Schwarzach (Rednitz)

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Schwarzach
main source stream: Irlgraben
in the city of Neumarkt also: City stream
to distinguish it from the rear Schwarzach : Vordere Schwarzach
The Schwarzach in Sorg

The Schwarzach in Sorg

Data
Water code DE : 24216
location Franconian Keuper-Lias-Land

Germany

River system Rhine
Drain over Rednitz  → Regnitz  → Main  → Rhine  → North Sea
origin Source Irlgraben
49 ° 17 '10 "  N , 11 ° 23' 7"  O
Source height approx.  516  m above sea level NN
muzzle near Schwabach - Schwarzach from the right and east in the Rednitz coordinates: 49 ° 19 '53 "  N , 11 ° 4' 11"  E 49 ° 19 '53 "  N , 11 ° 4' 11"  E
Mouth height approx.  312  m above sea level NN
Height difference approx. 204 m
Bottom slope approx. 3.7 ‰
length 55.6 km  from the source of the Irlgraben
Catchment area 304.3 km² 
or only:
303.93 km²
Discharge at the Wendelstein gauge
(92.2% of the larger or over 100% of the smaller catchment area)
A Eo : 320 km²
Location: 7.3 km above the mouth 		NNQ (08/28/1964)
MNQ 1951–2006
MQ 1951–2006
Mq 1951–2006
 MHQ 1951–2006
HHQ (12/21/1993) 		360 l / s
1.06 m³ / s
3.09 m³ / s
9.7 l / (s km²)
 34.8 m³ / s
100 m³ / s
West side of the bridge of the Ludwig Canal (Brück Canal) over the Schwarzach near Schwarzenbruck

West side of the bridge of the Ludwig Canal (Brück Canal) over the Schwarzach near Schwarzenbruck

The Schwarzach is a year-round flowing water of the 2nd order , a right tributary of the Rednitz between Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz and Schwabach in Bavaria .

Surname

In the upper reaches, this Schwarzach is also called “Vordere Schwarzach” to distinguish it from the tributary of the same name, the Altmühl , which in turn is called “Hintere Schwarzach”. Both rivers come close to each other within three miles.

The name is made up of the term "black" for the dark color of the river water after the snow melts, when it washes with numerous sediments, and the basic word " Ache ", a Celtic-Germanic name for streams and rivers.

geography

Spring streams

The Schwarzach emerges from the two streams Irlgraben and Altweihergraben , which arise in the Franconian Alb on the Tyrolsberg in the west of Neumarkt , and which unite in a district of Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate to form the Schwarzach.

Irlbach

The left Irlgraben arises at about 515  m above sea level. NHN west of the Kirch village Rittershof of Neumarkt in the Oberpfalz at the northeast slope of the highest Tyrolsberg -Gipfels Großberg ( 571  m above sea level. NHN ) above a small clearing in Spitalwald . The brook flows east - south- east throughout, crosses Rittershof at the foot of the mountain, its course is cut last by the B 299 before it joins the right Altweihergraben on the western edge of Neumarkt-Woffenbach between Tyrolsberger Straße in the south and Rittershofer Straße in the north after about 3.8 km at about 425  m above sea level. NHN converges to Schwarzach. It drains about 3.3 km².

Altweihergraben

The right Altweihergraben is also created near the western city limits to the municipality of Berngau in the forest area around the Tyrolsberg on the northeast slope of the Hohen Ahnt ( 525  m above sea level ) in the Gewann Obere Ahnt at over 460  m above sea level. NHN . It runs more inconsistently in direction than its left neighbor about 2.9 km eastwards and finally reaches the confluence from the southwest. Its catchment area covers only about 2.8 km².

course

MDK bridge over the Schwarzach

In the further course of the Schwarzach in Neumarkt, a little west of the old town, it crosses under the Ludwig-Danube-Main Canal , to which it gives off part of its water and turns to the north. Coming from the west, the Maierbach flows into the former state horticultural show site, today's LGS Park, whose source streams converge in a fan shape on the western edge of the Neumarkt church village of Pölling and emerge on a north-western arch of wooded mountains from the Rittershofer Schlossberg in the southwest to its Pöllingen namesake in the northeast.

