History of the city of Nuremberg

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The history of the city of Nuremberg begins with the first documentary mention in 1050. In the Middle Ages, Nuremberg rose to become one of the most important imperial cities in the Holy Roman Empire under the Staufers and Luxemburgers . Thanks to the flourishing long-distance trade and handicrafts, Nuremberg became one of the most important cultural centers of the Renaissance north of the Alps as well as of humanism and the Reformation in the 15th and 16th centuries .

After the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), the city lost its prominent position with the shift in political weight in the Holy Roman Empire . The city and its territory remained independent and could benefit from trade and handicrafts. Nuremberg was incorporated into the newly founded Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806 after the dissolution of the Old Kingdom . As a result of industrialization , the city's economy strengthened again. At the same time, supporters of Romanticism and Historicism saw their ideal realized in the late medieval townscape.

From 1927 the party rallies of the NSDAP took place in Nuremberg. The National Socialists used the myth of the city for their propaganda purposes. They erected numerous buildings and some colossal structures on the Nazi party rally grounds, an area of ​​almost 17 km² in the southeast of Nuremberg. During the Second World War, the Allies carried out numerous air raids on Nuremberg and heavily damaged parts of the city.

After the end of the Second World War, Nuremberg was chosen as the site of the Allied war crimes trials , partly for pragmatic, partly again for symbolic reasons. During the reconstruction , the established structures were retained. The economic and infrastructure was further expanded and contributed to the economic miracle of the post-war period.

Today Nuremberg is one of the most important cities in Germany and sees itself as the cultural and economic center of Franconia .

Oldest printed view of Nuremberg in the Schedelschen Weltchronik , 1493
The beginnings of Nuremberg lie on the castle hill around the imperial castle

Traces of early settlements in the Nuremberg area

Gold sheet cone from Ezelsdorf-Buch from the Bronze Age found southeast of Nuremberg , Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg

The significant sheet gold cone from Ezelsdorf-Buch and a treasure find in today's Mögeldorf prove that the Nuremberg area was settled early in the Bronze Age. The population at the end of the Bronze Age in the Nuremberg area is attributed to the urn field culture . This is where the Celts emerge, who lived around 400 BC. Are mentioned for the first time in written sources. Around 100 BC These are displaced by Germanic tribes such as the Marcomanni . Today's urban area of ​​Nuremberg was around 50 km from the Limes , in the area of ​​influence of the Roman Empire near the border. The area was forested, but the sandy soil created by the erosion of the Keuperfels was not very suitable for agricultural use at the time. Therefore an early settlement below the castle hill is unlikely. During excavations in 2015, the first traces of settlement near today's main market were dated around the year 850.

Duchy of Franconia around 800, map from 1890

In the early Middle Ages, Palatinate Forchheim, 30 km from present-day Nuremberg, was first mentioned in the Diedenhofen chapter and quickly gained importance with Charlemagne. He planned a waterway connection between the Main and the Danube, the Fossa Carolina , in the area south of the future city of Nuremberg .

The founding year of the city is uncertain, it could have been between 1000 and 1040 in the course of securing the central border region between Saxony, Bavaria, Eastern Franconia and Bohemia at the intersection of important traffic routes. In 1007 the neighboring town of Fürth is mentioned for the first time and given by Heinrich II to the newly founded diocese of Bamberg . In the years 1025 and 1030 Mögeldorf was mentioned as the place of issue of documents by Konrad II when he was passing through. Several early settlement centers of the future city of Nuremberg can be made out today. This probably includes two royal courts around St. Egidien and St. Jakob as well as the area between Sebalduskirche and the castle. More recent archaeological excavations even suggest a fortification from the 9th or 10th century on the castle hill. During archaeological excavations in the courtyard of today's Imperial Castle is 2 meters thick wall remains found of the keep , dating shortly before the year 1000, as well as vorsalische in deeper layers building remains. The donjon as the predecessor of the Nuremberg Castle probably belonged to the Margraves of Schweinfurt and was destroyed in 1003 in the dispute with Heinrich II .

The city's beginnings under the protection of the Salians

In the written sources, the city is first mentioned on July 16, 1050 as Norenberc in the "Sigena certificate" of Emperor Heinrich III. tangible. In this document, a serf named Sigena from Norenberc is released. The certificate belongs to the group of release certificates (denarial diplomas), of which only five have survived. Henry III. protected the settlement at Nuremberg and probably pursued the purpose of pushing back the bishopric of Bamberg, which had become powerful under its predecessor. The area between the Schwabach and Pegnitz rivers around Nuremberg, which was previously donated to the diocese, as well as some other nearby settlements, were added back to the crown domain by him. He also transferred market, coin and customs rights from the neighboring city of Fürth, which at that time belonged to Bamberg Abbey, to Nuremberg. With that he initiated the upswing of the city and gave it an important position in the newly won territory. Even in this early phase, privileges indicate brisk trading activity. Adoration of Saint Sebaldus began in Nuremberg from 1070 at the latest , as evidenced by mentions in the annals from Augsburg, Hersfeld and Weißenburg in Alsace. Numerous pilgrims went to his grave and thus contributed to the economic prosperity of the city.

In 1105, Nuremberg got caught up in the dispute between Emperor Heinrich IV and his son Heinrich V and was destroyed as a city loyal to the emperor. In order to be able to protect the city better in the future, the emperor appointed the Austrian Count Gottfried von Raabs to be responsible for the Nuremberg castle and an imperial deputy who, as burgrave , bore the official title of " Castellan ". Gottfried's ancestral seat was the castle of Raabs an der Thaya in Lower Austria . It is controversial whether there were any connections to the Nuremberg area prior to his appointment as burgrave.

Rise of Nuremberg under the Hohenstaufen

Heidenturm and the two-storey imperial chapel were probably completed during the lifetime of Emperor Barbarossa. The Sinwell Tower was the keep of the Hohenstaufen complex. Its roof was redesigned around 1560.
The Nassau House is an example of a medieval tower house that is fit for military service, as it was found several times in the city in the 12th century as the seat of ministerials. It was raised in the 15th century, as the square in front of it was filled up, and rebuilt in the Gothic style. The former 1st floor is now the basement.

After the death of Heinrich V , the city got into the crown dispute between Guelphs and Staufers and was by Lothar III. captured and sacked after an initially unsuccessful siege in 1130, after they had sided with the Staufer side. He handed the city over to Heinrich the Black of Bavaria , to whom he had promised it for his support in the 1126 emperor election. In 1138 the Staufer King Konrad III took over. Nuremberg on again. In the years to come, Konrad stayed in the city more often and apparently for longer periods of time, as evidenced by the place and date information on the documents he issued. He consolidated the royal estate and work began on converting the existing fortifications into what would later become the imperial castle . He transferred the newly created burgraviate to the noble family of Raabser , who had previously held the office of castellan of the castle complex . In addition, a new settlement was created on the other side of the Pegnitz, which would later become the Lorenz district. The building structure of the old town of Lorenz still shows the planned oval layout of the new town. For the water supply, the Goldbach was diverted from the Reichswald and led through today's Karolinenstrasse. The Sebalder settlement also received its first city fortifications at this time.

