Vestas Wind Systems

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Vestas Wind Systems A / S

logo
legal form Corporation
ISIN DK0010268606
founding 1945 (legal form 1986)
Seat Aarhus , DenmarkDenmarkDenmark 
management Henrik Andersen (Group President and CEO )
Number of employees 25,542
sales 12.2 billion euros (2019)
Branch Wind turbines (since 1979)
Website vestas.com
Status: February 6, 2020

Vestas V90 in Sweden

Vestas Wind Systems A / S (short: Vestas) ( Copenhagen Stock Exchange : VWS.CO), based in Aarhus, Denmark, is the world's largest manufacturer of wind turbines in terms of sales and installed capacity (as of 2018). At the end of 2017, the company had around 23,000 employees in 26 countries, including Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Great Britain, Italy, China, Japan, the USA and Australia.

With more than 66,000 installed wind turbines with an installed capacity of over 113  gigawatts (GW) in 81 countries, the company, which was founded in 1945 and has been manufacturing wind turbines since 1979, is one of the world's leading in the industry. Vestas has been the world leader in the number and total output of newly installed wind turbines almost every year since 2000, with a few exceptions: In 2012, the company was outperformed in the global market for onshore wind turbines by GE Wind . In 2015 Goldwind installed more power. Based on the newly installed capacity of 9,600 megawatts , Vestas was once again the largest manufacturer of onshore wind turbines in 2019 (2018: 10,090 MW; 2017: 7,700 MW).

history

In 1945 Peder Hansen founded VEstjysk STaalteknik A / S in the small Danish town of Lem . The name was shortened to Vestas after a short time . First of all, household appliances were made. In 1950 agricultural machinery was mainly produced. In 1956 the production of intercoolers began and from 1968 hydraulic cranes for small trucks were produced. The 1970 oil crisis gave Peder Hansen a new business idea: renewable energies . In 1979 the first wind turbine was sold. A year later, Vestas began series production of wind turbines and installed the first 80 turbines with an output of 55 kW. In 1981 the first major orders were received from the USA . Vestas decided to manufacture the fiberglass components for the wind turbines itself. At the end of 1987, Vestas Wind Systems A / S was founded, which focuses exclusively on wind energy. In November 1991 the company's 1000th wind turbine was installed in Denmark. Between 1994 and 2001 Vestas held a 40% stake as a technical partner in the Spanish wind turbine manufacturer Gamesa .

In 1995, construction began on the Tunø Knob offshore wind farm in Kattegat, southeast of Aarhus, Denmark . The project was carried out in collaboration with I / S  Midtkraft , who built the foundations. After the foundations were completed, Vestas took over the project and installed ten V39-500 kW systems in five days. In 1998 Vestas went public . The company's shares are traded on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange. In April 2002 the then largest offshore wind farm Horns Rev was built off the west coast of Denmark with 80 V80-2MW turbines. In July 2002 a further 30 turbines of the same type were ordered for the first large offshore wind farm in Great Britain, North Hoyle . Further major orders followed. Vestas merged in 2004 with NEG Micon A / S , another leading wind turbine manufacturer. The large Danish competitor was again from the merger of Micon A / S and the North tank Energy Group A / S emerged. Vestas was chosen as the company name, but the company headquarters were initially relocated to the Micon location in Randers .

In August 2009 Vestas hired over 5000 additional workers for new factories in China , USA and Spain . This was justified by the fact that these markets were growing faster, in contrast to the slow development of wind farms in Great Britain . For this purpose, other plants, for example on the Isle of Wight , should be closed and around 3000 employees in Europe laid off, against which there were protests. In 2012, Vestas had to carry out several restructuring measures and lay off staff due to overcapacity in the industry and falling prices for wind turbines. In addition, several plants were closed. At the beginning of 2013, the head office was relocated from Randers in Denmark to Aarhus. In October 2013 Vestas sold six of its production facilities to VTS Partners GmbH for one euro . In 2015, allegations of infidelity against several Vestas employees became known. According to this, several former employees are said to have inflicted damage of 18 million euros on the group and other companies in the industry.

The company's 55,000th wind turbine, a V112-3.0MW, was installed in October 2015 in the Schlüchtern-Wallroth wind farm in Hesse . At the end of 2015, Vestas took over the American maintenance and service provider UpWind Solutions. The takeover of Availon from Germany followed at the beginning of 2016 .