The river now flows north, receiving the treated wastewater from the Neumarkt sewage treatment plant as a receiving water , then at 407  m above sea level. NHN shortly before the Beckenmühle the Pilsach from the east. Then it leaves the urban area on the west-north-west course, passes Loderbach and continues through the municipality of Berg bei Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz at the eponymous place, then to Meilenhofen, to Oberölsbach , past the Sindelbach , and past Unterölsbach , which is opposite the Rohrenstadter Bach from the right .

On the west course it then enters the city limits of Altdorf and comes up against sandstone cliffs. Shortly before Rasch Rasch stream flows herein to right and A 3 crosses the run. From Grünsberg , the valley takes a short offset to the south, then it widens and the Schwarzach meanders in wide loops through the village and community of Burgthann .

The Schwarzach then crosses under a railway bridge in the community of Schwarzenbruck near Ochenbruck and the federal road 8 , which emerges from the lower valley of the left at 407  m above sea level. NHN flowing tributary Mühlbach comes, and now flows along the outskirts of Schwarzenbruck; the valley is narrower, but still offers space for meadows, but above the slopes, beyond the settlement boundary, the vast Reichswald begins . The Schwarzach soon encounters sandstone rocks again, and a species-rich fen has formed from an oxbow lake in a valley basin. Between Gsteinach and Markt Feucht she created the Schwarzachklamm nature reserve - here she has cut a narrow, wild-looking valley with steep sandstone cliffs through the forest. Here is also the discharge point for the purified water from the Schwarzenbruck sewage treatment plant. Immediately afterwards on the right is the large Feucht-Gsteinach waste dump. The water quality of the Schwarzach now deteriorates in this section temporarily too critically polluted . At the end of the gorge south of Feucht, the Schwarzach crosses under the Ludwig Canal a second time under the Schwarzach-Brück Canal. Here the valley widens again, the Schwarzach passes through the Röthenbach near Sankt Wolfgang , which is mostly on the right on the slope , where it takes up the Gauchsbach and then turns in its inlet direction to the southwest, and from then on is only considered to be moderately polluted in terms of water quality . In the following main town, Wendelstein, of the market town, it flows through the old settlement core and runs between Klein- and Großschwarzenlohe through the Erichmühle . Here it takes in the treated wastewater from the Kleinschwarzenlohe sewage treatment plant from the right and the Lohbach from the left . Shortly before its confluence, it feeds the power plants in Königshammer , Neuses and then crosses under the trough bridge of the Main-Danube Canal , from which water from the Danube-Main overpass or the small one from the Danube-Main overpass is temporarily used to relieve the Altmühl (see also: Altmühlüberleiter ) Roth is fed in generatively. Shortly after the district of Schwarzach , where it used to drive the three water wheels of the former needle factory in Schwarzach, it joins the Rednitz after a good 56 kilometers of flow path at 113 meters above sea level .

The Schwarzach flows in its middle part through the Nuremberg Reichswald ; it forms the border between the southern Reichswald in the south and the Lorenzer Reichswald in the north.

Tributaries

Direct tributaries, sequence from source to mouth. Selection.

The Gauchsbach

geology

The Schwarzachklamm in winter

The Schwarzach flows in the border area of ​​the Danube and Rhine river systems. It used to flow to the Danube and because of the steeper slope has changed the direction towards the Rhine, which flows much deeper than the Danube. In doing so, it had to break through two hard rock layers of the southern German layered plain and created spectacular breakthroughs: the section south of Altdorf between Rasch and Grünsberg and the Schwarzachklamm between Schwarzenbruck-Gsteinach and Brückkanal near Feucht.

The often narrow valley created by the Schwarzach joins the Franconian Alb in the east and northeast , in the south and north it borders on extensive forests, to the west it opens up to the Rednitz valley.

The Schwarzachtal

History of the Schwarzach Valley

Around 650 Bavarian settlers advanced to the Schwarzach Valley and were pushed back in 725 by the Franks coming from the west.

For a long time the Schwarzach was the border water between the areas of the imperial city of Nuremberg in the north, the margraviate of Ansbach in the south and the Upper Palatinate of Wittelsbach in the east. In this area the important trade route from Nuremberg to Regensburg ran in the southeast. Röthenbach near Sankt Wolfgang on the lower reaches of the Schwarzach was on the trade route to Augsburg, which is also important for the salt trade.