Friedrich Barbarossa continued the renovation and expansion of the Nuremberg Castle that had begun under his predecessor and expanded it to become the Imperial Palace. As a palatinate city, Nuremberg was exempted from escort money , pound and market duties. Barbarossa set out on his crusade and here issued the Great Peace of the Land . When their fiefdom reverted to the crown in 1188 when the noble family of the Counts of Sulzbach died out, the iron ore-rich area of ​​what is now Upper Palatinate was added to the imperial estate around Nuremberg, thus laying the foundation for the city's flourishing forging and casting trade. In 1192 the Nuremberg burgrave family of the Raabser died out with Konrad II . Henry VI. then enfeoffed his son-in-law from the Swabian family of the Hohenzollern, which has so far rarely appeared, with the burgrave of Nuremberg. In connection with the reassignment of the fief, Heinrich VI. the powers of the burgrave: administration and jurisdiction for the imperial city under the Nuremberg castle were transferred to an imperial school who also acted as the emperor's deputy. Over the next few centuries the town's sense of independence grew towards the burgrave. Finally the city council managed to buy the Reichsschultheißamt and thus to take over the city administration itself.

Another important step for the development of the city was the Great Letter of Freedom of November 8, 1219. In it, Frederick II expanded the previous market rights and thus laid the foundation for the city's economic upswing that soon began. With the first of a total of 18 individual decrees in the “Letter of Freedom”, the emperor was initially designated as the sole governor of the imperial city. With the other provisions of the decree, which had apparently been bought by the emperor for dear money, various special rights for politics and trade were enshrined, such as the right to coins , the exemption from customs duties and, as a further characteristic of the prominent position as a royal city, the assessment of imperial taxes through the city itself. Based on these privileges, the development of various institutions of municipal self-government began, which ultimately led to Nuremberg calling itself the “Free Imperial City”.

Nuremberg penny z. Currently Friedrich II. (1212–50)

Growing importance

After the death of Count Otto von Orlamünde in 1340, the Plassenburg von Kulmbach and the associated county passed to Burgrave Johann II by inheritance contract , which significantly expanded the territory of the Hohenzollern family. When Burgrave Friedrich V died in 1398 , the Hohenzollern territory was divided up among his sons. While one son as Johann III. received the northern part around the city of Kulmbach, the other son was called Friedrich VI. Burgrave of Nuremberg and Margrave of the land around Ansbach. With this division the basis for the later (Prussian) principalities of Bayreuth and Ansbach is laid.

The “City Council” tried in the 14th century to challenge the rights and possessions of the burgrave in the city of Nuremberg in order to achieve the greatest possible autonomy for Nuremberg.

Since 1509 the men running into the astronomical clock at the Frauenkirche have been commemorating the proclamation of the Golden Bull

At the same time as the rise to regional power, the Jews were expelled from Nuremberg. As early as 1298, the Nuremberg Jews fell victim to the Rintfleisch pogrom . After the city had expanded more and more to the southern side of the Pegnitz, the Jewish quarter in the area of ​​today's main market suddenly lay in the center of the city, which bothered many. In 1349 the patrician Ulrich Stromer von Zotenberg was sent to the emperor to obtain permission to remove the area. It cannot be completely ruled out that the Nuremberg people were also compliant executors of imperial orders against the Jews from the same year in this matter. Due to various allegations (it was the time of the Great Plague ), a total of 562 Jewish citizens were burned and their property confiscated. The others had to leave Nuremberg, but were allowed to resettle in another part of the city as early as 1352. The Frauenkirche was built on the ruins of the old Jewish quarter in 1358.

At the time of the burgraves, Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian chose Nuremberg as his place of residence, as did Charles IV , who issued the Golden Bull in Nuremberg in 1356 , in which on the one hand the election of the German king was regulated by seven electors , and on the other hand that every emperor to hold the first Reichstag after his election in Nuremberg. The famous tourist attraction “Männleinlauf” at the Frauenkirche from 1509, with which the prince-electors paid homage to Emperor Charles IV, still reminds of this event.

After Burgrave Friedrich VI. had been appointed by the Roman-German King Sigismund on July 8, 1411 as "Supreme Administrator and Captain of the Mark Brandenburg " and on the occasion of the Reichstag of Constance the burgrave was officially conferred the electoral dignity of Brandenburg by King Sigismund on April 18, 1417, began to turn away the interests of the Hohenzollern from Nuremberg. The destruction of the Burggrafenburg by the Wittelsbach keeper of Lauf , Christoph Leininger, in 1420 gave Friedrich VI. the impetus to part with the castle. Finally, in 1427, he sold his burgrave title and the remains of the Burggrafenburg for 120,000 guilders to the “City Council of Nuremberg” and retired to his castle in Cadolzburg to take care of his other principalities of Brandenburg, Ansbach and Kulmbach . The burgrave title was still used by the Hohenzollerns, also to demonstrate the historical roots of the noble family. The city council had the sole say in the city - the long-term efforts had shown success.

The rule of the patricians

Albrecht Dürer : Scheurl and Tucher coat of arms , woodcut around 1512
Nuremberg journeyman jousting: The Nuremberg patricians were not actually knights , but held their own tournament on the main market in front of the Frauenkirche to document their elegant lifestyle. The illustrated tournament of March 3, 1561 was the last of its kind in Nuremberg. The riders, the so-called journeymen, are in different phases of preparation and combat. In between there are armourers on horseback, servants in fool's costumes and musicians. The curious spectators try to get a good seat up on the roofs ( Jost Ammann , Nuremberg 1561, Bavarian National Museum).
The history of the Schürstabhaus dates back to the 12th century, 2007
The Heilig-Geist-Spital, founded in 1339 by the patrician Konrad Groß, 2007

The council was mentioned for the first time in 1256, around 1285 the first rules for the "council" seem to have emerged, concrete formulations of the patrician constitution of the council, essentially formed by custom (and belief), took place around the year 1320. In the council of the city represented the merchant families who became wealthy through their trade, who initially appeared as families and called themselves patricians after the Roman model since the Renaissance . In later times in particular, some craft guilds also had a certain say, but never (unlike in the cities of Magdeburg or Luebian law) moved into the realm of advice: in legal history, Nuremberg is a prime example of a patrician city republic. The number of members and eligible families changed over the centuries. In the 15th century, for example, the council consisted of 26 members who were determined by 28 families; in the 18th century there were 34 members who represented 19 families in the city who were “competent to advise and judge”. No family was allowed to have more than two members on the council, but that was not a problem, since almost all of them were related or by marriage. In practice, membership in the council was (mostly) lifelong, but formally the councilors were elected every year in May and later on Easter Tuesday. The most important and best-known of these patrician families are among others: Tucher von Simmelsdorf , Haller von Hallerstein , Spoonholz von Kolberg , Scheurl von Defersdorf , Holzschuher von Harrlach or Stromer von Reichenbach .

The essence of the patrician constitution of the imperial city of Nuremberg is particularly evident in this election process : The incumbent council (later in its place the “Council of the Named”; more on this in a moment) met in the hall of the town hall on election day and elected one of the incumbent mayors “Election essay”, like an electoral commission, by just two men. These officially appointed the following council, whereby they "naturally" implement the predetermined election result following social conventions, i.e. only appoint new (predetermined) members in the event of the death or "repudiation" of a council member or on the basis of an agreement.

