Solomon Sachs

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Draft stamp for 245 years of Salomo Sachs in 2017 to commemorate the government building inspector and his tower in Birkholz Bernau near Berlin in 1829

Solomon Sachs ( Hebrew זקס שְׁלֹמֹה Šəlomoh Sachs ) (born on December 22, 1772 in Berlin ; died on May 14, 1855 there ) was a German architect , astronomer , Prussian construction clerk , mathematician , drawing teacher for architecture, teacher for machine drawings , expert , building economist , writer , expert and Textbook author and polymath . He achieved the rank of government building inspector and with his cousin Major Meno Burg they were the only men in the Prussian civil service who had not renounced their Jewish faith. Before Sachs, the upper court banker Isaak Daniel Itzig had taken over tasks in the Prussian court building administration to a small extent .

Sachs was born on December 22, 1772 as the son of the lottery taker and protective Jew Joel Jacob Sachs (born July 30, 1738 in Berlin, † April 18, 1820 in Berlin) and his second wife Esther Sachs (approx. 1746-1813) in Berlin. His father was head of the Bedek Habajith association of the Jewish community in Berlin ( "The damage to the house" ; "Maintenance of the building" in Hebrew תחזוקת הבנייןhere "construction maintenance" )

Education and qualifications

At the age of 18 he studied architecture and drawing from 1790 to 1792 at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts and Mechanical Sciences in Berlin. On December 9th, 1792 he was sworn in as a trainee at the Oberhofbauamt in Berlin, his teacher and superior on duty was the Royal Oberhofbaurat and Secret War Councilor Friedrich Becherer .

“Because of my trial work with the current co-director of Königl. Ministral Construction Commission, Government and Baurath Mandel taken both under oath and duty. He, the Christian, and I, the Jew, jointly placed our oath of office in the hands of the royal judiciary. Ober-Hof-Bau-Amt, Mr. Justice-Raths Troschel, exits. At the same time we uttered one and the same formula of the oath, the end of which was only different. There was no mention of any Jewish scholars, no Jewish witnesses, no hand washing, putting on the prayer robe, etc., and no synagogue either . "

- Solomon Sachs

At this time Friedrich Wilhelm II ruled . On July 1, 1794, Sachs obtained the patent for Ober-Hof-Bau-Conducteur and on September 26, 1799 as Ober-Hof-Bau-Inspector at the Oberhofbauamt. During his training, Dr. Johann Albert Eytelwein to his teachers, to whom he dedicated his work Complete instruction in the manufacture of building hardware in 1827 . As a building inspector, he took over the management of the building police in his department and chaired the examination committee of the building trade foremen. In the period from 1790 to 1796, the plot in the Molkenmarkt  1 area was planned for the construction of the new city bailiwick. Projects were drafted by members of the Oberhofbauamt and construction began in 1791 under the direction of Paul Ludwig Simon and Friedrich Gilly . Solomon Sachs had designed two facades for this, not officially requested . It was the facade of the portal and the front on the Spree side, which the authorities accepted very benevolently, were implemented and for which he received his first public recognition. The Academy of Arts and Mechanical Science published the catalog for the annual academy exhibition since 1786. The two-year cycle was introduced in the following years. This was where the Berlin audience wanted to stand out from the other academies in Kassel and Dresden . In the years 1786 to 1816, mainly architectural models and designs based on ancient models took up space. The academy students and younger conductors had a high proportion of the entries. In 1794 Johann Carl Gottlieb Schlaetzer , Salomo Sachs, August Ferdinand Mandel (1771–1846), Johann Georg Moser and Paul Ludwig Simon were able to put their designs for churches, prisons, a theater and hunting lodge, country houses and town houses, garden houses and crypts in the exhibition and bring in the catalog. In 1798 Sachs designed a morgue for the Society of Friends , but this was not implemented for financial reasons. From 1799 to 1806 he taught as a drawing teacher for architecture and teacher for machine drawings at the on July 6, 1799 by King Friedrich Wilhelm III. newly founded building academy .

  • 1790–1809 Royal Academy of Bild. Arts and mech. Sciences

  • Whey market around 1780

  • Berlin Building Academy

Family and siblings

On September 21, 1802 he married Henriette Isser from Hamburg in Berlin. The marriage produced a son. His son Albert Sachs (born August 29, 1803 in Berlin, † November 11, 1835 there) became a doctor.

His uncle was Jüdel Sachs (born April 10, 1752 in Berlin, † May 17, 1819 there) who was a gardener by profession and made a name for himself as a pioneer in the shifting of occupations .

Solomon Sachs had the following siblings:

  • Israel Joel Sachs (born March 25, 1762 in Berlin, † August 26, 1848 in Berlin). He was a pawnbroker by profession and lived in Eyergasse 2. Bürgerrechte 1809 on the basis of the town code on November 19, 1808
  • Hirsch Joel Sachs (born October 18, 1770 in Berlin, † September 22, 1824 in Berlin) was a gardener and owner. He lived at Am Grünen Weg 2. Bürgerrechte on August 9, 1813
  • Veile (Veilchen; Feilchen; Fanny) Sachs (born November 4, 1778 in Berlin; † approx. 1858) married Daniel Alexander Benda (Daniel David Alexander Benda) on February 13, 1809, Berlin publicist and city councilor (born April 22, 1786, † January 6, 1870). Veile was the honorary mother of the Orphan Education Institute of the Jewish community in Berlin founded by Baruch Auerbach . Proven as late as 1841. The following children emerged from the marriage, Salomo Sachs nieces
    * Clara (1810-1818)
    * Esther (* October 16, 1813; † 1877)
    * nephew Anton Ferdinand Benda .
    Both later converted to Christianity, Esther Benda (later she called herself Eda (Edda) Anna) was baptized by Friedrich Schleiermacher .
  • Jacob Joel Sachs was born in Berlin on September 13, 1781. He was a craftsman and on March 16, 1810 was granted a license to manufacture goods with silver plating . Lives in Berlin Münzstrasse 24. Civil rights on September 12, 1811

Jewish couples, like Veile and Alexander Benda, had to submit applications for concessions to marry, sometimes also for marriage certificates and, after marriage, to have children. Solomon's daughter-in-law was Süsche Kinschberg (born June 24, 1792 Berlin; † November 24, 1843 in Berlin) who married Jacob Joel on June 11, 1812. Around 1831 Jacob became the inspector of the Jewish health care facility. Joel Jacob Sachs died on December 20, 1847 in Berlin.