Locations and branches

Entrance to the office in Pueblo, Colorado
since 2002: Rotor blade production in Lauchhammer

Vestas' head office is in Aarhus. Important production facilities include in Lauchhammer-Süd (Vestas Blades Deutschland GmbH) , Lem , Nakskov , Isle of Wight , Taranto , Tianjin , Daimiel and Windsor . Maintenance is offered by Vestas Services GmbH in Husum . The Vestas Nacelles Germany GmbH has its headquarters in Lübeck .

The headquarters of Vestas Germany GmbH is located in Hamburg . The company has been active here since 1986 and employs around 2000 people. The management is taken over by Cornelis de Baar ( President ).

Plant types

V126-3.3 MW at a hub height of 137 m near Bielefeld

Onshore wind turbines

5 MW platform

Plant type V150-5.6 MW V162-5.6 MW
IEC wind class S. S.
Nominal power (kW) 5600 5600
Rotor diameter (m) 150 162
Hub height (m) 105, 125, 148, 155, 166 119, 125, 148, 149, 166
Max. Sound power level dB (A) 104.9 104

In January 2019, Vestas presented a new platform called EnVentus , which consists of two types of systems. The hub heights are up to 166 meters. The prototype of the V150-5.6 MW was installed in the Østerild wind turbine test field in mid-2020 . Series production at the end of the year. For the markets in Germany and Austria, Vestas offers the high hub heights with hybrid towers , a combination of concrete and steel segments, from Max Bögl Wind .

4 MW platform

Plant type V117-4.2 MW V136-4.2 MW V150-4.2 MW
IEC wind class IB-T / IIA-T / ST IIB / S IIIB / S
Nominal power (kW) 3600-4200 3600-4200 3600-4200
Rotor diameter (m) 117 136 150
Hub height (m) 84, 91.5 82-166 105, 123, 145, 155, 166
Max. Sound power level dB (A) 106 103.9 104.9
Installation number 3 127 110

In June 2017, Vestas presented a 4 MW platform consisting of three turbine types, which builds on the 3 MW platform introduced in 2010. In addition to the standard output of 4 megawatts, a power optimized mode with 4.2 megawatts is also offered. The hub height is up to 166 meters. The prototype of the V150-4.2 MW was put into operation in January 2019 in the Østerild wind turbine test field . With the V117 of this platform, a wind turbine is to be offered for the first time, which is explicitly designed for typhoon regions and is to withstand extreme wind speeds of up to 80 m / s (288 km / h). At the end of 2019, Vestas installed four V136-4.2s with a hub height of 82 meters in Hirtshals Havn . It is the first Danish onshore wind farm that does not require subsidized feed-in tariffs .

For the Viking wind farm on the Shetland Islands , Vestas will supply 103 V117 4.2 MW turbines in the optimized 4.3 MW mode. The client is the Scottish energy supply company SSE Renewables . The wind farm with a total nominal output of 443 megawatts is expected to produce almost 2 terawatt hours of electricity. This corresponds to around 4500 full load hours .

3 MW platform

Plant type V105-3.45 MW V112-3.45 MW V117-3.45 MW V126-3.45 MW V136-3.45 MW V138-3.0 MW V155-3.3 MW
IEC wind class IA IA IB / IIA IIA / IIB / IIIA IIB / IIIA S.
Nominal power (kW) 3000-3600 3000-3600 3000-3600 3000-3600 3000-3600 3000 3300
Rotor diameter (m) 105 112 117 126 136 138 155
Hub height (m) 72.5 69, 94 80, 91.5, 116.5 87, 117, 137, 147, 149, 166 82, 112, 132, 149 83, 96
Max. Sound power level dB (A) 104.5 105.4 106.8 104.4 / 107.3 105.5 102.7 / 106.6
Installation number 77 3755 1543 2147 1709 - -
  • All systems of the 3.45 MW generation use an asynchronous generator in combination with a full converter and gearbox . In 2013, the 3 MW platform was increased in output from 3.0 MW to initially 3.3 MW and later 3.45 MW. The change from permanent magnet generator (3.0 MW) to asynchronous generator (3.3 MW and 3.45 MW) was associated with the increase in output. The reason was the price increase for permanent magnets . Vestas has been offering a power-optimized mode with 3.6 MW since 2015.
  • V136: In September 2015, the system based on the 3 MW platform with a rotor diameter of 136 meters was presented at the HUSUM WindEnergy . It is offered on towers (usually tubular steel) with a hub height of up to 166 m and is intended for low-wind locations. The prototype was set up in December 2016 in the Østerild wind turbine test field . Series production started in mid-2017, so that the first V136-3.45 MW with a hub height of 149 m was put into operation on July 25, 2017 in Lichterfeld-Schacksdorf . The rotor blades are produced in the Lauchhammer plant.
  • V126: In 2019, the V126 was the most frequently commissioned type of system in Germany.
  • V112: The system was introduced in 2010, initially had a nominal output of 3.0 MW and established the start of the 3 MW platform. In 2015 the V112 was the most frequently commissioned type of system in Germany.