The council was also structured internally in stages: according to seniority, the councilors were divided into “younger and older lay judges / mayors”. The council was chaired by two consuls, an "elder" (duumvir primarius) and a "younger mayor" each, but each was only allowed to rule for 26 days (this period was called "the question"), so it is practically impossible to have one to create even an approximately complete list of the formal city leaders of Nuremberg. From the “older mayors” a smaller group of so-called “older gentlemen” was elected who were entrusted with important state affairs; The three captains were in turn appointed from among them: the "Foremost and the Younger Losunger ", who was entrusted with the city treasury and the maintenance of the seals and letters of freedom (they were forbidden to trade and trade), as well as the third captain, to whom the war and under construction. Since the beginning of the 14th century, the “Council of the Named” (or “Great Council”) has been added to the actual “Council”. This included the gentlemen “named” (ie appointed) by the councilors, mostly influential guild representatives or tradespeople. The council of the named met only on convocation and question of the "inner" council. These “named” families were not considered to be “capable of counseling”, so they were not considered part of the patrician city regiment, but they were considered to be able to judge as respected “earners”, so they could preside over a court under the authority of the council.

The land area of ​​the imperial city of Nuremberg

The city temporarily had up to eleven administrative offices in the surrounding area , through which it administered its imperial territory . Mostly patricians officiated as carers at the nursing castles, more rarely "merchants". Furthermore, the Sebaldi Forest Office and the Laurenzi Forest Office . In addition, around 40 families and a number of council institutions owned taxable subjects in the Nuremberg area. Due to the constant new feudal relationships between the councilors and the farmers in the area, the influence of the Nuremberg patricians expanded to the entire area around the city, so that Nuremberg quickly became the most important regional power in the area. For the year 1497, the city encyclopedia assumes a total of 28,000 people in 5,780 households and 780 locations outside Nuremberg who were subject to tax in the Free Imperial City.

But social issues were also kept in mind. In 1339 , the Nuremberg citizen Konrad Groß established the Heilig-Geist-Spital through a foundation , which soon developed not only into the most important social institution under the city council, but also one of the largest landowners in the Nuremberg area through interest and tax obligations (in the 18th century more than 700 farms in over 150 locations). Another important social institution of the city with land ownership in the surrounding area is the so-called "Nuremberg Landalmosen" (around 1800 more than 1800 farms and estates in over 500 villages), which was established after the Reformation and temporarily for the goods of the Holy -Ghost Hospital was jointly responsible.

Nuremberg's heyday

The imperial regalia

The Reichskleinodien, woodcut from the second half of the 16th century
The English greeting created by Veit Stoss in 1517/18 in the Nuremberg Lorenz Church

On September 29, 1423, King Sigismund granted the city of Nuremberg the right to keep the imperial regalia "for ever, irrevocable and incontestable" and had them spent the following year in the city, where they were in the Church of the Holy Father until the end of the 18th century. Geist Hospital were kept.

By 1452, the decades-long construction of the last city ​​wall was completed, which enclosed an expanded urban area.

In 1439 the foundation stone for the largest and most magnificent Nuremberg church, the Lorenzkirche , was laid on the site of a chapel that had existed since 1235 on the south side of the Pegnitz . However, it took until 1519 before construction could be completed.

First Margrave War

The emerging regional power of Nuremberg soon came into conflict with its old ruling family, the former burgraves, who had also brought large areas of the area around the city under their control after the sale of their influence in Nuremberg as Margraves of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and as Electors of Brandenburg . The climax of this dispute was the so-called " First Margrave War " in 1449/1450 , with which Margrave Albrecht Achilles tried in vain to regain his earlier rights from the city of Nuremberg. When the Franconian Imperial Circle was founded at the Reichstag in Augsburg on July 2, 1500, the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg was one of a total of 27 territories that formed this circle.

The empire's treasure chest

The years around the turn of the century between 1470 and 1530 are generally considered to be the city's heyday. The Nuremberg trade with practically all parts of the then known world became proverbial: "Nuremberg trinkets go through all the country", as well as Nuremberg's wealth: "The treasure chest of the kingdom" (see also Nuremberg joke ). The city's income is said to have been greater than that of the entire Kingdom of Bohemia . Many cities had their own trading offices, such as the Nürnberger Hof in Frankfurt. At this time, for example, Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) lived and worked in Nuremberg, Martin Behaim (1459–1507) built the first globe and Peter Henlein (approx. 1485–1542) made one of the first pocket watches . The wood carver Veit Stoss (1447–1533), the sculptor Adam Kraft (approx. 1460–1508 / 09) and the ore caster Peter Vischer (approx. 1460–1529) should also be mentioned from this period . Only literature did not flourish like the other arts, even if the shoemaker and poet Hans Sachs (1494–1576) was at least one of the most important writers living in Nuremberg at the time.

Landshut War of Succession

Imperial urban area of ​​Nuremberg 1505–1806

During this time Nuremberg also took part in the Landshut War of Succession . Through skilful warfare as an ally of the Munich line of the Wittelsbachers, the offices in the east of the city (e.g. Altdorf , Lauf or Hersbruck ) that had previously belonged to Bavaria-Landshut came under Nuremberg rule and were given the designation "New Landscape". After the later Emperor Maximilian I had officially confirmed ownership in 1505, Nuremberg now owned the largest land area of ​​all imperial cities in the area of ​​today's Federal Republic of Germany. The foundations for the city's food supply had improved considerably in this way, and the safety of the merchant trains to and from the city could now also be better guaranteed.

reformation

Andreas Osiander, paper drawing by Georg Pencz , 1544
Nuremberg, floor plan by Paul Pfinzing , 1594

As early as 1516, Martin Luther's teacher Johann von Staupitz had made an impression on well-known citizens through his sermons in Nuremberg. From 1517 these gathered in the Sodalitas Staupitziana . In the same year Luther triggered the Reformation in Wittenberg . Soon afterwards the new faith was consolidated in Nuremberg. As pastor of St. Lorenz, Andreas Osiander contributed significantly to the implementation of the new faith in its Lutheran form. With Philipp Melanchthon's support, the first grammar school in the German-speaking area was established in 1526; it was able to attract capable teachers and continues to this day in the Melanchthon Gymnasium in Nuremberg . As early as 1529, the Free Imperial City declared itself Protestant at the Speyer Diet . The Reichstag of 1532, which took place in Nuremberg, passed with the Nuremberg decency for the first time a (still limited) imperial legal recognition of the Protestant doctrine of the faith.

In 1533, a new church ordinance was then issued - again largely due to Andreas Osiander - which not only extended to Nuremberg and its land, but was also valid for the Zollern Principality of Ansbach . Since the kings and emperors remained Catholic, a Diet was convened in Nuremberg for the last time in 1543.