New guard and the outbreak of war

Shortly before the outbreak of the French War in 1806, the college of the Bauakademie received the order from the highest level to work out and submit plans for the reconstruction of the Opera Bridge with the nearby guard and the construction of a massive dog bridge . Here the older and higher-ranking officials of the college were asked, for example Johann Heinrich Gentz . As a young civil servant, Solomon Sachs was so fascinated by this task that he quietly worked out his own drawings, ideas and drafts. He presented them to his teacher, the secret councilor Becherer, who submitted the drawings for examination. His designs for the Schloss-Brücke and the Neue Wache won the prize against all the superb drawings by the specialists. Aloys Hirt, who was part of the examination committee, was particularly praiseworthy for Sachs designs. The outbreak of war delayed plans.

The coalition wars and the war of liberation 1813–1815 and the search for new intentions

After the lost war, the financing of the Bauakademie and Oberhofbauamt fell victim to government austerity measures in favor of contributions to France and Sachs lost his job. From 1808 to 1816 he received waiting allowance from the government .

Only after the end of the war was the plan taken up again by Friedrich Schinkel , but now implemented with its adaptations. It was not until 1842 that Sachs noted in his autobiography that the new guard in particular resembled his basic designs, with the exception of the masterful decorations of the building by Schinkel.

“Here I cannot fail to notice how the basic features of the building complex and the new guard as it stands now correspond to mine. First of all, I had not set this building in flight with the armory, but with the university, and the peculiarity of my construction was that the facade was actually formed from the rear (high wall), with the roof only sloping towards the rear should. Furthermore, in the fact that two short side wings, which a blind wall connected to one another at the rear, and which enclosed a small courtyard, were attached in such a way that the whole presented a closed square. Finally the facade was decorated with six Doric columns and two pavilions on both sides. Hopefully nobody will blame me for this comparison, which I dare to make between Schinkel's execution and my earlier project of one and the same building, since here we are not talking about the most common external decoration of the building by Schinkel, and here we are only talking about the Adaptation and construction of the same. "

- Solomon Sachs

The flying address register and the local tax

In 1812, Sachs created the first complete general streets and housing display for the residential city of Berlin . It was also a groundbreaking work for future address books, and this masterpiece was even sold abroad. The king ordered 4 copies and the State Chancellor Karl August Fürst von Hardenberg ordered 12 copies. The police stations also ordered because the map plans and addresses were very precise. Unfortunately, the beginning of the second French war prevented a good financial livelihood for him. But the address book opened up another possibility, since the Secret State Councilor Friedrich August von Staegemann board member of the finance party was busy with the organization of wealth tax , the idea of ​​a flying catastrophe was born. Sachs opened an office to handle this task in order to gain control over the taxpayers with the least amount of staff. Berlin was divided into 12 tax districts, of which each district received the information about changes of residence of the citizens every day and was updated every hour. This is how the first residents' registration offices came into being and at every police station in the capital city of Berlin, police-relevant parts of the flying cadastre were set up and used. Sachs was commissioned by Staegemann's secret finance councilor to make proposals to generate income of several million thalers for the state through a suitable tax. His proposal led to the municipal tax that is still valid today and was first implemented as a rental tax levy.

The national survey of 1813 (1870, Anton von Werner )

The billing authority

In 1813 the billing authority had to be reorganized, as the passing Russian troops had to be taken in and fed by tenants and house owners. This was an unbearable burden of war and many complaints arose about the state's ruthless distribution practices. On March 15, 1813 was on top cabinet order from King Friedrich Wilhelm III. , who was staying in the Silesian town of Breslau at the time , divided the entire Prussian area between the Elbe and the Russian border into four military governorates (1813–1815) for strategic military reasons to wage the war against France . At the same time, the Upper Government Commission founded on January 20, 1813 in Berlin and the General Commission created on April 24, 1812 for billeting, catering and marching were dissolved.

The royal order to Berlin to found the 1st Military Government between the Elbe and Oder went to Military Governor Lieutenant General Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq and Civil Governor and Privy Councilor of State Dr. Johann August Sack . They should find suitable measures and solutions for the troops passing through and their billeting. This important authority entrusted Sachs with this task. He was assigned employees and a room in the Köllnisches Rathaus , which he set up as a control office. There he and his colleagues were the contact person for inquiries, complaints, complaints and the development of a fair billing system for the citizens.

In March 1813, the order of magnitude to be mastered was 13,300 soldiers and 4,000 horses of the Russian military and 8,100 soldiers and 1,000 horses of the Prussian army. In July billeting reached a maximum of 18,000 Prussian soldiers, 2,000 prisoners and 5,500 sick. Solomon had found the ingenious solution with a voucher system (paper money) that would be paid out after the end of the war. Anyone who reported within 24 hours of being relocated and submitted their billet received these vouchers. So this fair system could be installed and with his many employees Sachs solved this task to everyone's satisfaction.

Wrestling for reinstatement in the Prussian civil service

According to a specially prepared report of September 23, 1815 for the Jewish community of Berlin, after moisture damage to the dome of the old synagogue , Sachs had made construction drawings.

On April 7, 1816, Sachs asked the king to reappoint him. This request was refused due to the Jewish edicts §9 of 1812 . His second petition of April 24, 1816, however, led to success through the king, who allowed the exception to the rule, and through the promulgation of the highest cabinet order of April 29, 1816, by Cabinet Councilor Albrecht. At that time, Sachs was living at Markgrafenstrasse 49 and was a neighbor of Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy .

His transfer to Marienwerder in West Prussia

From 1816 to 1820 he worked as a cameral builder (land construction master) for the Royal Marienwerder government in West Prussia . With the laying of the foundation stone on May 3, 1818 until the inauguration on August 3, 1823, a Protestant church in Mewe was built according to plans by Schinkel, under construction management by Sachs . He was anti-Semitically discriminated against by Protestant clergymen in other church buildings in Stuhm and Marienwerder , why he was building here as a Jew. He implemented Schinkel's designs despite all adversities. There were great difficulties, as the architectural drawings by Schinkel von Sachs' superior, the government and Baurath Balkow (1816–1825 Baurath in Marienwerder), were partly not understood or misinterpreted. In 1819 Salomo Sachs opened a building trade school in Marienwerder, which existed for 15 years until 1834. He took over the management and offered free lessons.

  • Mewe on the Vistula around the middle of the 19th century - with the Protestant church in the middle

  • Former Protestant church in Stuhm - today Sztum .

  • Marienwerder around the middle of the 19th century - with the Protestant church on the right. Page.

  • Trinity and Assumption Church in Kwidzyn (Marienwerder)

His transfer back to Potsdam

From 1820 to 1830, under his qualifications, he was employed again as a cameral builder in the fourth building district of the Royal Government of Potsdam and was an employee of Karl Friedrich Schinkel . From December 8, 1820, Sachs was appointed to the examination committee for building tradesmen, his area of ​​responsibility here was the Spandau district . At that time he lived at Spandauerstraße 49 in the center of Berlin. On December 3, 1824, an art street from Prenzlauer Tor to Heinersdorf was approved, it is today's Prenzlauer Allee . Sachs had done all the preliminary work such as surveying, drafting, situation plan and cost planning. He brought together the most distinguished residents who financially enabled him to do the work he needed. From this group a public limited company was formed , which implemented the project with the help of the government. In 1825, Sachs began planning the new construction of the pheasant master’s house in the zoo with its improved clay construction. The order was given by the royal chief hunter Friedrich Detlev Graf von Moltke (1750-1825). After a report that was devastating for Sachs, issued by Friedrich Schinkel and Johann Carl Ludwig Schmid , on his Pisé buildings, he was unable to carry out his work. Schinkel received the order from the senior building budget to build the house in a classic brick construction.

The animosity of the members of the Oberbaudeputation against Solomon Sachs increased further.

After Sachs was thrown out of the building department with his plans for the new house of the pheasant hunter, he received the order from Prince Wittgenstein to hand over his drawings and cost accounting for comparison with Schinkel's drafts. After the handover, his elaborations were gone forever despite demands for repayment, and Sachs was only paid for his expenses 17 years later. Despite these setbacks and allegations, he continued to work on his reputation . In 1829 he was commissioned by Otto von Voss' sons to Birkholz near Bernau to design and rebuild a new church tower. Likewise, Carl Justus Heckmann for the roofing and Carl August Mencke for the gilding of the tower cross were appointed to the construction work. 1829-1830 Sachs drew more and more the dislike of the royal government and his superiors. He had received the order for a cavalry horse stable in Charlottenburg from the military, who were convinced of its cost-saving clay construction. At the request of the military command, the construction should take place very quickly and under his sole management without the participation of the royal government. This led to further tensions with his superiors, as the brick design was already available.

  • View of Prenzlauer Allee from the television tower

  • Birkholz church model 1: 100

The involuntary retirement

With the involuntary retirement in 1830, Salomo Sachs' career in the Prussian civil service ended. In June he once again expressed his unbroken zeal for work with a design for a monument to Frederick II . For this he was commended by his superiors. From then on he devoted himself to his literary work, the restoration of his reputation and the validity of his improved Pisé building (through expert opinions)

His 50th anniversary in office and 70th birthday

Portrait of Louis Weyl (April 23, 1815 - September 9, 1851). Half-length portrait from the front, head turned to the left, in front of an indicated background. Under the picture, facsimile autograph and biographical data: "I am looking for the joking and serious at the same time, I collect the beautiful from every area! Dr. L. Weyl."

In honor of his 50th anniversary in office, scholars, architects, merchants, writers and friends gathered for lunch in a day pub in Berlin on December 9, 1842. The room was designed by the royal landscape and theater decoration painter Johann Karl Jakob Gerst (1792–1854) with a portrait of Sachs at a flower festival. Part of the table decoration was in the shape of the Leaning Tower of Pisa , with the inscription “Sachs indestructible Pisébau”. Among the speakers and guests were the mayor Joseph Lehmann, editor of the magazine for foreign literature, Dr. Löwe as the organizer of the festival and Prof. Wilhelm Stier . Stier had been trained by Solomon in 1816 as a student of the building academy and they were on friendly terms. Another speaker was the writer, philosopher, bookseller and humorist Dr. Louis Weyl (April 23, 1817 - September 9, 1851). With his humorous lecture on the arts, especially architecture and a table song, he inspired society. One stanza read:

"Faithfulness is the most beautiful medal that can only adorn you, you would have easily become higher without it, in fact no better man!"

The anniversary boy had written down the following poetic thoughts on the day it was announced that a celebration was being prepared for his anniversary in service.

To life,

we live here on earth
     Not in a valley of misery.
     Life, brothers, believe me!
     God did not give us a torment.
It just
flowed away in joy for me , I can say it, I enjoyed it.
     The knowledge, what a great good!
     But it is not the highest.
     The God in you does not do it either,
     If there is a lack of light in knowledge.
But if you have achieved both
, then it is good, then it is successful.
     Be a Jew, be a Christian,
     Faith does not promote.
     Not what you believe, just what you are,
     puts you in the right light.
God's fire has to light and flash,
don't believe in him, you have to own him.
     And if the lightning has struck,
     the mind has been cleared up.
     What do I care about human jokes?
     The god from human hands?
Faith and reason in dispute,
That was just what the deity desecrated.
      That's how I recognized life
      and its hidden meaning.
      Since I was a
      child, my doubts have fled.

