International Women's Day

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Poster for Women's Day on March 8, 1914

The International Women's Day (English. International Women's Day (IWD)), International Women's Day ( International ) woman day of struggle or shortly Women's Day is a world day , which on March 8 is celebrated. It emerged as an initiative of socialist organizations in the period before the First World War in the struggle for equality , the right to vote for women and the emancipation of women workers and took place for the first time on March 19, 1911. Since 1921 it has been celebrated annually on March 8th. The United Nations (UN) chose this date in 1975 in the International Year of Women to be “United Nations Day for Women's Rights and World Peace” and organized a celebration for the first time on March 8th. The first UN World Conference on Women was then held in Mexico City in mid-1975, followed by the “ UN Decade of Women ” (1976–1985).

prehistory

Clara Zetkin (left) with Rosa Luxemburg (1910)

The German socialist Clara Zetkin (1857–1933) proposed the introduction of an international women's day at the Second International Socialist Women's Conference in Copenhagen on August 27, 1910 , without giving preference to a specific date. The idea for this came from the USA . There women from the Socialist Party of America (SPA) founded a National Women's Committee in 1908, which decided to initiate a special national day of struggle for women's suffrage. This first Women's Day in the USA on February 28, 1909 was a success - also because civil women's rights activists ( suffragettes ) joined the demands for women's suffrage and demonstrated together with the socialists. The idea of repeating this form of protest was born quickly, and so there were also North American women's demonstrations for the right to vote in February 1910. While the American May Wood Simons brought the idea to Copenhagen for such a day, it was the German socialists Clara Zetkin and Käte Duncker who advocated Women's Day at the meeting in Copenhagen and pushed the decision.

The decision in Copenhagen read:

“In agreement with the class-conscious political and trade union organizations of the proletariat in their country, the socialist women of all countries organize a women's day every year, which primarily serves to agitate for women's suffrage. [...] Women's Day must have an international character and must be carefully prepared. "

The first Women's Day was then celebrated on March 19, 1911 in Denmark , Germany , Austria-Hungary and Switzerland . The choice of the date was intended to emphasize the revolutionary character of Women's Day, because the previous day, March 18, was the day of remembrance for the fallen during the March Revolution of 1848. In addition, the Paris Commune began in March 1871.

The dominant theme in the first few years was the demand for free, secret and equal women's suffrage . This concern was based on the declarations of the Social Democrats , which before 1900 were the only party to speak out in favor of women's suffrage. The Social Democrats saw the right to vote as an opportunity to increase their following, among other things. From the point of view of the organizers, the first International Women's Day in the German Empire was successful. Luise Zietz , assessor in the social democratic party executive, judged it as "brilliantly successful" and the executive committee of the social democratic party congress also rated it as a "powerful social democratic demonstration for women's suffrage". The SPD benefited from the first International Women's Day on German soil. The number of female members rose from 82,642 in 1910 to 107,693 in 1911, and the number of subscribers to the socialist women's newspaper The Equality grew by almost 10,000.

It was therefore not surprising that the party wanted to hold a Women's Day in 1912 as well. It was scheduled for May 12, the turnout was even greater than in 1911, and International Women's Day seemed to have prevailed. Such an assessment is misleading, however, because when Clara Zetkin set about organizing an event for 1913, she had to realize "that in some party circles there is still quite a aversion to Women's Day, while the comrades are convinced of its agitational value".

Within the next five years, International Women's Day had found its place in the socialist movement and had become an important part of the party's propaganda and educational work. This tendency continued over the next few years, with the First World War changing the subject. The focus was no longer on the fight for female suffrage, but on a day of action against the war. However, the women's events were subjected to repression. By the entrained truce critical events were no longer desired. International Women's Day had to go illegal. It was used as a propaganda day in all war years, "although the social democratic party leaderships in Germany and Austria stayed with them, the women should limit themselves to festive events on the topics permitted within the framework of the" given legal status ".

1917 was a crucial year. The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) was founded by disappointed socialists in April due to massive protests from within our own ranks, which sparked primarily over the issue of granting war credits and supporting the war . This immediately decided to continue International Women's Day and organized a "Red Week" from May 5 to 12, 1917. In the following year, women's day was prepared by left forces in the USPD and on May 5, 1918, the 100th birthday of Karl Marx , committed. On November 12, 1918, it then seemed as if Women's Day could lose its right to exist: The provisional Reich government - consisting of SPD and USPD members - proclaimed the free, secret, active and passive right to vote for men and women over the age of 20. This fulfilled the pre-war demands of International Women's Day in Germany.