Second Margrave War

Nuremberg, engraving by Frans Hogenberg in Civitates orbis terrarum by Georg Braun , published 1572 to 1618

In the costly " Second Margrave War " of the Hohenzollern Margrave Albrecht Alcibiades against Nuremberg and the dioceses of Bamberg and Würzburg, which broke out in 1552 , the city resisted a siege by the attacker. But especially the Nuremberg countryside, but also the two dioceses, were badly devastated before the margrave was defeated. The huge war costs of 4 million guilders burdened Nuremberg enormously and indicated the end of Nuremberg's rise.

The economy continued to flourish and the city remained the technology center of the empire, from which Emperor Rudolf II (1576–1612) regularly brought specialists to his court in Prague . The Nuremberg Stock Exchange served as a link in trade between Italy and other European economic centers. In 1616, the expansion of the magnificent and representative town hall began and the intellectual openness of the city was expressed again in 1622 in the establishment of a university on the territory of the imperial city in Altdorf. It was intended to train Protestant theologians and lawyers and existed until 1809. Prominent students such as Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583–1634) or Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), who obtained his doctorate in Altdorf in 1667, bear witness to the initial one The attractiveness of the university before it fell to the status of a purely regional educational institution in the course of the 18th century.

The map by the draftsman Hans Bien (Bien map) gives an impression of the city at the time of 1628/32.

Beginning descent

Thirty Years' War

Siege of the Swedish King Gustav Adolf II, August 1632. Engraving by Matthäus Merian the Elder. Danckaerts Historis 1642.
The peace supper of Elector Karl Gustav von der Pfalz in the Nuremberg town hall , copper engraving by Wolfgang Kilian , 1651

The rich bourgeois cities of Nuremberg and Magdeburg became bulwarks of Protestantism in Germany during the Thirty Years' War . The beginning of the decline of Nuremberg was marked in 1632, when a positional war between the Catholic party of Wallenstein and the Swedes began west of the gates of Nuremberg near Zirndorf , which lasted until 1635 . Serious devastation of the Nuremberg properties in the surrounding area weakened the substance of the city in the period that followed. During this warlike period, the Pegnesian Flower Order, which still exists today, was founded as a cultural association in Nuremberg in 1644 .

At the end of the Thirty Years' War, Nuremberg experienced the last significant event with the Nuremberg Execution Day from April 1649 to July 1650. A highlight was the “Peace Supper”, which took place on September 25, 1649 on the occasion of the official signing of the peace treaty in the great hall of the town hall . It was literarily honored by Sigmund von Birken , the outstanding poet in the Flower Order.

Indebtedness

Nuremberg, engraving by Matthäus Merian, 1650
City view of Nuremberg on thaler, minted in 1765

Soon after the end of the war, Nuremberg's political and cultural decline became increasingly evident. In addition to the devastation already mentioned and a series of plague epidemics , two other reasons should be mentioned for the incipient stagnation in urban development: On the one hand, the city became so indebted over time that it gradually became incapable of acting (the " Stadtlexikon Nürnberg “Puts Nuremberg's debts at the horrendous amount of 9,923,580 guilders in capital plus 2,292,520 guilders in outstanding interest at the time). Nuremberg shared this fate with almost all imperial cities, whose magistrates increasingly turned out to be incapable of reacting to the economic challenges of the mercantilist era and, for example, loosening guild or craft constraints or allowing factories. On the other hand, the high level of independence of the “City Council” led to more and more isolation. So it was practically impossible for someone from outside to settle in the city because the council kept the influx under strict control.

When major political changes became apparent towards the end of the 18th century after the French Revolution , the city was practically on its own. It became clear that the feudal social system, which was also decisive for Nuremberg, had apparently had its day and had no chance against the emerging nation states of France , Prussia and Bavaria , which rivaled the territories around the Free Imperial City.

Prussian occupation

Historical maps of Prussia, a. a. with the areas of the Principality of Ansbach and the Principality of Bayreuth annexed to Prussia in 1791 (upper map, light blue area)

With the occupation of areas of the "New Landscape" east of Nuremberg by Bavaria in 1791 and the occupation of parts of the "Old Landscape" on the Regnitz to Erlangen by Prussia in 1795, as well as the suburbs of Gostenhof and Wöhrd and the Reichswald area in the following year, the dissolution of the Nuremberg territory begins, which is increasingly reduced to the actual urban area. Fierce constitutional battles, which were finally fought before the Reichshofrat , finally forced the Nuremberg patriciate to reform the constitution in April and May 1794, which involved the business bourgeoisie more than before in the city government. For the further course of events this - already very cautious - reform came too late.

End of statehood

And so the following 20 years from 1796 to 1818 were the most decisive in the history of Nuremberg, in which the city lost its independence and became part of Bavaria. Most history books deal with these events succinctly in one sentence and also give the impression that it was a short, peaceful transition and that the people of Nuremberg had easily come to terms with the new masters of their city. However, the actual events show a very lengthy and often conflicted process of adjustment. When an Austrian free corps came to Franconia in June 1809 during the Fifth Coalition War , the Nuremberg population opened the gates for them, riots broke out against the police headquarters and the Bavarian coats of arms were torn down. The advancing Austrian soldiers save the Bavarian officials from the citizens of Nuremberg. As a representative of the new government, the Royal Bavarian “Police Commissioner” of the city Christian Wurm was imprisoned by the Nuremberg people during the unrest in 1809. For many arbitrary acts and acts of violence by the police during this time, the Nuremberg Wurm saw the originator. After the return of Bavarian rule, the Pegnitz district was dissolved as a “punishment” in 1810 and Nuremberg was added to the Rezat district with its capital in Ansbach. Only after long negotiations could a municipal council, intended as an advisory board, be formed, since the citizens initially refused to cooperate.

French occupation

Jean-Baptiste Jourdan

On the afternoon of August 9, 1796, the French Revolutionary Army under General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (1762–1833) occupied Nuremberg. In the early morning of the same day immediately before the French troops march in, Colonel Johann Georg Haller von Hallerstein brings the imperial regalia to safety and hands them over to the imperial envoy Johann Aloys Josef von Hügel (1754–1825) in Regensburg . In 1800 the insignia of the German Empire came to Vienna, where they are still in the Hofburg today . A few days after the Battle of Amberg , where they were defeated by the Austrian Archduke Karl (1771–1847) on August 24th, the French withdrew from the city and calculated the costs of billeting for a good two weeks as well as a contribution to the war costs totaling 1 .5 million guilders. On September 2nd, the “City Council” called the Prussian troops already standing in the suburbs as protective power and allowed them to march into the city itself, also to protect themselves against the already recognizable further Bavarian claims. However, since the Prussian king is not ready to take on Nuremberg's high debts and since Prussia has been following a strict policy of neutrality towards France since the Treaty of Basel (1795), the Prussian army withdraws on October 1st. The attempt of the council to win over the former ruling dynasty of the city, the Hohenzollern, who ruled Prussia at the last minute and thus - at the expense of their own sovereign rights - to win one of the rival great powers as a partner, had failed.