And now, as if youth were glowing,
life appears to me in full bloom.
      Yes, it remained refreshingly green for me.
      Life, so rich in happiness,
      Yes, I see it bloom twice
      and youth is returning.
The dust may
blow away and sink, I see a new earth flashing.
      The cloudy look, it brightens up
      How softly the wind blows.
      Who is approaching me at full speed?
      Is it my wife? Is it my child
Have the earthly barriers fallen?
Oh God! I grasp the thought
      Life is so wonderfully big,
      But death is no less beautiful.
      Highly happy is the lot of man,
      His dwelling on serene heights.
Brothers glasses, let us rise,
Long live death! Long live the life!
      Seeing so many friends around me,
      how delighted I am!
      Not to stand alone on earth,
      That is fame and honor for me. My doing
and my doings have been successful,
I am ready to go and stay.
     As long as I stay, I thank
     you for so much love,
     As fresh as this glass sounded,
a god may open up and appear to you,
And your age equal to mine.

Poem recited by Sachs at the celebration organized for him.

The festival was commented on in the Prussian State Newspaper , the Vossische , the Spenersche Zeitung and the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums .

Excerpt from the foreword of the Festschrift The 50th anniversary of the official jubilation of the Royal Government Inspector Mr. S. Sachs Berlin, on December 9, 1842 as a reminder for the participants of the festival Printed by F. Weidle in Berlin :

“The peculiarity of this festival deserves that it be torn from oblivion by the following echoes. The festival stewards are convinced that contemporary writing will be a welcome gift to all guests who attended the festival, as they do not appear too often in life. It was touching to see the jubilee enter, the lonely old man to whom friends and patrons have died for years and whose own house is orphaned. Through his autograph, which he recently published, and its content, although written with masculine frankness, no one has yet dared to refute, he has shown what vigorous life he led and what fruitful services he rendered to the state. Nevertheless, the state had completely disavowed (not recognized) its day of honor today, one so rare, and of which it had been reported, while its college, which 50 years ago jointly took the oath of office with it at the same hour, was state-wise on it Day has been given plenty of thought. With these distressing circumstances in stark contrast, the veteran appeared in full freshness. "

Excerpt from the tost, the professor at the royal general building school, Mr. Wilhelm Stier, on the jubilee:

“It is now just 50 years when that morning dawned for the arts and for technology in our country, which brought us who are now living the first rays of a new day. At that time brave fighters rose up for all the individual subjects of the arts and technology, struggling for progress and for deeper knowledge, for higher education and more perfect works. At that time Schadow and Chodowiecky , children of nature, built an altar to their goddess below us and decorated it with beautifully woven wreaths. Eytelwein, Becherer and the elder Gilly , researching and learned, stimulating and teaching, were at the forefront of patriotic technology, in the middle of the practical turmoil, in the middle of a lively youth and the country greeted the triumvirate with thanks and awe. Langhans , Erdmannsdorf , the ingenious younger Gilly , the excellent shepherd and Genelly brought the first greetings to the building trade from the Hesperian Gardens, the first news of ancient walls and of those cities that shine there with the works of men. Genz , Simon, the two Riedel , Trieste , strove in different directions and helped. The race of brave champions, which our memory and our gratitude should not be lost, have a healing effect on younger people and set an example for them. It was these who bravely performed deeds that honor us all when the unforgettable king called on art and technology to glorify the new existence that we jointly fought for ourselves with him, to adorn it with works of benefit, with works of joy ! Among these noble men I first think of their chorus, of the unforgettable Schinkel among them I call the excellent man to whom we are celebrating today, our worthy jubilee. "

Sachs celebrated his seventieth birthday on December 22, 1842.

Sachs' diverse literary work continued in 1844. His astronomical writings appeared in Berlin - Axis Parallelism and Solar System , there in 1850, which were not so successful. Here, however, his two self-developed visual models for teaching are to be praised, the “Diagonon” and the “cylindrical ellipto- tellurium ”. In 1845 Solomon wrote a pamphlet on the existence of air and water pressure , which was directed against Friedrich Johann von Drieberg .

The emancipation of the Jews always remained an important concern

An article in the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums of June 26, 1847 shows once again the efforts of Solomon Sachs, even at the old age of 75, that Jewish emancipation was still a topical issue for him.

Due to a controversial statement by the Landtag commissioner, Minister Ernst Bodelschwingh , during the discussion on the Prussian Jewish law at a city council meeting, a meeting with Sachs took place afterwards.

"Some would have falsely claimed that there was once a Jewish building inspector here in Berlin."

He drove to the hotel of the Ministry of the Interior and waited there for the minister to give him his biography with a picture and signature as a souvenir. Bodelschwingh thanked him and asked him whether he had remained true to the Jewish faith and was receiving a pension from the state.

"Of course, but so small that I cannot really blame Your Honorable Excellency if you have doubted my existence."

On July 25, 1848, the constituent Prussian National Assembly met at its 32nd session in the rooms of the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin . In the commission report on the application of the MPs Count Eduard von Reichenbach , Dr. Stein and Dr. Elsner, when the meeting room was changed on May 26th, building officer Eduard Knoblauch was commissioned to find a suitable larger plenary hall or to build a new one based on various building reports . The uncomfortable Sachs had also proposed to the commission that a new house be temporarily built for the Prussian chambers. His plan for the house referred to the part of the chestnut grove on the Kupfergraben that adjoins Dorotheenstrasse .

