Bow hemp

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Bow hemp
Sansevieria trifasciata, Inselberg near Yaoundé, Cameroon

Sansevieria trifasciata , Inselberg near Yaoundé , Cameroon

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily : Nolinoideae
Genre : Bow hemp
Scientific name
Sansevieria
Thunb.
Typical rhizomes of Sansevieria trifasciata .

Bow hemp ( Sansevieria ) is a genus of plants from the subfamily of the Nolinoideae in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae) within the order of the asparagus-like (Asparagales). Sansevieria is closely related to the genus Dracaena ( dragon tree ) and is sometimes included in this. The botanical name honors the Italian nobleman and patron of horticulture Pietro Antonio Sanseverino (1724–1772), Prince of Bisignano , in whose garden in La Barra near Naples the botanist Vincenzo Petagna saw the plant in blossom and fruit and described it for the first time in 1787. The German common names are bow hemp or mother-in-law's tongue . Some species and many varieties (some variegated, i.e. with light stripes on the leaves) are popular and easy-to-care for indoor plants .

description

Vegetative characteristics

Sansevieria species grow as stemless or stem-forming, perennial, succulent plants. They are usually evergreen and often form larger clumps, sometimes branching out near the base with underground rhizomes or aboveground runners. The sessile, upright foliage leaves grow individually to several , standing together in two rows or in basal rosettes. The thick leaf blade is succulent or leathery, lanceolate, linear or ribbon-shaped and flat, or cylindrical or semi-cylindrical and usually provided with a groove on top. The blades are sometimes somewhat narrowed at the base or similar to petioles. They are green, often patterned with lighter spots or transverse bands, and in cultivated forms they can also be variegated. The leaf margin is smooth. Seedlings of species with cylindrical leaves, as well as young plants grown from cuttings, have short, flat leaves and are different from the adult plants.

Generative characteristics

The hermaphroditic flowers stand together in single- eared , paniculate branched or simply head- shaped , dense inflorescences . The bracts of the flowers have extra-floral nectar . They are stalked, actinomorphic and often have a sweet smell at night. The flower stalk is segmented. The identical bloom cladding sheets are fused at the base and form a tube with six free tips. These often whitish tips are rolled back at the anthesis . There are two circles with three stamens each, which are extended beyond the flower envelope and protrude through the rolled back tepals when the flower is open . The simple stylus is usually as long or a little longer than the stamens. The bracts are white, yellowish-white, light pink or greenish-white. The flowers are often pollinated by moths at night. After pollination, a red or orange berry is formed that contains one to three seeds. The inflorescences are terminal and stop the growth of the respective shoot, so that each shoot only flowers once. However, they are not hapaxanthic , as they live for several years after flowering.

Chromosomes

The base chromosome number of the genus is or .

ingredients

From leaf pressed juice of Sansevieria aethiopica was aconitic isolated. Leaves of Sansevieria trifasciata dried at 60 degrees provided 0.7 percent of a diester of phthalic acid with one molecule of propanol and one molecule of 1,4- butanediol .

Distribution and locations

With a total of 67 species , Sansevieria is mainly found in Africa, especially Kenya and Tanzania , also on the Arabian Peninsula , especially in Yemen and in southern Asia, here on the Comoros , in India , in Sri Lanka and in Myanmar . Some species are feral in subtropical countries. Many species are now also planted as property lines in southern Florida. Some of them have become independent. In southern Europe and on the Canary Islands we find a large number of species in gardens and other plantings, all of which were also brought here by humans.

Systematics

External system

Sansevieria belongs to the tribe Dracaenea from the subfamily of the family of nolinoideae in asparagaceae (Asparagaceae) within the monocotyledonous plants ( monocots ).

Traditionally, the genus would be a sister group of the genus Dracaena

 Dracaeneae clade 

Dracaena


   

Sansevieria



Recent results have shown that the species in the genus form a monophyletic group that is nested within the genus Dracaena ; H. it is probably a clade of species with deviating morphology, which has differentiated itself from a family group of Dracaena -like ancestors. Since the recognition of the genus would make Dracaena paraphyletic , the species are now mostly included in this genus. This article follows the traditional taxonomy that is still more common today. A list of the species of the genus Dracaena (as of 2020) including Sansevieria can be found in R. Govaerts (WCSP).

Internal system

It was first published in 1787 by Vincenzo Petagna (1734-1810). Acyntha Medik is a synonym for the genus . (1786).