Map of the Prussian provinces of Ansbach and Bayreuth, 1805

In the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of February 25, 1803 Nuremberg initially remains independent (§ 27: The College of Imperial Cities will in future consist of the free and immediate cities: Augsburg, Lübeck, Nuremberg, Frankfurt, Bremen and Hamburg. They enjoy the full extent of their respective Territories full state sovereignty and all jurisdiction without exception and reservations ). For the Nuremberg rural area, the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss made a reservation: the more detailed definition of the area of ​​the city of Nuremberg is suspended for further comparative acts (ibid.). This was the diplomatic paraphrase of the fact that Prussia and Bavaria had in fact already appropriated the Nuremberg land area and that it was essentially just a matter of delimiting the respective claims. Only through the Rhine Confederation Act of July 12, 1806, with which 16 German states (including Bavaria) break away from the empire and place themselves under the protection of Napoleon , the city is awarded to the Bavarian King (Article 17: His Majesty the King of Bavaria united with its states and takes possession of the city of Nuremberg and its territories with all property and sovereignty rights ).

Transfer to Bavaria

King Maximilian I of Bavaria (1756–1825), painting by Joseph Karl Stieler , approx. 1820

With the abdication of Emperor Franz II on August 6, 1806, the city loses its previous supreme lord, which also formally ends the direct relationship between the Free Imperial City and the Emperor and the city is now left to its own devices and practically defenseless at the mercy of the other powers . On March 11, the French army under General Frère occupied Nuremberg on behalf of their ally Maximilian I of Bavaria . The violent protests of the “City Council” were unsuccessful. The appeal “Germany in its deep humiliation”, which called for resistance against the French and the Bavarian king, led to the execution of the Nuremberg bookseller Johann Philipp Palm (1766–1806) on August 26th in Braunau am Inn , who wrote the pamphlet published in July at the publishing house of his bookstore. On September 15, 1806, the French commissioner Joseph Mathias Fririon (1752-1821) finally officially handed over the city to the newly founded Kingdom of Bavaria and to the advancing troops of the king. For fear of unrest, units of the Bavarian army stay in the city for a long time. The reservedness of the politically leading, but now disempowered patrician families towards the new situation was limited in view of the inevitable facts. As early as 1810, the former patrician councilor Georg Wilhelm vonöffelholz stood for election as municipal councilor (in accordance with the Bavarian municipal edict of 1808 ). In 1814 he was followed by Sigmund von Haller, a municipal councilor of patrician origin. In contrast, the new Bavarian rule among the economic bourgeoisie, which had hitherto been largely excluded from the city government by the patrician rule, was even able to register openly expressed sympathies for itself. The bourgeois society "Harmonie", to which above all wealthy merchants belonged, organized a festival in 1806 to celebrate the unification of Nuremberg with the royal "Bavarian" lands . The civil society "Museum", to which Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel belonged, also operated under the proponents of the new political development. It was not insignificant that the commercial citizens expected benefits from the inclusion in the larger Bavarian economic area.

As a minister, Maximilian von Montgelas had a decisive influence on modern Bavaria, to which Nuremberg has belonged since 1806.

At the same time, Nuremberg participated in the social reforms of the era of Maximilian von Montgelas . The state-decreed civil equality of Catholics, who in the time of the imperial city only had an under-privileged and tolerated status outside of the old-class civil society, appears particularly important. The Bavarian government assigned the Frauenkirche , one of the most traditional Nuremberg churches , to the Catholics as a parish church, and for the first time since the time of Osiander it established a permanent place for the Catholic mass on the soil of the former imperial city (the monumental one that has existed in its present form since 1785 Catholic St. Elisabeth Church on Jakobsplatz plays a special role. It was subject to the Teutonic Order until its dissolution in 1809 and was therefore "extraterritorial" as it were, since it was never subject to imperial rule). The Catholic community acquired the Frauenkirche in 1810 and the first Catholic service took place in it in 1816, after the church had previously been refurbished in line with the Catholic cult. The denominational equality created the prerequisites for a strong influx from the neighboring Upper Palatinate that began and continued throughout the 19th century, which enabled this region to develop into the labor pool of Nuremberg's industrialization. The privileges of the patricians, which they had previously enjoyed as nobles, also fell. According to the Bavarian nobility register, as a state-licensed nobility, they were equated with the Bavarian landed nobility (Law on the Legal Relationships of the Nobility in Bavaria, July 28, 1808). Members of the Nuremberg patrician families were later found in the service of the Bavarian monarchy, such as Friedrich Kreß von Kressenstein (General of the Infantry, 1855–1920) and Friedrich Kreß von Kressenstein (General of the Artillery, 1870–1948).

Map of the newly divided Kingdom of Bavaria, 1808

On October 28, 1808, the Bavarian king dissolves the previous patrician council and all previous institutions of the city government and thus finally ends the previous constitution of Nuremberg. According to the municipal edict of 1808 (valid for Bavaria as a whole), a committee of municipal councils is elected, but has only limited self-administration competencies. The city receives its own "police commissioner", but is subordinate to the district administration of the newly founded Pegnitzkreis, of which Nuremberg becomes the capital. After anti Bavarian unrest on the occasion of the fifth coalition war in which, among others, the Bavarian military governor Friedrich Karl Graf von Thürheim was jailed by the rebels, the Bavarian government solves this circle already on September 23, 1810 again and assigns it to the Rezatkreis with capital Ansbach to , which is called Middle Franconia from 1837 . The city itself remains under the administration of its police commissioner Christian Wurm (1771–1835), who came from Ansbach and who was to direct the fortunes of the city until 1818. In addition to Wurm, other Franks from Ansbach and thus from former Prussian services occupied the administrative control centers in the city. The older view of Wurm as a ruthless and sometimes brutal executor of Bavarian interests gave way to a differentiated and sometimes even benevolent assessment of Wurm, particularly through the investigation of Gerhard Hirschmann in 1958. During the general hunger crisis from 1816 to 1818, he made great contributions to the Nuremberg food supply. The improvement of the school system can also be traced back to him. When Wurm was replaced in 1818, he moved to Munich, where he died in 1835. It is a historical legend according to which he fled the wrath of the people of Nuremberg. In fact, he continued to maintain social contacts in Nuremberg, from where words of appreciation even reached him in Munich. The dean of Zirndofer wrote to him in 1819: If gloom should cloud your forehead, you can tell yourself that your services to Nuremberg and the local area are increasingly understood, that you have thousands of the most grateful admirers here ... Not least to repay the Due to the high debts of the city, an abundance of valuable works of art was transported from Nuremberg to the capital in Munich , where many can still be seen in museums today. Many anti-Bavarian resentments in the city have their roots in this period.

Paul Wolfgang Merkel

In the time of the pressing debts of Nuremberg, the domestic and political upheavals and the destruction of art treasures, the Nuremberg merchant Paul Wolfgang Merkel took over both as an art patron - the Merkel Family Foundation is now the largest private lender of the Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg - and a leading politician Role. As the first civil representative of Nuremberg in the Bavarian State Parliament (Landtag), he is instrumental in ensuring that the Bavarian state takes over Nuremberg's debts.