With industrialization, the Schwarzachtal also experienced an upswing. From 1830–1846 thousands worked on the construction of the Ludwig-Danube-Main Canal. The route in this section was based on the course of the Schwarzach. After the completion of the railway line between Nuremberg and Regensburg in 1871, which also followed the Schwarzach in this area, the canal was used less and less.

The Schwarzachtal today

Schwarzach near Neuses

The valley is divided into three districts and, in small parts, two independent cities: the eastern, Upper Palatinate part around the eponymous district town belongs to the district of Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz , the middle course cuts through the south of the district of Nürnberger Land and the western part from Altdorf to Feucht Part of the area of ​​the market town of Wendelstein lies in the district of Roth . Finally, the river flows into a small corner of the independent city of Schwabach east of the Rednitz, on a small section here also opposite the town of Schwarzach, the Nuremberg area borders on the right bank.

The railway lines and streets provide orientations for trade and change. The railway line from Feucht to Neumarkt and the railway line Feucht – Altdorf as well as the B 8 from Feucht to Neumarkt allow multiple connections. The places Feucht, Schwarzenbruck and Burgthann are oriented towards Nuremberg, but also partly towards Neumarkt, Altdorf forms its own little center and Wendelstein looks towards Schwabach. The Feucht – Wendelstein railway line was shut down in 1955.

Examples of cooperation in the middle part are the "Sewerage Association Schwarzachgruppe" (Schwarzenbruck, Burgthann, Altdorf) founded in 1962 and the "VHS Schwarzachtal" (Altdorf, Burgthann, Feucht, Leinburg, Schwarzenbruck, Winkelhaid).

Buildings

Along the Schwarzach many castles were built: the Burgthann that Petz'sche Castle in Schwarzenbruck, Castle Green Mountain , Castle Wolfenstein b in Neumarkt and lock radius hammer at Röthenbach. St. Wolfgang. Later rich Nuremberg families built mansions. The Faberschloss in Schwarzenbruck was built at the end of the 19th century.

The Gnadenberg Monastery , a Birgitten monastery, was built in Gnadenberg , which was closed in 1563 and destroyed by the Swedes in the Thirty Years' War. In 1720, near Grünsberg, the then lord of the castle, J. Paumgärtner, had a water source with a basin and stairs built for his wife Sophie.

Numerous mills were built on the river: near Neumarkt the Eratsmühle , between Oberölsbach and Gnadenberg the Klostermühle, near Altdorf the Prethalmühle, between Burgthann and Schwarzenbruck the Hammermühle (1160/90), the Forresmühle (1361) and the Neumühle (1499), the hammer mill Ball hammer at Röthenbach b. St. Wolfgang and in Wendelstein the paper mill.

The traffic routes built in the 19th century had to cross the Schwarzach: A trough bridge ( Brückkanal ) was built south of Feucht and a large railway bridge was built east of Ochenbruck. In 2005 the new Schwarzachtal bridge was completed for the high-speed line Nuremberg – Ingolstadt – Munich .

hike

The Schwarzach near Altdorf, near the Prethalmühle

The Schwarzachtal is ideal for hiking. A footpath leads along the river between Rasch and Altdorf. Interesting gorges ( Devil's Church , Lion's Den ) have formed in the sandstone slopes near Altdorf . The route continues between Altdorf and Schwarzenbruck (from Grünsberg to Pattenhofen next to a road) and passes Thann Castle, which can be seen from afar. In Schwarzenbruck, the Faberschloss and Petzschloss face each other on the edge of the Schwarzach Valley. There are two paths between Gsteinach and Brückkanal: one leads through the gorge worth seeing (with Gustav-Adolf-Höhle and Karlshöhle), the other as a high path above the gorge through forest. Between the mighty canal bridge and Röthenbach b. There is no path along the Schwarzach to St. Wolfgang.