  • Sing-Akademie - meeting place of the National Assembly 1848

  • Plan of Dorotheenstadt, 1893

“This morning I slept gently and painlessly in the 83rd year of the Köngl. Construction inspector Sachs. The burial takes place in Grenadierstr. 18th Wednesday the 16th morning 9 clock. The bereaved report this to his friends Berlin May 14th 1855. “(Quote Vossische Zeitung Berlin May 15th 1855)

Buildings, drafts and reports

  • 1793: Facade designs for the New City Bailiwick in Berlin
  • 1796: Reconstruction of the burned down Ephraim house on Spandauer Straße Berlin. Owned by the Ephraim family, Nathan Veitel Ephraim (1658–1748) and Veitel Heine Ephraim , for example, lived here after the Ephraim Palace was named .
  • 1798: Design of a mortuary and rescue facility (not carried out)
  • 1806: Drafts for the Neue Wache and the renovation of the Opera and Palace Bridge in Berlin
  • 1806 - 1807: Conversion of the home of businessman Israel Moses Henoch at 13 Schlossplatz
  • April 24, 1810: Order to Sachs of the "Section for Culture and Public Education" with its then director Wilhelm von Humboldt (February 20, 1809 to June 23, 1810) for an expert opinion on 100 machine drawings that are to be purchased for teaching purposes for Professor Johann Philipp Hoberts (born April 22, 1759 in Berlin; † February 6, 1826 there) mechanical engineering class and Johann Gottlieb Schlaetzer's drawing class.
  • 1815–1816 Construction drawings for the dome of the Old Synagogue in Heidereutergasse (based on an expert report specially prepared by Sachs, for the Jewish community, after the dome was damaged by moisture).
  • 1816: Planning for the construction of the mausoleum for the late Prussian Field Marshal Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Moellendorff (1724–1816) in the park of Schloss Gadow in Westprignitz
  • 1816–1818: Construction management of the Protestant church in Stuhm (based on a design by Schinkel)
  • 1818–1823: Construction management of the Protestant church in Mewe (based on a design by Schinkel; canceled in autumn 1957)
  • 1819: Construction management of the Protestant church in Marienwerder (Sachs discovered that Schinkel's construction drawings had again been misunderstood and reported to Berlin that he would leave the estimate for the project on him until it was clarified. As he received no answer Trinity and Assumption Church in Kwidzyn (Marienwerder), probably based on Schinkel's design, as it was planned to have two towers in 1819.
  • 1820: schoolhouse in Weissensee (with permission of the royal government, instead of the half-timbered building the clay building apply)
  • 1822: Military economy building in the courtyard of the barracks of the Kaiser-Alexander-Garde-Grenadier-Regiment in Berlin (400 feet long, in clay construction )
  • 1823: Second order from the War Department to build a 700-foot-long wall for the local royal powder factory in an inexpensive Pisé construction. The building authorities had already submitted the costs and execution for a brick wall. The ministry, however, decided to the full satisfaction of the rammed earth wall.
  • 1824: Planning of an art street from Prenzlauer Tor to Heinersdorf (today's Prenzlauer Allee ; execution by a newly founded stock corporation)
  • 1825: Planning in Pisé construction for the new construction of the pheasant master’s house in the royal pheasantry in the zoo. The order was given by the royal chief hunter Friedrich Detlef Graf von Moltke. (Not carried out)
  • 1829: Project planning and construction management for the reconstruction of the church tower in Birkholz
  • 1829–1830: Planning and execution of a cavalry horse stable in Charlottenburg, commissioned by the high military in Pisé construction.
  • 1830 June Publication of a draft for a monument to Frederick the Great.
  • 1842 Drawn self-portrait for the cover of his memoranda. Right: The figurative representation of mathematics Left: The figurative representation of architecture Above: A symbol of religion. The star of hope in the midst of radiant eternity.
  • 1848 Planning of a house for the plenary hall of the Prussian National Assembly

Inventions

  • 1812 rental tax (today's municipal tax)
  • 1817 Calculator for multiplying and dividing
  • 1813 Founder of registration and deregistration at the Berlin police (residents' registration offices)
  • 1827 patent window. The patent was valid for 8 years.
  • 1829 A new roof construction - fire-proof and watertight
  • Mortar stones

Newly developed games

  • The arrival in Olympus, an entertaining and instructive game: ib. 1815, 8.
  • The true prophet in all circumstances of life. A reimagined game: ib. 1815, 12; ib. 1827, 12.
  • One day in Berlin. An entertaining dice game, along with 41 views of the finest buildings and statues in this residence. 2nd edition: ib. 1817, f.
  • Moira or the journey through life. For entertainment in the winter evenings: Berlin, 1817, f.
  • One day in Potsdam. An entertaining dice game, along with a description and 51 views u, sw: ib. 1819, 8.

Honors

  • 1796 First public honor with the academic silver award medal for the facade designs of the New City Bailiwick.
  • 1823 Gratitude from the War Ministry of 100 thalers for the construction of the military-economic building in the courtyard of the barracks of the Kaiser-Alexander-Garde-Grenadier-Regiment in Berlin from 1822.
  • 1824 Gratuity from the War Ministry of 100 thalers for the construction of the Pisé wall near the royal powder factory from 1823.
  • 1831 Gold Medal for Art and Science from the King of Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm III. for - About the building law in its entirety -
  • 1832 Large golden commemorative coin from Emperor Franz I of Austria for the work by Sachs that was sent to his KK private library - About the building rights in its entirety - Handover of the coin by Count Trauttmannsdorf -Weinsberg Royal Austrian Ambassador in Berlin.