Demonstration on International Women's Day in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg ) in 1917

But 1917 was a crucial year for another reason too. On March 8, 1917 - February 23, according to the Julian calendar used in Russia at the time - the residents of the poor districts on the Vyborg side went on strike in Petrograd . Workers, the wives of soldiers and, for the first time, peasant women took to the streets together, triggering the February Revolution . In honor of the role of women in the revolution, at the Second International Conference of Communist Women in Moscow in 1921, at the suggestion of the Bulgarian delegation, March 8 was introduced as an international day of remembrance.

Story of a textile workers' strike in New York in 1857

A still widespread myth describes a spontaneous strike by textile workers as the origin of the date, which is said to have occurred on March 8, 1857 in New York . The myth probably originated in French communist circles in the 1950s.

The zero number of the French magazine d'Histoires d'Elles of March 1977 and the propagation of March 8 by the then Minister for Women's Rights Yvette Roudy in 1982 prompted a review of this narrative. No references to the alleged events of March 8, 1857 - a Sunday - could be found in the historiography of American feminism or the labor movement. In 1982 Liliane Kandel and Françoise Picq published their reconstruction of the genesis of the myth in France: The magazine Cahiers du communisme , the communist daily L'Humanité and France nouvelle (in an article by Claudine Chomat ), the weekly newspaper of the French Communist Party , referred in March 1904 on the decision of the Socialist Party of America for such a day of struggle and a first celebration in New York on February 27, 1909. On March 5, 1955, an article by Chomat referred to the alleged strike, a publication by Picq from 2000 also mentions one Article by Yvonne Dumont of February 26, 1955 in France nouvelle referring to the strike.

The trade unionist Madeleine Colin ( CGT ) published further details in the Cahiers du communisme 1960 and reported an attack by the police on the demonstration of textile workers in 1857. In the Antoinette , magazine of women in the CGT, the story has been almost annual since March 1964 , supplemented by details.

Kandel and Picq speculate about the myth in the 1982 publication:

"At-il paru nécessaire de détacher la journée internationale des femmes de son histoire soviétique pour lui thunder une origine plus international, plus ancienne que le bolchevisme, plus spontanée also que la décision d'un congrès ou l'initiative de femmes affiliées à des partis? La date de 1857 at-elle été choisie comme un dernier homage to Clara Zetkin, née cette année là […]? »

“Did it seem necessary to detach International Women's Day from its Soviet history in order to give it a more international origin, older than Bolshevism, also more spontaneous than the decision of a congress or of women affiliated with political parties? Was the date 1857 chosen as a final homage to Clara Zetkin, who was born that year [...]? "

- Liliane Kandel, Françoise Picq : Journée des femmes: le mythe des origines (1982)

They also point out that the narrative is in line with the majority view at the Copenhagen Conference of 1910, according to which the struggle of women should fit into the class struggle .

Against the background of further statements by Colin, Picq's article from 2000 speculates that the demarcation from the Union des femmes françaises , in Colin's view an association mainly of housewives and some intellectuals led by communists, could motivate the myth:

«[...] opposer une lutte de femmes travailleuses à une célébration communiste des femmes, devenue beaucoup plus traditionaliste et réactionnaire. »

"[...] to oppose a struggle of women workers to a communist women's celebration that has become far too traditionalist and reactionary."

- Françoise Picq : Journée internationale des femmes: À la poursuite d'un mythe (2000, p. 166)

The American historian Temma Kaplan estimated in 1985 that Women's Day was a Communist holiday until around 1967, referring to a story according to which a women's group at the University of Illinois , some of the daughters of American Communist parents, revived Women's Day in the United States . Picq referred to a possible influence from France or through Soviet films as reasons that March 8th was celebrated in the USA from 1969 onwards. Picq also described as a new phenomenon stories on March 8th since the 1990s, in which at the same time reference is made to March 8, 1858 and the role of Clara Zetkins as the founder of such a day is replaced by the United Nations. She linked this with the fact that Zetkin was no longer politically correct .