The systematics of the genus Sansevieria Petagna is difficult, since there are many cultivars that have been designated as species and appear with these names in lists of plants, etc. The following species belong to the genus Sansevieria :

Classification of the species of the genus Sansevieria according to Mansfeld (2013)

The following have been described since 2013:

  • Sansevieria lineata T.G. Forrest : It occurs in Uganda. It was first described in 2013.
  • Sansevieria lunatifolia L.E.Newton : It occurs in Kenya. It was first described in 2015.
  • Sansevieria newtoniana T.G. Forrest : It occurs in Uganda. It was first described in 2014.
Fibers in Sansevieria trifasciata
Sansevieria pinguicula , night flowering in Florida
Sansevieria cylindrica with a cylindrical leaf
Section of an inflorescence of Sansevieria kirkii
Sansevieria trifasciata 'Golden Hahnii' (cultivar)

Botanical history

When Carl Peter Thunberg described the genus Sansevieria and two associated species Sansevieria aethiopica and Sansevieria thyrsiflora in 1794 , he must have actually noticed that seven years earlier, in 1787, in the genus Sanseverinia founded by Vincenzo Petagna , one of the two species, namely Sansevieria thyrsiflora , was described generically.

The similarity of the two generic and specific names seems to be an indication of this, as Thunberg himself used the name Sanseverinia . On the basis of the herbarium evidence in Thunberg's collection, three Italian authors have now proven beyond doubt that Sanseverinia and Sansevieria are only variants of one and the same name.

A year before Petagna, Friedrich Casimir Medicus established the genus Acyntha in 1786 . Some species were already placed in 1763 by Michel Adanson under the then new generic name Cordyline .

Following a suggestion by Hermann August Theodor Harms and other botanists, a list of generic names was published in 1904, which, contrary to the priority principle accepted by botanists , should be preserved as " nomen conservandum " due to their wider distribution . Among the genus names recommended by Harms was also the genus Sansevieria , which should be preserved from the genus Acyntha described above . Harm's list was included in the proposals submitted for approval to the Second International Botanical Congress , which met in Vienna in 1905 . It was accepted by Congress. Any other solution would have created considerable confusion.

The systematic classification of Sansevieria has changed in the course of history, as many species were not very well described. Carl von Linné first put them to Aloe George Bentham put the genus in the Haemodoraceae family in 1883 , which made the species described by Adanson under Cordyline move into the distance. Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler recognized this and transferred it to the Liliaceae family . The later assignment to Agavaceae was retained by CJ Couper in 1986. According to the most recent revisions and phylogenetic examinations, in 2010 it was related to the subfamily of the Nolinoideae in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae).

Danger

In the Red List of Threatened Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) no species of the genus Sansevieria are listed. Trade in them is not protected by the Washington Convention on Endangered Species (CITES).

use

Fibrous materials

In some species, the leaves are used for fiber production, which is also indicated by the popular names such as bow hemp and African sisal . These include primarily: Sansevieria hyacinthoides , Sansevieria cylindrica , Sansevieria kirkii , Sansevieria longiflora , Sansevieria ehrenbergii , Sansevieria liberica , Sansevieria roxburghiana , Sansevieria senegambica , Sansevieria subspicata and Sansevieria subspicata . Qualitative differences due to different fiber lengths influenced the cultivation. Hybrids with improved fiber quality were later produced in the USA. From around the mid-sixties the market gradually collapsed due to increasing competition from synthetic fibers and is now relatively insignificant. The leaf fibers are used for the production of fine mats, ropes and twine, hats, tendons and also for clothing.

therapy

Apart from the fact that many types of bow hemp are popular ornamental plants, in addition to the succulent leaves, the ground or pulverized parts of the roots and rhizomes are also used for medicinal purposes. The leaf juices of some species, for example of Sansevieria ehrenbergii , have a strong antiseptic effect and are used in traditional medicine in first aid dressings. The cooked leaves of some species of Sansevieria are used to treat rashes and ulcers. If you hit warts with the leaves, they should recede. From Sansevieria trifasciata it is reported that the warmed leaf juice is used against earache. The juice of Sansevieria ehrenbergii is even used for neuromuscular blockages.