Non-fiction and literary works

  • Attempt to solve algebraic problems from the 1st degree with 1 and 2 unknown quantities, without algebra, to resolve: ib. 1799, 8.
  • Representation of geometric truths for artists etc., generally for non-mathematicians. With 4 KT .: ib. 1806, 8.
  • Dissolution of the Meyer Hirsch collection of examples, formulas, etc. Exercises from the letter calculation u. Algebra containing equations and exercises: ib. 1810, 8 .; ib. 1821, 8; improved: ib. 1829, 8; ib 1839, 8.
  • Supplement for the resolution of Meyer Hirsch's problems etc: ib. 1811, 8.
  • Non-profit arithmetic book in connection with the arithmetic solutions of the tasks borrowed from algebra: ib. 1811, 8.
  • Ideas for the distribution of billets in a large city, Berlin 1813. 8.
  • Germany's armed youth, or the first basic features of the establishment of a Reichswehr to secure and maintain world peace. Berlin 1814. 8.
  • General Street u. Apartment gazette or address book for Berlin: ib. 1812 Julius Eduard Hitzig Berlin, 8. With a floor plan.
  • Newest and completely calculating housekeeper and Kaufmann: Halle, 1815, 8.
  • Plan of Berlin, according to the latest changes: ib. 1816; f .; ib. 1827, f.
  • Newly invented calculating machine which multiplies and divides in a very easy and very simple way in all types of calculation. The shape of a triangle glued to wood, along with an explanation: ib. 1817.
  • The improved Pisé construction; a contribution to the improvement of the state budget, along with a comment on a military economic building 400 feet long executed on orders, etc.: ib. 1822, 8.
  • Instructions for earthworks art (Pisé construction); with applications to all types of urban and rural buildings, in addition to a complete teaching of the construction of barrel, cap and cross vaults in pure clay, etc.: ib. 1825, 8. With 4 KT. In fol.
  • About the building law in its entirety, or the basis of a complete and contemporary improved building order. 2 part: 1831, 8th complete instruction in the manufacture of building fittings: ib. 1827, 8.
  • Collection of building proposals for all branches of civil architecture. A paperback for architects etc: ib. 1828, 8.
  • Suggestions for the improvement of the Vistula dams in order to render future floods harmless for the lowlands, for the best for the unfortunate low-lying inhabitants. Berlin 1829, Salomo Sachs self-published (with 2 editions in the same year)
  • Description of a reinvented roof - construction, too urban u. rural buildings of all kinds can be used, which are not only waterproof and permanent, but also completely fire-proof from the outside and inside and grant all the advantages of the surfaces with metal-covered roofs, without more valuable than the ordinary thatch roofing: ib. 1829, 8.
  • The cheap builder. A handbook for homeowners and all those who want to become one, or complete instruction based on practice on everything to be observed when buying urban and rural land, etc: ib. 1832, 4.
  • Brief outline of the theoretical and practical arithmetic. As a guide for teachers and as a guide for students; ib. 1833, 8.
  • Brief outline of the pure and practical geometry etc: ib. 1833, 8.
  • General construction tariff or precise information on the prices of all construction work and materials, which are most common in both new buildings and repairs. In relation to the author's building law etc .: ib. 1833, 4.
  • Elementary classes in pure and applied mathematics, as well as in related sciences. Schüppel, Berlin 1833, urn : nbn: de: gbv: 9-g-4882985 (3 textbooks in the Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Digital Library).
  • Brief outline of applied mathematics ets .: ib. 1835, 8.
  • The art of slate decking in its entirety, practically presented. With 12 copper plates: ib 1836, 8.
  • Instructions for the production of a new, completely fireproof and absolutely watertight roof covering for entire roofs (arbours), using specially invented resin panels, etc. ib 1837, 8.
  • Entertaining mind exercises in the field of mathematical analysis. Dedicated to school men, parents and educators. 1st Class. For children from 6 to 10 years: ib 1836, 12; second grade. For children from 10–12 years: ib. 1836, 12; third class. For children from 12-14 years; ib. 1836, 12; fourth grade. For students over 14 years: ib. 1836, 12; fifth grade. For students over 16 years: ib. 1837; 12.
  • Special building regulations for the city of Berlin. With explanations. In addition to an appendix containing the general Land law scattered building - contains laws: 1838, 8.
  • Solomon Sachs autobiography My fifty years of service life and literary work. A contribution to the actual meaning of the question: Are the Jews suitable for civil service? Berlin 1842. / as reprint : Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-933471-04-4 . ( Publisher's advertisement ).
  • About the existence of air and water pressure in relation to the drafts made against it by Baron von Drieberg. A contribution to the new physics. Berlin 1845 published by Julius Springer
  • The solar system, or new theory of the construction of the worlds. Schlesinger, Berlin 1850.
  • The faith of my fathers: ib 1851, 8.

literature

  • Siegmund Günther:  Sachs, Solomon . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 30, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1890, p. 133 f.
  • List of those works of art, which by the Königl. Academy of Arts in the halls of the academy building on the Neustadt on September 22nd and the following days daily from 11 a.m. to 5 a.m. Berlin 1816, pp. 53-55.