In Europe's largest onshore wind project currently being planned on Fosen near Trondheim , consisting of six wind farms with a total output of 1 gigawatt, the construction of 248 V117-3.45MW turbines and 30 V112-3.45MW turbines, each with a performance-optimized Mode with 3.6 MW nominal output is planned.

2 MW platform

Plant type V90-2.0 MW V100-2.0 MW V110-2.0 MW V116-2.1 MW V120-2.2 MW
IEC wind class IIA / S IIB IIIA / B IIB / S IIB / S
Nominal power (kW) 2000-2200 2000 2000 2100 2000-2200
Rotor diameter (m) 90 100 110 116 120
Hub height (m) 80, 95, 105 80, 95 80, 95, 110, 120, 125 80, 94 80, 92, 122
Installation number 7768 5189 5532 351 626
  • The 2 MW platform was started in 2000 with the V80-2MW and added to other types of systems in the following years. The V90 was introduced in 2004, the V100 in 2009 and the V110 in 2014. In 2017 the V116 and the V120 were presented, which went into series production in late 2017 and early 2018, respectively. Technically, almost all systems are equipped with a three-stage gearbox and a double-fed asynchronous generator. A permanent-magnet synchronous generator was only used in 2011 and 2012 in certain systems, but Vestas then switched back completely to the previous drive train.
  • The prototype of the V120 was built in the Ringkøbing-Skjern municipality in early 2018 .
  • The prototype of the V116 was erected in the wind turbine test field Høvsøre ​​at the end of 2017 . The V116 was voted "Wind Turbine of the Year" in the category "Onshore up to 2.9 MW" in 2017.
  • The V110-2.0 MW is mainly used on the American market for major projects such as the XI wind farm .
  • The V90 with 1800 or 2000 kW is one of Vestas' best-selling systems.

Wind turbines at sea (offshore)

MHI Vestas Offshore Wind A / S
legal form Corporation
founding April 2014
Seat Aarhus , Denmark
management Philippe Kavafyan
Branch Offshore wind energy
Website www.mhivestasoffshore.com

MHI Vestas location on the Isle of Wight
MHI Vestas V164 prototype on land
Plant type MHI Vestas V112 MHI Vestas V117 MHI Vestas V164 MHI Vestas V174
Nominal power (kW) 3300-3450 4000-4200 8000-10000 9500
Rotor diameter (m) 112 117 164 174
  • In November 2012 a collaboration with the Japanese industrial company Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) was announced. In 2014, MHI Vestas Offshore Wind A / S was founded as a joint venture between Vestas and MHI with the aim of developing and building offshore wind turbines. In Germany, MHI Vestas Offshore Wind Germany GmbH is also based in Hamburg.
  • MHI Vestas V112: The turbine type with 9852 m² swept rotor area, which has been available for use on land since 2010, was also offered by MHI Vestas for offshore use.
  • MHI Vestas V164 : On March 30, 2011 Vestas announced the V164, a new turbine for offshore use. The first commercial use was for the expansion of the Burbo Bank wind farm . MHI Vestas offers power increases of up to 10 MW. The V164 with 9.5 MW was named "Wind Turbine of the Year" in the category "Offshore" in 2017.
  • MHI Vestas V174: The use of 52 wind turbines is planned for the Baltic Eagle offshore wind farm in the German Baltic Sea . The prototype was set up in the Østerild wind turbine test field at the beginning of 2020 .