The final point under international law behind the transition to Bavaria is set with the final document of the Congress of Vienna on June 9, 1815, in which the affiliation of the Franconian territories to Bavaria under imperial law (Reichsdeputationshauptschluss) and contractual means or (in the case of the imperial knighthoods) through unilateral annexation is contractually recognized by the European statesmen in return for the fact that Bavaria, shortly before the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig , had changed fronts in the Treaty of Ried of October 8, 1813, and took the side of Napoleon's opponents.

Johannes Scharrer (1785–1844), politician, entrepreneur and founder of the Nürnberger Sparkasse and numerous educational institutions in Nuremberg

On May 17, 1818, the Bavarian King issued the Second Municipal edict, which created independent municipal units in Bavaria with elected municipal representatives who now - in contrast to 1808 - enjoy more extensive self-administration rights. On the basis of this law, a civil administration will also be installed in Nuremberg for the first time by setting up a magistrate with a “First Mayor” at its head. The lawyer Christian Gottfried Lorsch (1773–1830) becomes the first mayor on September 26th . Nuremberg is now finally integrated into the administrative structures of Bavaria. Until 1869, the entire city administration - as in all Bavarian cities - was subject to the official supervision and control of a “Royal Bavarian City Commissioner”, the first Johann Georg Ritter von Kracker, within the framework of the so-called State Curator.

This achieved a state of municipal law which, like in other Bavarian cities, was to remain in force for around 50 years. On October 1, 1848, a law came into force with which all special rights of former landlords, including the Nuremberg patricians, from imperial times were repealed. Above all, this included the right to maintain their own so-called “ patrimonial courts ” with which the landlords could judge their subjects independently within the framework of lower jurisdiction, thus forming a “state within a state”. The previous manorial ties with the peasants in the area were dissolved and the peasants were offered the opportunity to redeem the basic burdens with state support (a process that lasted until the inflationary period of the 20th century). In the course of the separation of the judiciary and administration in Bavaria, the Nuremberg District Office was formed in 1862, from which the Nuremberg District later emerged, which during the district reform in 1972 was largely absorbed into the Nuremberg District. However, the city itself remained independent. The keystone was then formed on April 16, 1868, the “Law on Home, Marriage and Residence”, which also deprived the communities of the right to restrict the influx of people. On April 29, 1869, the last Bavarian city commissioner, Government Councilor Lenz, left the city.

New importance as an industrial location

Route map of the Ludwig Railway, which opened in 1835
At the Canalhafen next to Leonharder Strasse , pencil drawing from 1843
The MAN factories, postcard from around 1914

In parallel to the political integration into the Kingdom of Bavaria, Nuremberg developed into one of the industrial centers of the state in the 19th century. Great technological achievements of the time are associated with Nuremberg, for example the first railway in Germany, which on December 7th 1835, pulled by the Adler , ran on the Ludwig Railway between Nuremberg and Fürth with a length of around six kilometers. The completed railway line from Nuremberg to Bamberg soon followed in 1844 and the Ludwig-Danube-Main Canal was ceremoniously opened in 1846 .

The industrial development and growth of the city threatened to destroy the traditional imperial cityscape, which was increasingly perceived as a hindrance. Nuremberg therefore became - after the emphatic intervention of the Crown Prince and later King Ludwig I of Bavaria - a place of early monument preservation. As early as 1824, the Schöne Brunnen was extensively restored and the revelation was staged as a “reparation” for the Bavarian state. The Stuttgart architect Carl Alexander Heideloff was appointed royal Bavarian general curator of Nuremberg's art monuments in 1837 . He is also considered the initiator of the Nuremberg Gothic Revival. Ludwig I himself became a propagator of the emerging “Nuremberg Romanticism” through his now forgotten but at the time widely spread poem "An Nürnberg" and sometimes openly speculated about the relocation of his residence from Munich to Nuremberg.

An abundance of new companies established the good reputation of Nuremberg as an industrial location. One example is the iron foundry Klett & Comp, founded in 1841 . , later part of the Augsburg-Nuremberg machine factory . In addition, the electrical company founded by Sigmund Schuckert in 1873 , which in 1903 became Siemens-Schuckertwerke in the Siemens & Halske concern. Due to the strong influx of workers to Nuremberg, the typical working-class districts of Nuremberg's southern city, such as Gibitzenhof, developed . Soon the city also became the center of Bavarian social democracy and, under the leadership of the workers' leader Karl Grillenberger (1848–1897), acquired the reputation of "red Nuremberg". In 1874 almost half of the Bavarian Social Democrats lived in Nuremberg. As the first Bavarian social democrat, Grillenberger entered the Reichstag in 1881 , to which he belonged until his death.

Germanisches Nationalmuseum, drawing by August Essenwein , 1884

In the revolutionary year of 1848 , the liberal tradition of the Free Imperial City became clear again. The city stood behind the Frankfurt National Assembly in the Paulskirche and even threatened to break away from Bavaria if the king opposed their decisions. In the discussion about a new German empire, Hans von Aufseß (1801–1872), who had founded the Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg in 1852 , suggested making the Nuremberg Castle the seat of the new emperor and the future German Reichstag its place in the town hall from Nuremberg to give. However, he found no supporters.

The 20th century

In 1900 1. FC Nürnberg was founded . The club had its first sporting highlights in the 1920s and is still German vice-record champion with nine championship titles . He currently occupies 14th place in the all-time league table .

In 1903 the Nuremberg marshalling yard was opened, one of the largest in Europe, in the rare shape of a sloping yard . Following the largest measured flood of the Pegnitz in February 1909, extensive hydraulic engineering measures such as straightening, fortifications and deepening were taken, but some of these have recently been reversed (around 2000).

From the red workers' city to the city of the Nazi party rallies

March of the SA and SS, Nazi Party Congress 1934
Julius Streicher during a rally in front of the demolition of the main synagogue in Nuremberg on August 10, 1938
Nuremberg synagogue before it was destroyed by the National Socialists, photo taken before 1909

Nuremberg's population grew from 332,000 at the end of the First World War to 412,000 in 1931 , mainly due to the incorporation . Hermann Luppe ruled Nuremberg for almost the entire period of the Weimar Republic - from 1920 until it was ousted by the National Socialists in 1933 . Luppe was a founding member of the liberal DDP . However, since this could only achieve around 5 percent of the votes (in Bavaria the mayor was and is directly elected), he was dependent on the support of the SPD, which in the “workers' city” of Nuremberg predominantly had the strongest parliamentary group in the city council. The KPD was also able to achieve above-average results in Nuremberg.

The Nazi Party Rally Grounds in 1940

As early as 1925, Julius Streicher , the editor of the anti-Semitic propaganda journal Der Stürmer , was working here as a Gauleiter (Gau Franken ). Even before the seizure of power , the party congresses of the NSDAP took place in Nuremberg. After the seizure of power in 1933, Lord Mayor Hermann Luppe was soon deposed, replaced by a member of the NSDAP, and the city became the “ city ​​of the Nazi party rallies ”. With the intention of building on the old Reichstag tradition of Nuremberg, the Nazi party rallies took place every year on the Nazi party rally grounds with large parades . The Documentation Center of the Nazi Party Rally Grounds has been providing basic information on this since 2001 .

