatly changed by revisions in the 21st century. The name Nolinoideae has priority over Ruscoideae. The Nolinoideae were first published in June 1835 by Gilbert Thomas Burnett under the name "Nolanidae" in Outlines of Botany 985, 1095, 1106, the type genus is Nolina Michx. on the other hand the Ruscoideae under the name "Rusceae" by Leopold Dippel in Handbuch der Laubholzkunde … , 1, p. 9 only in August – September 1889.

In 2010, Kim et al. the relationships according to molecular genetic studies. Phylogenetic studies in 2010 revealed the following relationships among the tribes:

 Ruscaceae sl 





Ruscaceae s.str. + Dracaenaceae + Theropogon + Disporopsis + Comospermum


   

Convallarieae (without Theropogon )



   

Ophiopogoneae



   

Polygonateae (without Disporopsis )



   

Nolinaceae



   

Eriospermum



Later investigations, which examined further genes and more taxa, did not always confirm the structure of Ruscaceae sl in this form, the relationships were poorly established overall and unstable with regard to many parameters. The structure of the subfamily in Triben should therefore be viewed as rather provisional. According to all results, the sister group of the Nolinoideae is the species-poor subfamily Asparagoideae . The possibility that the genus Eriospermum is more basal than the Asparagoideae, which would make the Nolinoideae paraphyletic , could not be completely eliminated.

use

Is used medicinally especially the Blazing butcher's broom ( Ruscus aculeatus ), it is drug the rhizome (Rusci rhizome). The Japanese snake beard ( Ophiopogon japonicus ) is also used medicinally. The subterranean plant parts of some Liriope species are eaten. Polygonatum species are used in many ways. Plant parts of a few Maianthemum species are eaten.

Many species and their varieties from some genera are used as ornamental plants in parks, gardens and spaces.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 161, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 105–121, doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x (English).
  2. ↑ The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV . In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 181, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 1–20, doi: 10.1111 / boj.12385 .
  3. ^ A b Nolinoideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Asparagaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  5. ↑ Nikolay A. Vislobokov, Maxim S. Nuraliev, Andrey N. Kuznetsov, Svetlana P. Kuznetsova: Aspidistra globosa (Asparagaceae, Nolinoideae), a new species with erect stem from southern Vietnam. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 282, Issue 1, October 2016, p. 46. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.282.1.5 full text PDF.
  6. ↑ Nikolay A. Vislobokov, Andrey N. Kuznetsov, Svetlana P. Kuznetsova, Evgeniya Kuzmicheva: Aspidistra corniculata (Asparagaceae, Nolinoideae), a new species from Vietnam. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 397, Issue 1, March 14, 2019, pp. 125-128. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.397.1.15
  7. ^ Fritz Hochstätter : Beaucarnea Lem., Nolina Michx., Dasylirion Zucc. (Nolinaceae). 2016. ISSN 2364-5210. PDF. ( Memento of the original from September 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / fhirt.org
  8. ↑ Vanessa Rojas-Piña, Mark E. Olson, Leonardo O. Alvarado-Cárdenas, Luís Enrique Eguiarte: Molecular phylogenetics and morphology of Beaucarnea (Ruscaceae) as distinct from Nolina, and the submersion of Calibanus into Beaucarnea. In: Taxon , Volume 63, Issue 6, 2014, pp. 1193-1211. doi : 10.12705 / 636.31
  9. ↑ a b c Pei-Luen Lu, Clifford W. Morden: Phylogenetic Relationships among Dracaenoid Genera (Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae) Inferred from Chloroplast DNA Loci. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 39, Issue 1, 2014, pp. 90-104. doi : 10.1600 / 036364414X678035
  10. ↑ a b c Ying Meng, Ze-Long Nie, Tao Deng, Jun Wen, Yong-Ping Yang: Phylogenetics and evolution of phyllotaxy in the Solomon's seal genus Polygonatum (Asparagaceae: Polygonateae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 176, Issue 4, December 2014, pp. 435-451. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12218
  11. ↑ Guang-Yan Wang, Ying Meng, Jin-Ling Huang, Yong-Ping Yang: Molecular Phylogeny of Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae) Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequences. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 39, Issue 3, July 2014, pp. 776-784. doi : 10.1600 / 036364414X682201
  12. ↑ Aaron Floden, EE Schilling: Using phylogenomics to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within tribe Polygonateae (Asparagaceae), with a special focus on Polygonatum. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . Volume 129, December 2018, pp. 202-213. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2018.08.017
  13. ^ N. Tanaka: A taxonomic revision of the genus Rohdea (Asparagaceae). In: Makinoa , ns 9, 2010, pp. 1-54.
  14. ↑ a b AS Baldwin, RH Webb: The genus Sansevieria: an introduction to Molecular (DNA) analysis and preliminary insights to intrageneric relationships. In: Sansevieria , Volume 34, 2016, pp. 14-26. PDF.
  15. ^ Paula J. Rudall, John G. Conran, Mark W. Chase: Systematics of Ruscaceae / Convallariaceae: a combined morphological and molecular investigation. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 134, Issue 1-2, 2000, pp. 73-92.
  16. ↑ Mark W. Chase, James L. Reveal, Michael F. Fay: A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 161, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 132-136. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
  17. ^ Gilbert Thomas Burnett: Outlines of Botany. Volume 2, London 1835, p. 985, pt. 4479 , p. 1062. , p. 1106.
  18. ↑ Nolinoideae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 18, 2020.
  19. ↑ James L. Reveal: Subfamily Names (last revised 2003).
  20. ↑ a b Joo-Hwan Kim, Dong-Kap Kim, Felix Forest, Michael F. Fay, Mark W. Chase: Molecular phylogenetics of Ruscaceae sensu lato and related families (Asparagales) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. In: Annals of Botany. Volume 106, 2010, pp. 775-790. doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcq167 , PDF .
  21. ↑ Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, J. Chris Pires, Dennis W. Stevenson, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, Dion S. Devey, Tina Jørgensen, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Yohan Pillon: Phylogeny of the Asparagales based on three Plastid and two mitochondrial genes. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 99, Issue 5, 2012, pp. 875-889. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.1100468
  22. ^ Ruscus aculeatus at Plants for A Future . (engl.)
  23. ^ Ophiopogon japonicus at Plants for A Future . (engl.)
  24. ↑ Liriope + graminifolia , Liriope minor , Liriope muscari , Liriope spicata at Plants for A Future . (engl.)
  25. ^ Polygonatum at Plants For A Future . Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  26. ↑ Maianthemum canadense and Maianthemum dilatatum at Plants for A Future . (engl.)

Web links

Commons : Nolinoideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

further reading

  • Zhong-Shuai Sun, Peng-He Cao, Yue-Ling Li, Sheng Huang: Complete chloroplast genome of Reineckia carnea and its implications for the phylogenetic position within Nolinoideae (Asparagaceae). In: Mitochondrial DNA Part B, Resources , Volume 4, Issue 2, July 10, 2019, pp. 2129-2130. doi : 10.1080 / 23802359.2019.1623119
  • Xiao-Juan Zhang: The applications of Reineckea carnea in horticulture and pharmacy. In: Hubei Agricultural Sciences , Volume 48, 2009, pp. 662-663.