Earlier plant types (examples)

V52-850 kW in Breitenlee
Plant type Nominal power (kW) Rotor diameter (m)
V90-3.0 MW 3000 90
V80-2.0 MW 2000 80
V82-1.5 MW 1500 82
V72-1.5 MW 1500 72
V66-1.65 MW 1650 66
V63-1.5 MW 1500 63
V52-850 kW 850 52
V47-660 kW 660 47
V44-600 kW 600 44
V42-600 kW 600 42
V39-500 kW 500 39
V29-225 kW 225 29
V27-225 kW 225 27
V25-200 kW 200 25th
V23-150 kW 150 23
V20-100 kW 100 20th
V17-75 kW 75 17th
V15-55 kW 55 15th
V12-22 kW 22nd 12
V10-30 kW 30th 10
  • The V10-30 kW was built in 1979 as the first Vestas wind turbine in Denmark.
  • The V52-850 kW was one of the best-selling systems in the 1 MW class. The system was produced in various countries, including China and Italy. Around 3764 systems were built (as of December 31, 2010). 365 systems are used in the Lake Turkana wind farm .
  • A special feature of the V90-3.0 MW is that the main bearing is integrated in the gearbox. This saved the use of an additional drive shaft and weight.

Micon

Micon A / S
(from 1997) NEG Micon A / S

logo
legal form Corporation
founding 1983, 1997 merger with Nordtank
resolution 2004
Reason for dissolution Takeover by Vestas
Seat Randers , Denmark
Branch Wind turbines

The Micon A / S was in 1983 by spinning off of parts of the wind energy business of North Tank Energy Group A / S produces and soon became one of the leading manufacturers of wind turbines. The company was particularly successful in the newly emerging market of the Californian energy transition in the 1980s . 1997 Micon and Northern tank were back to a company NEG Micon A / S fused.

NEG Micon was acquired by Vestas in the spring of 2004 and then merged. NEG Micon developed and constructed wind turbines with a nominal output of 55 kW to 2750 kW.

The following types came from the production of Micon or NEG Micon (examples):

Plant type Nominal power (kW) Rotor diameter (m)
NM92 / 2750 2750 92
NM80 / 2750 2750 80
NM72 / 2000 * 2000 72
NM82 / 1650 * 1650 82
NM72 / 1650 * 1650 72
NM82 / 1500 * 1500 82
NM72C / 1500 * 1500 72
NM64 / 1500 1500 64
NM60 / 1000 * 1000 60
M2300 1000 54
NM52 / 900 * 900 52
M1500 500/600/750 44
NM48 / 750 * 750 48
  • were among NEG Micon's successful investments

North tank

Nordtank Energy Group A / S

logo
legal form Corporation
resolution 1997
Reason for dissolution Merger with Micon to form NEG Micon
Seat Balle , Denmark
Branch Energy Technology

The Nordtank Energy Group A / S (short: NTK or NEG ), based in Balle , Syddjurs, was originally a boiler manufacturer who got into energy technology. As the first Danish manufacturer, the company was one of the pioneers of wind energy in the early 1980s. In 1983 parts of the wind energy business were spun off into the independent company Micon A / S. In 1997 the merger of North and tank Micon to NEG Micon A / S . Nordtank developed and constructed wind turbines with a nominal output of 10 kW to 1500 kW.

The following types came from the production of Nordtank (examples):

Plant type Nominal power (kW) Rotor diameter (m)
NTK 1500-750 1500 60/64
NTK 600 600 43
NTK 550 550 41.1
NTK 500 500 37/41
NTK 400 400 35
NTK 300 300 28/31
NTK 150 150 24.6
NTK 130 130 20.5 / 21.5 / 22
NTK 100 100 18.2

NedWind

NedWind BV
legal form BV
founding 1990
resolution October 1, 1998
Reason for dissolution Takeover by NEG Micon
Seat Rhenen , Netherlands
Branch Wind turbines

The NedWind BV , 1990 in Rhenen founded which was once the third largest Dutch wind turbine manufacturer, and had production sites in Palm Springs and Curacao , and was in the US and in India active. In 1998 the company ran into economic problems and was taken over by NEG Micon . The company remained active as a Dutch branch for a while and was also independently active in China, for example.

NedWind primarily developed and constructed two-blade wind turbines. The following types came from the production of NedWind (examples):

Plant type Nominal power (kW) Rotor diameter (m)
NW46-3 500-260 500 46.1
NW44-2 500-120 500 43.8
NW41-2 500-120 500 40.8
NW31-3 250 250 31
NW31-2 250 250 31

Sports sponsorship

Volvo Ocean Race 2018 in Aarhus with Vestas sponsorship

Vestas and 11th Hour Racing have a boat for ocean race Volvo Ocean Race 2017-2018 in the race. For the 2019/20 FIA Formula E Championship , Vestas is supporting the Mercedes-Benz EQ Formula E Team as a sponsor.