As with Epipremnum aureum and Dracaena fragrans , it is assumed that numerous Sansevieria species also improve the air we breathe by absorbing toxins (e.g. benzene , toluene and trichlorethylene ).

proof

literature

  • Nicholas Edward Brown : Sansevieria - a monograph of all the known species (with plates) . In: Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, No. 5 . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1915, p. 185-261 (on- line ).
  • B. Juan Chahinian: The Sansevieria Trifasciata Varieties . 1st edition. Trans Terra Publishing, Reseda, California 1986, ISBN 0-9617703-0-9 .
  • B. Juan Chahinian: The Splendid Sansevieria - An Account of the Species . 1st edition. (Self-published), Buenos Aires 2005, ISBN 987-43-9250-9 .
  • CJ Couper: Sansevieria Thunberg . In: The European Garden flora . 1st edition. 1 Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Angiospermae - Monocotyledons (Part I). Cambridge University Press, London / New York 1986, ISBN 0-521-24859-0 , pp. 287-289 .
  • Peter A. Mansfeld: Everything about Sansevieria - manual about origin, cultivation and care . 1st edition. BoD, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-8482-0815-9 .
  • Peter A. Mansfeld: The genus Sansevieria - all kinds and their care . 1st edition. BoD, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-8482-5142-1 .
  • KD Morgenstern: The picture book of the Sansevierias . 1st edition. Illertaler Offsetdruck & Verlag GmbH, Kempten 1979.
  • National Botanic Gardens Lucknow-India: Sansevieria . 1st edition. National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow-India 1959, p. 1-32 .
  • Leonard E. Newton: Monocotyledons . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon . tape 1 . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7 , pp. 271-284 .
  • Jeff Nugent: Permaculture Plants, agaves and cacti . 2nd Edition. cactus.books.com, Namrup 2006, ISBN 0-9586367-0-2 .
  • Adrian Pawitra: Trubus' sansevieria, 200 Jenis Spektakuler, 400 photo . Trubus, Jawa Barat 2008, ISBN 978-979-936976-5 .
  • William J. Hess: Sanseveria. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , p. 415 (online) .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ W. Marais: (350) Proposal to Amend the Entry of 1100. Sansevieria in the List of Nomina Generica Conservanda . Vol. 22, No. 1, 1973, pp. 158-159 (online) .
  2. ↑ Urs Eggli, Leonard E. Newton: Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names . Birkhäuser 2004, ISBN 3-540-00489-0 , p. 212.
  3. ^ LE Newton: Thoughts on the Sansevieria inflorescence. In: Sansevieria . Vol. 24, 2010, pp. 7-10.
  4. ^ Margaret Y. Menzel, James B. Pate: Chromosomes and Crossing Behavior of some Species of Sansevieria. In: American Journal of Botany . Vol. 47, Issue 3, 1960, pp. 230-238 (online) .
  5. ↑ Robert Hegnauer: Chemotaxonomy of plants: an overview of the distribution and the systematic importance of plant substances. Volume 7, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1986, ISBN 3-7643-0723-4 , p. 564.
  6. ↑ Pei-Luen Lu & Clifford W. Morden (2014): Phylogenetic Relationships among Dracaenoid Genera (Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae) Inferred from Chloroplast DNA Loci. Systematic Botany, 39 (1): 90-104. doi : 10.1600 / 036364414X678035
  7. ^ A b Petagna: Institutiones Botanicae. Volume 3, 1787, p. 643 (online) .
  8. ^ Peter A. Mansfeld. Restructuring of the genus Sansevieria (Asparagaceae) . In: Cacti and other succulents, vol. 64, booklet 2, pp. 35–38.
  9. ↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Sansevieria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  10. ↑ Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, quas in Promontorio Bonae Spei Africes , collegit Carol. Peter. Thunberg. Upsaliae 1794, p. 65 (online) .
  11. ^ Carl Peter Thunberg: In: Flora Capensis . Volume 2, 1818, p. 322 (online) .
  12. ↑ Bruno Menale, Paolo De Luca, Emanuele Del Guacchio: A plea to restore Petagna's autorship for the genus Sansevieria, nom. cons. (Liliaceae) . In: Taxon 62 (2), April 2013: 387-390.
  13. ↑ Bruno Menale, Paolo De Luca, Emanuele Del Guacchio: Ein Appell, Petagnas authorship for the genus Sansevieria, nom.cons. (Liliaceae) to restore . In: Sansevieria Online , Vol. 2, 2014, Issue 1, May 1, 2014, pp. 38–44 (online) .
  14. ^ FC Medicus: Theodora. 1786, p. 76 (online) .