Web links

Commons : Birkholz  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Learned Berlin: in the year ... 1845 (1846). P. 307
  2. ^ Historical Commission to Berlin Walter de Gruyter Publications Volume 28, 1968 p. 59 (snippet view books.google.de ).
  3. ^ In: juden-in-mecklenburg. The Protective Jews Rights and Duties .
  4. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs , Volume 3, newly edited and commented on by Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander in Verlag Hentrich & Henrich, p. 117.
  5. ↑ History of Jewish Literature, Gustav Karpeles Oppenheim 1886 Volume 2 p. 642.
  6. ^ History of the Jews in Berlin I. As a commemorative publication for the second secular celebration. Edited by Ludwig Geiger on behalf of the board of the Berlin community. Verlag von J. Guttentag, Berlin 1871, p. 192/193 ( books.google.de )
  7. ↑ My fifty years of service life and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs , Volume 3, Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich, pp. 10-11.
  8. ^ Karl Friedrich Schinkel, a son of the late Enlightenment of Mario Zadow. P. 189 ( books.google.de ).
  9. ↑ Complete instruction in the preparation of the building notices in 1827 Salomo Sachs. P. 3 ( cover ).
  10. ^ Rudolf Vierhaus (ed.): Poethen - Schlueter. P. 663 ( books.google.de ).
  11. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs. Volume 3, Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich, p. 12.
  12. ↑ Klaus Jan Philipp: Around 1800: Theory of architecture and architecture criticism in Germany between 1790 and 1810. S.23
  13. ↑ Uta Motschmann (Ed.): Handbook of Berlin Associations and Societies 1786–1815 pp. 837–848 Society of Friends
  14. ↑ My fifty years of service life and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs , Volume 3, Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich, p. 8 u. P. 11.
  15. ↑ Handbook about the Royal Prussian Court and… 1806. P. 394 ( babel.hathitrust.org ).
  16. ^ Catalogus Professorum-TU Berlin founding dates under the Royal Building Academy
  17. ^ The Jewish Citizens' Books of the City of Berlin 1809-1851: With additions for the years 1791-1809, edited by Jacob Jacobson, p. 152
  18. ↑ Jewish weddings in Berlin 1759 to 1813: With additions for the years 1759-1813. Edited by Jacob Jacobson. P. 448
  19. ↑ Jewish weddings in Berlin 1759 to 1813: With additions for the years 1723 to 1729 published by Jacob Jacobson Berlin 1968. p. 501
  20. ↑ Historical Commission to Berlin Walter de Gruyter, 1968. Snippet view p. 501
  21. ↑ Berlin in the past and present Landesarchiv Berlin, 2009. Snippet view p. 113
  22. ↑ The Jewish community school tora talmud in Berlin, in their Ferner development of Baruch Auerbach Berlin 1833. S. 173
  23. ^ Eighth annual report on the Orphan Education Institute, the Jewish Community in Berlin 1841 by Baruch Auerbach. P. 102
  24. ↑ T opographie and mobility in the German women's movement: Results of the scientific colloquium of the German nationals Association eV on November 2, 2002 Ilse Kischlat German citizens association, 2003-191 pages S. 91 (beschrängte view)
  25. ^ Secret State Archives of Prussian Cultural Heritage, Part II: Special Administrations ... edited by Kurt Metschies. P. 107
  26. ^ Repertory of the Prussian Brandenburg state laws for cameral and state servants, Volume 2 by Peter Johann Jakob Hoffmann, Züllichau Darnmannsche Buchhandlung 1806. P. 105
  27. ↑ Policey and Cameral Magazine: in which, in alphabetical order, the most distinguished and most important matters occurring in the Policey and Cameral system are practically dealt with according to correct and reasonable principles and arrangements that have been made by sovereign laws are explained every now and then, Volume 5 by Johann Heinrich Ludwig Bergius 1768 new edition 1786. p. 273
  28. ^ The Jewish Citizens' Books of the City of Berlin 1809–1851: With additions for the years 1791 to 1809, published by Jacob Jacobson Berlin 1962. P. 95 Note 299 and explanation; P. 79 note 177; P. 102 Note 342
  29. ^ Jewish weddings in Berlin 1759 to 1813: With additions for the years 1759 to 1813 edited by Jacob Jacobson. P.529
  30. ↑ The Jewish community school tora talmud in Berlin, in their Ferner development of Baruch Auerbach Printed Beij. Lewent 1833. p. 19
  31. ^ Deutsches Kunstblatt Stuttgart: magazine for fine arts, architecture and handicrafts, publisher Friedrich Eggers, second year Leipzig, publishing house by Rudolph and Theodor Oswald Weigel 1851 p.197
  32. ↑ Greek and Roman in Berlin Buildings of Classicism Gerhart Rodenwaldt. P. 23 ( books.google.de ).
  33. ^ History of the Jews in Berlin I. As a commemorative publication for the second secular celebration. Edited by Ludwig Geiger Berlin 1871. Verlag I. Guttentag . (D. Collin.) P. 194
  34. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs , Volume 3, Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich, pp. 14 to 15. ( Contradiction to current scientific knowledge, according to WP: Evidence Wikipedia )
  35. ↑ Schinkel - Artists / Prussia / Brandenburger Schinkelsche Designs - Neue Wache p. 49–50. (PDF) House of Brandenburg-Prussian History
  36. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs, Volume 3 - Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich. Pp. 12-15
  37. ↑ title page . In: Salomo Sachs: General street and apartment gazette for the residential city of Berlin , 1812.
  38. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs, Volume 3 - Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich. Pp. 18-22
  39. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs, Volume 3 - Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich. Pp. 22-25
  40. ^ Secret State Archive of Prussian Cultural Heritage, Part II: Special Administrations ... published by Kurt Metschies KG Saur Munich 2000 p. 159
  41. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs , Volume 3, Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich, pp. 25 to 29.
  42. ^ Secret State Archives Prussian Cultural Heritage Military Governments 1813-1815 Authority history. Archive database 1.HA Rep. 91C Introduction
  43. ↑ The urban order of 1808 and the city of Berlin: With a contribution to the urban history of Berlin as a scientific discipline ... by Andreas Kaiser, by Paul Clauswitz Springer-Verlag Heidelberg GmbH 1986 p. 135
  44. ↑ L. Geiger: History of the Jews in Berlin , Volume 2, pp. 194–197 ( books.google.de ).
  45. ↑ Thomas Lackmann: The son of my father: Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy and the ways of the Mendelsohns. P. 56 ( books.google.de ).
  46. ^ Prussian provincial sheets. Volume 3, pp. 436-440 ( books.google.de ).
  47. ↑ Official Journal of the Royal Chur Märkischen government to Potsdam, 1816, 27/53 Balkows transfer to Kwidzyn. P. 259 Personal Chronicle ( books.google.de ).