See also

Web links

Commons : Vestas Wind Systems  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Annual Report 2019. (PDF) In: www.vestas.com. Retrieved February 6, 2020 .
  2. ↑ Vestas passes 100,000 MW wind power mark. In: IWR. Retrieved January 16, 2019 .
  3. ↑ BNEF: GE and Vestas "neck and neck in 2012". In: www.renewableenergyfocus.com. April 24, 2013, accessed February 26, 2018 .
  4. ↑ Goldwind ousts Vestas as the onshore market leader. In: IWR. Retrieved February 23, 2016 .
  5. ^ Vestas Still Rules Turbine Market, But Challengers Are Closing In. In: Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Retrieved March 5, 2020 .
  6. ^ Vestas Leads Break-Away Group of Big Four Turbine Makers. In: Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Retrieved February 14, 2019 .
  7. ^ Vestas Keeps Lead in Onshore Wind, Siemens Gamesa Narrows Gap. In: Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Accessed February 26, 2018 (English).
  8. ^ Two wind giants go head to head - Vestas and Gamesa split. In: Windpower Monthly . Retrieved February 5, 2016 .
  9. ↑ a b Danish wind giants head for merger - Vestas and NEG Micon going for global supremacy . In: Windpower Monthly , January 1, 2004.
  10. ↑ a b Vestas - NEG Micon merger , oeko-news.at, December 15, 2003.
  11. ^ The Guardian , report, Aug. 18, 2009.
  12. ↑ Gerald Whittle, British Workers Occupy a Factory, Report of Aug. 13, 2009.
  13. ↑ Vestas transfers employees from Randers and Copenhagen to company HQ in Aarhus, Denmark. In: windkraft-journal.de. February 20, 2013, accessed February 5, 2016 .
  14. ↑ Michael Meyer: "Chronology of the offshore setbacks". In: Daily port report of January 28, 2014, p. 2, ISSN  2190-8753
  15. ↑ The enemy in your own shop . In: Wirtschaftswoche , June 4, 2015. Accessed June 6, 2015.
  16. ↑ IWR: Vestas is building wind turbine number 55,000 in Hesse
  17. ↑ Windpower Monthly: Vestas acquiered UpWind Solutions
  18. ↑ IWR: Vestas takes over Availon
  19. ^ Find Vestas - Production. In: www.vestas.com. Retrieved January 16, 2017 .
  20. ↑ Vestas: EnVentus prototype installed, produces first kWh on YouTube , July 1, 2020, accessed on July 3, 2020.
  21. ↑ Vestas introduces new onshore giants. In: windmesse.de. Retrieved January 23, 2019 .
  22. ↑ Vestas and Max Bögl Wind AG join forces to make the energy transition in Germany and Austria a success. In: windkraft-journal.de. June 16, 2020, accessed June 17, 2020 .
  23. ↑ a b c Track Record. In: vestas.com. December 31, 2019, accessed February 14, 2020 .
  24. ↑ Vestas drills 3 MW platform to 4 MW. sonnewindwaerme.de, June 22, 2017, accessed on June 22, 2017 .
  25. ↑ Vestas scales up to 4.2MW. In: Windpower Monthly . June 22, 2017, accessed June 23, 2017 .
  26. ↑ Vestas: Installing the V150-4.2 MW on YouTube , April 2, 2019, accessed September 25, 2019.
  27. ↑ Vestas joins the 4MW class. In: Windpower Monthly . July 31, 2017, accessed August 7, 2017 .
  28. ↑ Vestas to supply Denmark's first subsidy-free wind farm. In: Windpower Monthly . March 29, 2019, accessed December 21, 2019 .
  29. ↑ Vestas lands 443 MW deal. In: w3.windmesse.de. August 20, 2020, accessed August 25, 2020 .
  30. ↑ Technology 3MW model: Vestas reveals low-wind V136-3.45MW turbine. In: Windpower Monthly . September 30, 2015, accessed October 29, 2015 .
  31. ↑ Vestas reveals V136-3.45MW low-wind turbine. In: Windpower Monthly . September 14, 2015, accessed on September 14, 2015 .
  32. ↑ First Vestas V136-3.45 MW turbine successfully installed. In: www.vestas.com. December 21, 2016, accessed January 16, 2017 .
  33. ↑ The world's first V136 is put into operation in Germany. In: UKA Environmentally friendly power plants. July 25, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017 .
  34. ↑ Vestas produces rotor blades for the new V136 in Lauchhammer. In: windkraft-journal.de. March 27, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017 .