  15. ↑ a b Michel Adanson: Familles des Plantes. Volume 2, 1763, pp. 54. , 543 .
  16. ^ H. Harms: Proposal to supplement the "Lois de la nomenclature botanique de 1867", recommended for adoption at the nomenclature congress that met in Vienna in 1905. In: Notblatt des Königl. botanical garden and museum in Berlin. Volume 4, Appendix XIII, 1904, p. 13, JSTOR 3993987
  17. ↑ John Briquet: texts of documents synoptique destines A servir de base aux debats du Congres International de Nomenclature Botanique de Vienne 1905. R. Friedl Indians & Sohn, Berlin 1905, S. 146th
  18. ^ John Briquet: Règles internationales de la nomenclature botanique: adoptées par le Congrès International de Botanique de Vienne 1905 et publiées au nom de la commission de rédaction du congrès. Fischer, Jena 1906.
  19. ^ A b Nicholas Edward Brown : Notes on the genera Cordyline, Dracaena, Pleomele, Sansevieria and Taetsia . In: Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information . Book 8. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1914, p. 273 ( online ).
  20. ↑ Carl von Linné : Species Plantarum . Lars Salvius: Stockholm 1753 (online) .
  21. ↑ George Bentham: Genera plantarum ad exemplariaimprimis in herbariis Kewensibus servata definita. Vol. 3, 1883, 679.
  22. ↑ The natural plant families together with their genera and most important species, especially the useful plants. Part 2, Abt. 5, 1897, p. 84 (online) .
  23. ^ CJ Couper: Sansevieria Thunberg . In: The European Garden flora . 1st edition. 1 Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Angiospermae - Monocotyledons (Part I). Cambridge University Press, London / New York 1986, ISBN 0-521-24859-0 , pp. 287-289 .
  24. ↑ Joo-Hwan Kim, Dong-Kap Kim1, Felix Forest, Michael F. Fay, Mark W. Chase: Molecular phylogenetics of Ruscaceae sensu lato and related families (Asparagales) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. In: Annals of Botany . Volume 106, Number 5, 2010, pp. 775-790, DOI: 10.1093 / aob / mcq167 .
  25. ↑ Frederick Voughan Kirby: Sport in East Central Africa - Being an Account of Hunting Trips in Portuguese and Other Districts of East Central Africa. Nabu Press 2010, ISBN 978-1-142-16244-3 , pp. 1–382.
  26. ↑ Kurt Dinter: German South-West Africa, Flora- forest and agricultural fragments . Theodor Oswald Weigel, Leipzig 1909, p. 181 ( online ).
  27. ^ R. Büttner, Peter Hanelt, Rudolf Mansfeld: Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except ..., Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben) . 3. Edition. Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2001, ISBN 3-540-41017-1 , pp. 2200-2204 .
  28. ^ Sansevieria in German South West Africa. In: The tropical planter. Vol. 3, 1899, pp. 21-23 (online) .
  29. ↑ Sansevieria fibers from German South West Africa. In: Tropenpflanzer. Vol. 6, 1902, p. 34 (online) .
  30. ↑ Sansevierien hemp from the area of ​​Combo (Usambara). In: The tropical planter. Vol. 10, 1906, p. 538 (online) .
  31. ↑ Sansevieria longiflora - preparation of the leaves. In: The tropical planter. Vol. 10, 1906, p. 585 (online) .
  32. ↑ Richard Sadebeck: The tropical useful plants of East Africa, their cultivation and their possible plantation operations. In: Yearbook of the Hamburg Scientific Institutions . Jg. 9, 1891, p. 218 (online) .
  33. ^ A. Wigglesworth. The Fiber Industries of British East Africa. In: Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Tropica Agriculture. 1914, p. 316 (online) .
  34. ^ A b Paul Kamau Mbugua, DM Moore: Taxonomic studies of the genus Sansevieria . In: The Biodiversity of African Plants . Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1996, ISBN 0-7923-4095-7 , p. 489-492 .
  35. ↑ Elmar Schöningh: The effect of mulch on yield and factors of soil fertility in the eastern Amazon region of Brazil. In: Giessen contributions to development research. Volume 6. Tropical Institute, Giessen 1985, ISBN 3-924829-14-4 , p. 48.
  36. ^ John O. Kokwaro: Medicinal plants of East Africa. 3. Edition. University of Nairobi, 2009, ISBN 978-9966-846-84-6 , p. 373.
  37. ↑ James A. Duke, Edward S. Ayensu: Medicinal plants of China. Publisher Reference Publications, 1985, ISBN 0-917256-27-1 , pp. 406, 703.
  38. ^ NASA Study House Plants Clean Air. In: Zone 10. The Plant & Garden Zone for Homeowners (online) .

Web links

Commons : Bogenhanf ( Sansevieria )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files