A large part of the Schwarzach Valley has been marked as a hiking trail by the Franconian Alb Association . The Jakobsweg Tillyschanz - Nuremberg (FAV path number 11, scallop) accompanies the Schwarzach from Oberölsbach via Gnadenberg, Rasch and Prackenfels to Grünsberg. The Schwarzachtalweg ( FAV route number 50, Blaukreuz) leads from Prackenfels via Burgthann, Schwarzenbruck and the Brückanal to Röthenbach near St. Wolfgang. However, between Röthenbach near St. Wolfgang and Wendelstein it follows the Ludwig-Danube-Main Canal. From Wendelstein the hiking trail leads via Großschwarzenlohe to Neuses. The small remainder between Neuses and the confluence with the Rednitz is accompanied by the Dr.-Fritz-Linnert-Weg (FAV route number 5, blue line) along the Schwarzach.

Protected areas

Landscape protection area

Schwarzach southeast of Grünsberg with a typical impact slope
Schwarzach in the FFH area (NSG 'Schwarzach-Durchbruch' and Rhätschluchten bei Burgthann) north of Burgthann with a gallery forest consisting of softwood meadows

The Schwarzachtal with its side valleys is designated as a landscape protection area with a size of 3,992 hectares.

FFH area

The 147 hectare European FFH area NSG 'Schwarzach-Durchbruch' and Rhätschluchten near Burgthann is located in the area of ​​the communities Schwarzenbruck, Wendelstein, Altdorf and Burgthann . The Schwarzach and its tributaries have cut deeply into the sandstone Keuper or Black Jura and created gorge-like valleys with a high proportion of forest.

flora

The following habitat types represent conservation goals of the two-part FFH area:

  • Moist tall herbaceous vegetation,
  • Lean lowland hay meadows,
  • Ravine and hillside mixed forests,
  • Alder, ash and softwood alluvial forests,
  • Silicate rocks with crevice vegetation,
  • Caves (not open to tourists),
  • Beech forests and
  • Woodruff beech forests.

fauna

Only one species of amphibian, the yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata) , has been reported to the European Commission as a conservation goal of the FFH area .

There are also fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) , green frogs and common toads (Bufo bufo) in the natural spring gorges. The two river-bound and endangered bird species kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) and dipper (Cinclus cinclus) find suitable habitats and food in the streams and the adjacent floodplains.

literature

Web links

Commons : Schwarzach  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Height according to the contour diagram on the BayernAtlas. See the →  web links .
  2. ↑ Length according to: Directory of stream and river areas in Bavaria - Main river area, page 39 of the Bavarian State Office for the Environment, as of 2016 (PDF; 3.3 MB)
  3. ↑ Flood Action Plan Main
  4. ↑ Apparently the catchment areas of Schwarzach on the one hand and Main-Danube Canal on the other hand are delimited differently.
  5. ↑ Catchment area according to: Directory of brook and river areas in Bavaria - Main river area, page 39 of the Bavarian State Office for the Environment, as of 2016 (PDF; 3.3 MB)
  6. ^ Deutsches Gewässerkundliches Jahrbuch Rheingebiet, Part II 2006 Bavarian State Office for the Environment, p. 92, accessed on October 4, 2017, at: bestellen.bayern.de (PDF, German, 23.6 MB).
  7. ↑ a b Length measured on the BayernAtlas.
  8. ↑ a b Catchment area measured on the BayernAtlas.
  9. ↑ Water quality of the Schwarzach
  10. ↑ According to GoogleMaps, they flow into the Ludwig-Danube-Main Canal
  11. ^ Carl Friedrich von Wiebeking : Proof, based on local investigation and the teachings of canal construction . 1834, p. 1–43, here p. 25 ( full text in the Google book search).
  12. ↑ It flows underground
  13. ^ H. Liedel: Das Schwarzachtal, Verlag Nürnberger Presse, Nuremberg 1994, ISBN 3-920701-93-3 , p. 82
  14. ^ H. Liedel: Das Schwarzachtal, Verlag Nürnberger Presse, Nuremberg 1994, ISBN 3-920701-93-3 , p. 52
  15. ↑ Green list of landscape protection areas in Middle Franconia. Bavarian State Office for the Environment (LfU), July 15, 2016, accessed on September 16, 2017 .
  16. ↑ a b c 6633-371 NSG 'Schwarzach-Durchbruch' and Rhätschluchten near Burgthann (FFH area). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation . Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  17. ↑ a b Naturerbe Bayern Natura 2000: FFH - GEBIET 6633 - 371. Office for Agriculture and Forests Roth, accessed on September 16, 2017 .