  35. ↑ Successful first mega-transport at Vestas. In: Lausitzer Rundschau . July 14, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017 .
  36. ↑ Jürgen Quentin: Development of wind energy on land in 2019. (PDF) Specialist Agency Wind Energy on Land, February 2020, accessed on March 30, 2020 .
  37. ↑ Jürgen Quentin: Development of wind energy on land in 2015. (PDF) Agency for wind energy on land, March 2016, accessed on September 8, 2018 .
  38. ↑ Statkraft revives 1GW Fosen site with Vestas turbines . In: Windpower Monthly , February 23, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  39. ↑ Vestas takes 2MW platform to next level . In: Windpower Monthly , April 24, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  40. ↑ Vestas installs V120-2.0 MW prototype and introduces upgraded 2.2 MW version. In: vestas.com. March 6, 2018, accessed April 14, 2018 .
  41. ^ A b Turbines of the year: Cost competition drives new designs. In: Windpower Monthly . January 2, 2018, accessed January 3, 2018 .
  42. ↑ Offshore Wind Turbines. In: MHI Vestas Offshore. Retrieved February 27, 2016 (American English).
  43. ↑ Katja Dombrowski: Mitsubishi Heavy hijacks offshore industry. new energy, November 2013, accessed December 6, 2013 .
  44. ↑ Large turbines for the Iberdrola wind farm "Baltic Eagle" off Rügen. In: newspaper for local economy . Association of Municipal Enterprises , accessed February 12, 2019 .
  45. ↑ Vestas: V174-9.5 MW Prototype on YouTube , January 24, 2020, accessed July 3, 2020.
  46. ↑ a b Preben Maegaard, Anna Krenz, Wolfgang Palz: Wind Power for the World: The Rise of Modern Wind Energy. Part 1, CRC Press, 2013, ISBN 978-981-4364-93-5 , chapter History of the Danish Windpower. Text for Figure 3.36 150 KW Micon wind turbine , p. 80 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  47. ^ History of the Danish Windpower. Chapter The Windmill Industry Goes Professional. 7.12.3 A Zealandic Blade Factory. P. 243 ff ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  48. ^ A b Major merger in the works, Nordtank and Micon. In: Windpower Monthly . June 1, 1997, accessed September 7, 2016 .
  49. ↑ NEG Micon: Portfolio , thewindpower.net (de, links to the individual types)
  50. ^ History of the Danish Windpower. P. 76 ff and chapter Wind Actor Networks in Denmark. P. 147 f ( limited preview in Google Book search)
  51. ^ History of the Danish Windpower . P. 254 ( limited preview in Google Book search)
  52. ↑ Nordtank: Portfolio , thewindpower.net (de, left on the individual types)
  53. ↑ Wind turbine manufacturer - NedWind Rhenen bV. In: wind-turbine-models.com. Retrieved December 10, 2013 .
  54. ↑ a b Anna Bergek, Staffan Jacobsson: The emergence of a Groth-industry: a comperative analysis of the German, Dutch and Swedish wind tubines industry. 4 Development of a Wind power industry in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. In: J. Stanley Metcalfe, Uwe Cantner : Change, Transformation, and Development. International Schumpeter Society. Meeting. Springer, 2003, ISBN 978-3-7908-1545-0 , p. 218 (full article, p. 197 ff; limited preview in the Google book search)
  55. ^ NedWind sold to NEG Micon. In: Windpower Monthly . October 1, 1998, accessed September 7, 2016 .
  56. ^ Joanna I. Lewis: Green Innovation in China: China's Wind Power Industry and the Global Transition to a Low-carbon Economy. Series Contemporary Asia in the world. Columbia University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-231-15330-0 , p. 99 ( limited preview in Google Book Search)
  57. ↑ Joshua Earnest, gates Wizelius: Wind power plants and project development. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2011, ISBN 978-81-203-3986-6 , p. 70, column 1 ( limited preview in Google Book Search)
  58. ↑ NedWind: Portfolio , thewindpower.net (de, links to the individual types)
  59. ↑ Vestas: Why is Vestas joining Formula E? on YouTube , September 10, 2019, accessed September 25, 2019.