History in Germany since 1918

KPD poster for Women's Day 1924

Weimar Republic 1918–1933

After the First World War, and above all because of the introduction of women's suffrage, International Women's Day had to be reorganized in the Weimar Republic . Due to the division of the socialists into the SPD and KPD, there were two instead of one International Women's Day. Clara Zetkin, the most important voice for Women's Day, had become a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and had "taken" the Women's Day as an agitation day for socialist women. The social democrats had to start from scratch. At the 7th women's conference of the SPD in Weimar in 1919, you asked for the (re-) introduction of a women's day. The motion was rejected, as was its successor from 1920. It was not until 1923, when the unification party congress between the remaining parts of the USPD and the SPD had taken place, that those present at the first international women's conference decided to “reintroduce International Women's Day, which was decided in Copenhagen in 1910 “–However, this decision was only implemented for the first time in 1926. From this point on there were two International Women's Days in the Weimar Republic: a communist day on March 8, and a social democratic day without a fixed date.

In Germany, women demanded reductions in working hours without wage reductions, a reduction in food prices, regular school meals and legal abortion .

National Socialist Germany 1933–1945

Since the socialist movement played a major role in the development of Women's Day, it was officially banned between 1933 and 1945. Instead, Mother's Day , which was more in line with the National Socialist ideal of women and mothers, was elevated to the status of an official holiday. International Women's Day continued despite the ban on all socialist and communist actions. However, he had changed his face. It no longer took place on the streets in the form of large demonstrations, but on a small scale and in private. The celebration of March 8th became a hallmark of resistance and underground socialist work. Methods were 'airing' red objects out of windows or on clotheslines on March 8, or displaying illegal leaflets.

1946-1990

International Women's Day 1948 in Berlin , Soviet sector

After the Second World War , women's day was treated very differently in divided Germany. In 1946 the Soviet occupation zone reintroduced Women's Day on March 8th. In the GDR , Women's Day was shaped by its history; it initially had the character of a socialist event and was only celebrated in a more festive, informal and less ideological manner in the late 1980s. In the West, female Social Democrats have been holding women's days again since 1948, but the importance of this day gradually faded. Here it was above all the issue of peace and the fight against rearmament that were addressed at the events for International Women's Day (always somewhere between February and May). A broad opposition alliance developed against rearmament, which was also supported by members of the SPD, the KPD and the bourgeois parties, such as the Christian center . It was also non-party Christians and pacifists who anchored the issues of peace and disarmament in International Women's Day.

Only with the engagement of the new women's movement at the end of the 1960s did the 8th of March in the Federal Republic and other countries become more conscious again, but the autonomous women's movement in the FRG had a hard time with this day, even though the International Year of Women had taken place in 1975 . In 1977 the feminist newspaper Courage read: “Nothing against a public holiday, not even against a women's day. Only it has to be determined and shaped by those who are celebrated. ”This criticism was directed primarily against the celebration practice in the GDR, where this day had increasingly become a kind of 'socialist Mother's Day'.

Since 1990

The unification of the two German states changed the history and the actions on International Women's Day again. After a phase in which celebrating a public holiday in the GDR was no longer considered opportune, women's groups in East and West stirred for the first time in 1993 to use this day to demand (lost) women's rights . Despite minor attempts by SPD women not to celebrate the day on March 8, but to tie in with the model of the women's week from the Weimar Republic, March 8 prevailed. International Women's Day experienced a political comeback, especially on Women's Strike Day in 1994 . Since then there have been more events in Germany on March 8th - demonstrations for women's rights, lectures and celebrations. From trade unions , autonomous women's groups, equal opportunities officers or the adult education center , in large and small cities. In the eastern German federal states, women's day is celebrated, especially in working life. Here it is customary for bosses to give their female employees a flower - usually roses - for Women's Day and to congratulate them on it. Women's Day is an integral part of East German culture.

From 2010

2010

At the end of February 1089 people were asked : “How do you rate an action day like International Women's Day?” 13% answer “excellent”, 21% “very good”, 31% “good”, 22% “average”, 6% “bad” and 7% “I can't judge”. On March 8, the feminist Alice Schwarzer calls for the day to be completely deleted: “Let's finally get rid of this patronizing March 8! And let's turn the one women's day into 365 days a year for people, women and men. "

2018

Federal Minister for Women Katarina Barley emphasizes that women's rights are human rights and is celebrating the 100th anniversary of German women's suffrage (see women 's suffrage movement in Germany ).

2019

Federal Minister for Women Franziska Giffey calls for “ parity in parliament ” and a corresponding parity law in order to guarantee equal gender quotas on electoral lists and for members of parliament. A report by the Inter-Parliamentary Union had previously appeared on the subject of " Sexism , harassment and violence against women in parliaments in Europe": Of 123 female MPs in 45 European countries, 85% had experienced psychological violence during their term of office, 68% had derogatory comments on their appearance or about gender stereotypes , 58% had been sexually harassed online, 47% had received death threats, 25% had experienced sexual violence and 15% physical violence.

