al-Fātiha

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Opening sura

Al-Fātiḥa [ alˈfaːtiħa ] ( Arabic الفاتحة 'The opening') is the first sura of the Koran . It is also called fātiḥat al-kitāb , fātiḥat al-Qurʾān and umm al-kitāb . There are a total of 25 other epithets or names for this sura. It is an integral part of the regular ritual prayers ( salads ) of Muslims and is supplemented by verses from other suras. On many Muslim gravestones there are inscriptions ( Ruhuna fatiha ) asking the visitor to recite the Fatiha for the soul of the deceased.

Classification in ritual prayer

After the orientation towards Mecca ( the qibla ) the person praying says: Allahu akbar (“God is (incomparably) great”) and begins the standing recitation of Fatiha in Arabic with praise of God and the expression of the search for refuge God before the (stoned) devil.

It is followed by other self-chosen verses of the Koran (often a short sura like the al-Ichlas ) before the person praying bows, then prostrating (forehead touches the ground) and finally the prayer with the Islamic greeting: ( as-salāmu ʿalaikum ) - according to Islamic ideas to the two angels who sit on the right and left on the shoulders of the person praying - ended. Before or after he can say a supplication ( dua ) - if necessary in his mother tongue .

Historical

The question of the age of the Fatiha is difficult to answer, as the “specifically Islamic coloring” is in the background, so “that the prayer could be seen in every Jewish or Christian edification book”. However, there is no doubt that the sura was written in Mecca and was part of the prayer ritual of the first Muslims. However, some early Koran exegetes such as Mujāhid ibn Jabr were of the opinion that the first half of the sura was written in Mecca, the second in Medina.

The great importance of this short sura is confirmed by the Islamic Koran exegesis , the Andalusian Koran commentator al-Qurtubi († 1272 ) dedicates 67 printed pages to this sura in his exegesis.

Original text and translation of the sura

1. In the name of the merciful and gracious God

« بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ »

"Bi-smi llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm"

2. Praise be to God, the Lord of the Worlds,

« الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَٰلَمِينَ »

"  Al-ḥamdu li-llāhi rabbi l-ʿālamīn"

3. to the Merciful and Gracious,

« الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ »

"Ar-raḥmāni r-raḥīm"

4. who rules on judgment day!

« مَٰلِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ »

«Māliki yaumi d-dīn»

5. We serve you and we ask you for help.

« إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ »

"Iyyāka naʿbudu wa-iyyāka nastaʿīn"

6. Lead us the straight way,

« اهْدِنَا الصِّرَٰطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ »

"Ihdinā ṣ-Ṣirāṭa l-mustaqīm"

7. the path of those to whom you have shown grace, not (the path) of those who are addicted to anger and go astray!

« صِرَٰطَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا الضَّآلِّينَ »

"Ṣirāṭa llaḏīna anʿamta ʿalayhim ġayri l-maġḍūbi ʿalayhim wa-lā ḍ-ḍāllīn"

In prayer the formula follows:

Amen

« آمين »

«Āmīn»

The sura has seven verses after all counts. If you do not include the Basmala, you break down the 7th verse of the Kufic count as two verses. The verses end with the rhyme īm / īn; So that the rhyming prose , (saǧʿ) becomes audible, the grammatical end is reduced when it is sent. The rhyming words also have this pausal form in poetry.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Translation: Rudi Paret
  2. ↑ Lamya Kandil: The surenames in the official Cairin Koran edition and their variants. In: Der Islam 69 (1992), p. 50
  3. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, 1986, p. 841
  4. ^ Theodor Nöldeke: History of the Koran . Vol. 1, p. 110.
  5. ^ AJ Wensinck and JH Kramers (eds.): Short dictionary of Islam. Brill, Leiden 1941, p. 127
  6. ↑ About him see: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Brill, Leiden, Vol. 5, p. 512
  7. ↑ Printed in Beirut 2006. Vol. 1, pp. 166–233
  8. ^ Adel Theodor Khoury ( The Koran. Gütersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, Gütersloh, revised 2nd edition 1992) added in a note: "Or: the world inhabitant"; Rudi Paret ( The Koran. Seventh edition. Stuttgart, Berlin, Cologne: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1996) translates: “The people in all the world”.
  9. ↑ Wolfdietrich Fischer: Grammar of Classical Arabic. Wiesbaden 1972. pp. 30–31 (§ 55–57)
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