On the occasion of the 7th Party Congress of the NSDAP , the Reichstag was convened in Nuremberg. There on the evening of September 15, 1935, he unanimously adopted the Nuremberg Laws . These are considered to be the beginning of the persecution of the Jews ( Holocaust ).

By order of Julius Streichers, the large main synagogue built in 1874 on Hans-Sachs-Platz was torn down on August 10, 1938 . The synagogue in Essenweinstrasse was burned down by SA men on November 9, 1938 ( Reichspogromnacht ). Numerous shops and apartments belonging to Jewish Nuremberg residents were devastated and looted in front of the police, and Jewish citizens were abused. The male wealthy Jewish residents were deported to concentration camps in order to force them to emigrate and to Aryanize their assets .

In 1938 Hitler brought the imperial regalia from Vienna to the Katharinenkloster in Nuremberg .

The destroyed old town of Nuremberg, 1945

During the Second World War , Nuremberg was one of the preferred targets of Allied air raids , but due to its location in southern Germany it came into the range of the bombers relatively late. Due to the British Area Bombing Directive , but also due to its symbolic meaning as the “City of the Nazi Party Rallies”, it was almost something of a “natural” goal. The greatest destruction was caused by the attack on January 2, 1945, when 521 long-range bombers flew on Nuremberg and dropped 6,000 high-explosive bombs and a million incendiary bombs within an hour . The population had more than 2,000 dead and 100,000 homeless. The old town of Nuremberg was almost completely destroyed by this attack and the city as a whole was badly damaged; 12 million m³ of bomb rubble were transported out of the city in the following years.

Battle of Nuremberg

Defendants in the Nuremberg Trial of Major War Criminals , 1945

On April 16, 1945, the first units of the 7th US Army reached the city limits in Erlenstegen and were able to occupy other parts of the city without a fight. The German defenders withdrew to the old town. On the morning of April 17, the American attack began with artillery fire, and around noon tanks and infantry advanced. Another 371 civilians and forced laborers and at least 530 combatants were killed in these final skirmishes .

After the end of the fighting on the evening of April 20, the US Army renamed the main market previously known as “Adolf Hitler Square” to “Iron Mike Place” for their victory parade . Iron Mike was the nickname of John W. O'Daniel , the commanding general of the 3rd US Infantry Division . In honor of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had died a few days earlier, he ordered the renaming to "Roosevelt Place". A few days later, the square was renamed Hauptmarkt again.

Nuremberg Trials

After the Second World War, from November 1945, the victorious powers held the Nuremberg Trials against leading war criminals of the National Socialist dictatorship in the Palace of Justice on Fürther Strasse in front of the International Military Court .

Since the end of World War II

reconstruction

New building area in Nuremberg-Langwasser , 1961
Nuremberg old town, 1969

After 1945 the focus was of course on rebuilding the destroyed city. In 1948, a design by the architects Heinz Schmeißner and Wilhelm Schlegtendal was adopted, which was based on the former city structures and the quasi-predetermined ring of the old town fortifications, so that medieval and early modern connections can be read in many places. It is often emphasized that this careful reconstruction provided the basis for today's attractiveness of the city for many tourists from all over the world. What is less well known is that both architects were already in the service of the city before 1945 and had been thinking about rebuilding Nuremberg on behalf of Albert Speer (cf. Schieber, 2000, p. 172).

economy

Grundig

But the old Nuremberg entrepreneurial spirit soon made itself felt, and companies such as Siemens , Schöller , MAN, AEG and Triumph-Adler played a major role in the German economic miracle . Nuremberg has gained particular importance through the toy fair, which has been held annually since 1950 and is now held in the exhibition center in Langwasser, which was completed in 1973. With the airport opened in 1955 and the port on the Main-Danube Canal completed in 1972, Nuremberg is connected to international traffic. In the city center, an attractive local transport connection was created from 1967 with the construction of a subway . In rail traffic, Nuremberg retained its historical role as a hub both through the establishment of the Greater Nuremberg Transport Association , which is now the second largest in Germany in terms of area , and through the expansion and construction of long-distance railways, according to the German Unity Transport Project No. 8 , in the direction of Leipzig / Erfurt High- speed route to Munich or the Saxony-Franconia mainline to Dresden.

Federal agencies

In 1952, the Federal Agency (today: Federal Employment Agency ) was set up in Nuremberg , whose publication of unemployment figures brings the city into the German headlines every month. The Federal Office for Migration and Refugees and its predecessor organizations have been based in Nuremberg since 1953, and since the end of 1996 the office has been located in the former SS barracks on Frankenstrasse in Nuremberg.

"City of Human Rights"

The human rights road

In the tradition of the Nuremberg Trials (1945 to 1949), the city of Nuremberg has succeeded in distinguishing itself as the “city of human rights” over the past few decades. In 1993 the street of human rights was opened in the city center. Since 1995, the International Nuremberg Human Rights Prize has been awarded to deserving personalities every two years, followed by a meal together at a table in the old town. The so-called peace table should be understood as a symbol for peace, tolerance and respect for human rights .

Starting from the field of experience of the senses on the Wöhrder meadow, is one of the grounds on 7000 Oaks , which is Joseph Beuys at the documenta 7 were planted in 1982, the idea arose trees for human rights in the city to plant. In 2007 the action initiated by the Office for Culture and Leisure (KUF) and the Service Company Public Space Nuremberg (SÖR) started. Every planted ginkgo tree is assigned one of the 30 articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . There are now 82 trees spread across the city.

The city leaders of Nuremberg

King / Emperor - Reichsschultheiß

The Burgraves

The patriciate

  • The Nuremberg patricians
    • about 1256–1427 sharing competencies with the burgraves
    • 1427–1806 sole rule of the magistrate, represented by the patriciate

Military and Police Administration

The term of office is given in front of the name, the lifetime after the name:

The mayors

Since 1907, the term “Lord Mayor” has been used instead of “First Mayor”.

See also

Associations for history

The Society for Family Research in Franconia is also based in Nuremberg . V., which deals with genealogy in Franconia .

literature

General

  • Michael Diefenbacher , Rudolf Endres (Hrsg.): Stadtlexikon Nürnberg . 2nd, improved edition. W. Tümmels Verlag, Nuremberg 2000, ISBN 3-921590-69-8 ( online ).
  • Peter Fleischmann: Councilor and patriciate in Nuremberg. The rule of the councilors from the 13th to the 18th century (Nürnberger Forschungen, 31), 3 vol., Nuremberg 2008.
  • Katharina Heinemann (ed.): Emperor - Empire - City. The Imperial Castle Nuremberg, accompanying book for the exhibition of the same name in the Imperial Castle Nuremberg from July 13 to November 10, 2013, Petersberg 2013.
  • Christoph von Imhoff: Famous Nuremberg residents from nine centuries. Edelmann, Nuremberg 2000, ISBN 3-87191-088-0 .
  • Gerhard Pfeiffer (ed.): Nuremberg - History of a European City. Munich 1971.
  • Martin Schieber: Nuremberg - an illustrated history of the city. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-46126-3 .
  • Franz Schiermeier: City Atlas Nuremberg. Maps and models from 1492 to the present day. Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-9809147-7-1 .
  • Martin Schieber : History of Nuremberg . Verlag C. H. Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-56465-9 .

middle Ages

  • Alexander Schubert: Is the city useful or necessity? The imperial city of Nuremberg and the city war of 1388/89 . Matthiesen, Husum 2003, ISBN 3-7868-1476-7 (also dissertation, Bamberg 2001/2002, review by H-Soz-u-Kult ).