  48. ↑ The Ministry of Culture in its fields of activity school, science, churches, arts and medicine - presentation . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-05-008903-4 , p. 473–474 ( preview in Google Book Search).
  49. ↑ The ten building districts. In: Official Gazette of the government in Potsdam. Born in 1820 ( books.google.de ).
  50. ^ Official Journal of the Government in Potsdam: Year 1820 p. 270
  51. ^ General address book for Berlin published by JM Boicke Berlin 1820 Published by JW Boicke Königsstrasse 65. P. 365
  52. ↑ Prenzlauer Chaussee . In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein "Kunststrasse approved on December 3rd, 1824."
  53. ↑ Berlin. Draft for the Fasaneriemeisterhaus in the Tiergarten. German digital library
  54. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs. Volume 3. Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich, p. 66
  55. ^ New Prussian Adels-Lexicon, or, Genealogische und diplomatische… by Leopold Freiherr von Zedlitz pp. 420–424, here p. 422 ( books.google.de ).
  56. ^ Franz Hermann Kiefer: main part. ub.uni-marburg (PDF) Dissertation, p. 188.
  57. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs. Volume 3. Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich, p. 71.
  58. ^ Secret State Archives Prussian Cultural Heritage Archive database Search via the inventory overview and the online finding aids of the GStA PK Establishment of Monuments I. HA Rep. 89, No. 20757
  59. ^ The 50th anniversary of the official jubilation of the Royal Government Inspector Mr. S. Sachs Berlin, on December 9, 1842 in memory of the participants of the festival. Printed by F. Weidle in Berlin, pp. 11-12 (with the kind support of Michel Fischer Senior Library Assistant Leopold Muller Memorial Library Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford )
  60. ^ The artists of all times and peoples: or, life and works of the most famous builders, sculptors, painters, engravers, form cutters and lithographers by Professor Friedrich Mueller, Stuttgart Verlag Ebner & Seubert 1860. p. 187 ( books.google.de ).
  61. ↑ The Orient Reports Studies and Reviews for Jewish History and Literature by Dr. Julius Fürst fourth year with supplement Leipzig 1843. p. 5, left paragraph below ( books.google.de ).
  62. ↑ Allgemeine Preußische Staatszeitung of December 10, 1842 under the heading Science, Culture and Literature, p. 2382 (see bottom center, books.google.de ).
  63. ↑ Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums An impartial organ for all Jewish interests. Ludwig Philippson 6 born in 1842. p. 765 ( books.google.de ).
  64. ^ German Biographie.de Salomo Sachs
  65. ↑ Diagnon and other astronomical things of Solomon Sachs official report on the General German Trade Exhibition .... Volume 3, 1844, paragraph 6, p. 74 ( books.google.de ).
  66. ↑ 1850 The solar system, or new theory of the construction of the worlds by Solomon Sachs the cylindrical Ellipto Tellurium. Pp. V – VIII ( books.google.de ).
  67. ↑ Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums. An impartial body for all Jewish interests Dr. Ludwig Philippson 11 year 1847, p. 464 to p. 466 ( Berlin, June 26th ).
  68. ^ Negotiations of the constituent assembly for Prussia: 1848, Volume 3 31-40. Meeting of the publishing house of the Buchdruckerei Carl Schütze p. 1450
  69. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs , Volume 3, Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich, pp. II and 152.
  70. ↑ Vossische newspaper Berlin 1855-05-15 page 5
  71. ↑ a b Secret State Archives Prussian Cultural Heritage II. HA GD, Dept. 30, I Oberbaudepartement 03 Building Tasks and Individual Buildings 03.01 Buildings in the Cities, Berlin II. HA GD, Dept. 30, I, No. 253 Civil House Construction in the City of Berlin Conductor Sachs
  72. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs, Volume 3 - Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich. P. 121
  73. ^ Jewish Space in Central and Eastern Europe: Day-to-Day History edited by Jurgita Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė, Larisa Lempertienė Design of the Mortuary and Rescue Facility of Salomo Sachs, p. 81 ( books.google.de ).
  74. ↑ Berlin Classic. A big city culture around 1800 The CONFERENCES OF THE BERLIN KUNSTAKADEMIE 1786–1815 ANNALS OF THE BERLIN KUNSTALLTAG Ed. By Reimar F. Lachner, 2004 p.133
  75. ^ History of the Old Synagogue in Berlin Moritz Stern Verlag Hentrich & Hentrich Gbr, 2007 p. 96, p. 102 and p. 269
  76. ↑ Kerstin Beck: Grave site in the forest is being restored. In: Märkische Allgemeine. ( maz-online.de ).
  77. ↑ The legacy Schinkel Kuperstichkabinet National Museums in Berlin.
  78. ↑ Literary newspaper in connection with several scholars edited by Dr. Karl Heinrich Brandes, Volume 10 Berlin 1843 at Duncker and Humblot Under 1173 Articles Beautiful Literature and Art
  79. ↑ lexikus.de/bibliothek/Juden-als-Erfinder-und-Entdecker Unter Sachs p.
  80. ^ Official Journal for the Cologne district: 1828. ( books.google.de ).
  81. ^ Digitized work by Salomo Sachs - SLUB Dresden
  82. ^ Jews as inventors and discoverers, by Dr. Nathan Birnbaum / Publication of the Henriette Foundation WELT VERLAG Berlin Wilmersdorf 1913. P. 118 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  83. ^ Journal for Practical Architecture, editor J. Andreas Romberg Leipzig 1842, p. 139
  84. ↑ Dice game with Sanssouci Palace and 51 partial views of Potsdam and Berlin. Deutsche-Digitale-Bibliothek.de
  85. ↑ Instructions for Erd-Bau-Kunst, (Pisé-Bau): with application to all types of urban and rural buildings ... by Salomo Sachs, pp. 6–7 ( books.google.de ).
  86. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs, Volume 3 - Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich. P. 74.
  87. ↑ My fifty years of service and literary work - I atone for my faith - Jewish memoirs, Volume 3 - Werner Heegewaldt and Oliver Sander published by Hentrich & Henrich. Pp. 100-101 and p. 111.
  88. ↑ Bibliotheca Judaica: Bibliographical handbook comprehensive - Die Druckwerke der Jüdischen Literatur including ... published by Julius Fürst Verlag by Wilhelm Engelmann Leipzig 1863 p. 191
  89. ^ Wilhelm Koner: Gelehrtes Berlin in the year 1845, p. 307 ( books.google.de ).
  90. ↑ Das woken Europe, Volume 2 Berlin, by Achenwall and Companie 1815, p. 82 to p. 100
  91. ↑ Central and State Library Berlin digital library general. Street u. Apartment gazette or address book for Berlin: ib. 1812
  92. ↑ bibliographical handbook of the entire…, part 3 works by Salomo Sachs. Bibliotheca Judaica ( books.google.de ).
personal data
SURNAME Sachs, Solomon
ALTERNATIVE NAMES זקס שְׁלֹמֹה (Hebrew); Sachs, Sal .; Sachs, S .; Sachs, Šəlomoh; Sachs, Salomon; Sachs, S; Sachs
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German architect, Prussian construction clerk, astronomer, mathematician and writer
DATE OF BIRTH December 22, 1772
PLACE OF BIRTH Berlin
DATE OF DEATH May 14, 1855
Place of death Berlin