Early modern age

19th and 20th centuries

  • Martina Bauernfeind: Mayor Georg Ritter von Schuh. Urban development in Erlangen and Nuremberg under the sign of high industrialization 1878–1913. (= Nuremberg work pieces on city and state history, volume 60). Nuremberg 2000.
  • Matthias Klaus Braun: The administration of the city of Nuremberg during National Socialism 1933–1945. Tasks and design options in the totalitarian state. In: Communications from the Association for the History of the City of Nuremberg. Volume 96 (2009), pp. 293-319.
  • Matthias Klaus Braun: Hitler's favorite mayor: Willy Liebel (1897–1945) . (= Nuremberg workpieces on city and state history, Volume 71). Nuremberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-87707-852-5 .
  • Charlotte Bühl-Gramer: Nuremberg 1850 to 1892. Urban development, local politics and city administration under the sign of industrialization and urbanization. (= Nuremberg workpieces on city and state history, Volume 62). Nuremberg 2003.
  • Michael Diefenbacher, Wiltrud Fischer-Pache (ed.): The air war against Nuremberg. The attack on January 2, 1945 and the destroyed city. (= Sources and research on the history and culture of the city of Nuremberg, Volume 33). Nuremberg 2004.
  • Michael Diefenbacher, Matthias Henkel (ed.): Reconstruction in Nuremberg. Nuremberg 2009.
  • Rudolf Endres , Martina Fleischmann: Nuremberg's way into the modern age. Economy, politics and society in the 19th and 20th centuries. Nuremberg 1996.
  • Robert Fritzsch: Nuremberg under the swastika: In the Third Reich 1933–1939. Düsseldorf, 1983.
  • Robert Fritzsch: Nuremberg at war. In the Third Reich 1939–1945. Düsseldorf 1984.
  • Hermann Hanschel: Lord Mayor Hermann Luppe. Nuremberg local politics in the Weimar Republic. (= Nuremberg Research, Volume 21). Nuremberg 1977.
  • Walter Herppich: The underground Nuremberg. Hofmann Verlag, Nuremberg 2001, ISBN 3-87191-301-4 .
  • Gerhard Jochem, Ulrike Kettner: Memorial book for the Nuremberg victims of the Shoah. Nuremberg 1998 and supplementary volume 2002.
  • Karl Kunze: End of the war in Franconia and the battle for Nuremberg in April 1945 (= Nuremberg research, volume 28). Individual works on Nuremberg history, ed. from the Association for the History of the City of Nuremberg. Verlag Edelmann, Nuremberg 1995, ISBN 3-87191-207-7 .
  • Dieter Rossmeissl (Ed.): Democracy from the outside. American military government in Nuremberg 1945–1949. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-42302-958-7 .

Periodicals

  • Announcements from the Association for the History of the City of Nuremberg. (published since 1878; up to volume 90, 2003 also online ; the last 4 volumes of the journal are not online)
  • Sources and research on the history and culture of the city of Nuremberg. (edited by the city archive since 1959)
  • Nuremberg workpieces on city and state history. (published by the city archives since 1970)
  • Exhibition catalogs of the Nuremberg City Archives. (since 1987)
  • Nuremberg old town reports. ed. from the Altstadtfreunde Nürnberg e. V. since 1976.

Historical sources

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Reinhard Seyboth: Burggraftum Nuremberg . S. 174 f .
  2. ^ Reinhard Seyboth: Margrave Wars . S. 671 .
  • Other sources
  1. ↑ Hartmut Voigt: Sensational find: Nuremberg 100 years older than expected. In: Nürnberger Nachrichten . March 11, 2015, accessed July 19, 2016 .
  2. ^ Regesta Imperii I, No. 413
  3. ↑ RI II n.1658
  4. ↑ Regesta Imerii III, 1 no. 30 and Regesta Imperii III, 1 no. 159
  5. ↑ Birgit Friedel: Traces of the earliest urban development . In: Birgit Friedel, Claudia Frieser (Ed.): Nürnberg. Archeology and cultural history. Publishing house Dr. Faustus, Büchenbach 1999, p. 51 .
  6. ^ Birgit Friedel: The Nuremberg Castle. History, building history and archeology. Imhof-Verlag, Petersberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-86568-036-5 . (Review, online )
  7. ↑ On the history, geology and hydrology of the castle hill in Nuremberg by Dr. Alfons Baier
  8. ^ Announcements of the Association for the History of the City of Nuremberg Vol. 52. 1963/64, p. 449.
  9. ↑ Document 253 in Harry Bresslau and Paul Kehr (eds.): Diplomata 16: The documents of Heinrich III. (Heinrici III. Diplomata). Berlin 1931, pp. 336–337 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
  10. ^ RI II n. 2003
  11. ↑ RI III, 2, 3 n.262
  12. ↑ Georg Heinrich Pertz u. a. (Ed.): Scriptores (in Folio) 3: Annales, chronica et historiae aevi Saxonici. Hannover 1839, p. 128 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
  13. ↑ Dehio Franken, pp. 751-753.
  14. ↑ Naussauerhaus
  15. ↑ RI IV, 1, 1 n.141
  16. ^ RI IV, 1, 1 n.248
  17. ^ RI IV, 1, 1 n.115
  18. ↑ Konrad III., RI IV, 1, 2 n.111
  19. ^ Friedrich Nicolai: Some news from Nuremberg. In: Berlin monthly journal. 1/1783, p. 89.
  20. ^ NDB (New German Biography), Vol. 24, p. 663
  21. ^ The map by Hans Bien (1630) , Urban Research and Statistics for Nuremberg and Fürth
  22. ↑ online-service.nuernberg.de
  23. ↑ a b Dieter J. Weiß : 200 years of Franconia in Bavaria (lecture on May 1, 2014 at the Society for Franconian History in Ullstadt Castle) p. 3
  24. ^ Proclamation from Max I. Joseph to the Bavarian people, July 6th at: House of Bavarian History
  25. ^ Gerhard Hirschmann: The Wurm era in Nuremberg 1806-1818. In: Communications from the Association for the History of the City of Nuremberg. Volume 48.
  26. ^ IV. Nuremberg as a Bavarian city (since 1806 ) Information page city ​​law of the city of Nuremberg
  27. ^ The night when the synagogues burned , State Center for Political Education Baden-Württemberg, accessed December 28, 2014
  28. ^ The Nuremberg Police and Benno Martin , Friends of the Nuremberg Fire Brigade Museum e. V., accessed December 28, 2014
  29. ^ GW Schramm: The Destruction. In: 3 x Nuremberg. Verlag A. Hofmann, Nuremberg 1990, ISBN 3-87191-124-0 , p. 85.
  30. ↑ nuernberg.de - Peace table
  31. ↑ The project on baeume-fuer-die-menschenrechte.nuernberg.de, accessed on November 22, 2019