Demonstration in Hamburg (March 8, 2020)

In the state of Berlin , the red-red-green state government sets "Women's Day (March 8th)" as a public holiday.

2020

Federal Minister of Women Franziska Giffey declares in the German Bundestag: "2020 is the year of equality". For the first time in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany, a joint strategy of the federal government for gender equality had been launched, which will also be the focus of the German EU Council Presidency , which is due in the middle of the year .

The largest demonstration on Women's Day takes place in Berlin with around 10,000 participants. The reform movement Maria 2.0 organizes events and demonstrations in several cities .

Women's Day and the United Nations

Journée internationale de la femme , Burkina Faso (2008)

In 1975, the International Year of Women , the United Nations organized a celebration for the first time on March 8th. In the following years, a group of employees in the UN Secretariat hosted events on March 8th - these employees campaigned against sexual harassment in the workplace and for employment opportunities for women in the UN and called themselves Ad Hoc Group on Equal Rights for Women ( “Ad Hoc Group for Equal Rights for Women”).

On March 16, 1977 the UN General Assembly passed a UN resolution asking all states to declare one day of the year "United Nations Day for Women's Rights and World Peace". Since then, annual UN events have followed on March 8th (see also UN Women's Convention and UN Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination against Women ).

In 2003, UNICEF 's motto “Better Education for Girls” on International Women's Day called for better protection of girls from unequal treatment and exploitation. Some appeals were against female genital mutilation , against child marriage and against the condemnation of non-heterosexual lifestyles.

In 2004, on International Women's Day, the then Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan , drew attention to the fact that more than half of the people suffering from AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa were women. In the group of those infected with HIV under the age of 24, young women made up the largest contingent with a share of almost two thirds. Some European initiatives related to the situation in Nepal .

In 2006, the focus of numerous actions was on the role of women in political decision-making processes. International Women's Day in 2007 called for violence against women and girls to be criminalized all over the world. The motto of the United Nations in 2008 was Investing in Women and Girls . The focus should be on the creation of equal opportunities and their financing in the individual countries. Accordingly, the Federal Women’s Conference of the German trade union Verdi announced events on the subject of “Women earn more”. Among other things, equal pay for equal work and work of equal value as well as minimum wages were requested.

In 2009 the motto of the UN for International Women's Day was "Men and women united to end violence against women and girls " (Women and men united to end violence against women and girls) . It was intended to draw attention to the ongoing oppression of women and girls and the special dangers and suffering in war zones.

International Women's Day 2018

The UN motto is "The time is now - rural and urban activists improve the lives of women" (Time is Now - Rural and urban activists transforming women's lives) . The European Parliament advocates strengthening the role of women and girls in the media and in information and communication technology (see Women in IT ).

In Spanish-speaking countries of the International Women's Day is particularly great response: In Spain alone, more people participate than 5.3 million at the Women's Strike under the motto "If the women go on strike, then the world is still", including the Queen of Spain Letizia of Spain .

International Women's Day 2019

The UN choose the motto "Think the same, build intelligently, be open to change" (Think Equal, Build Smart, Innovate for Change) . The European Parliament focuses on the issue of “ women in politics ”.

In Turkey , on the evening of March 8, the Istanbul police stopped the traditional and peaceful march from Taksim Square down Istiklal shopping street with barriers and tear gas; the authorities had not given permission for demonstrations on Women's Day. A similar protest march is taking place unhindered in the capital Ankara .

Paro Internacional de Mujeres 2020 in Montevideo , Uruguay (March 8, 2020)

International Women's Day 2020

The UN defines gender equality as a topic up to 2030: "I am Generation Equality: Realizing Women's Rights " (I am Generation Equality: Realizing Women's Rights) . What is meant is the 5th of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be implemented by the UN member states by 2030. This ties in with the Fourth UN World Conference on Women held 25 years earlier in Beijing (1995), which had the motto: "Acting for equality, development and peace". On March 5, UN Women publishes the report Gender equality: Women's rights in review 25 years after Beijing (“Gender equality: Review of women's rights 25 years after Beijing”). The European Parliament is also taking up this connection with its thematic focus on International Women's Day 2020 - 25 years of the Beijing Declaration . At the same time, UNESCO will publish its first annual report on gender equality and the promotional measures carried out in previous years under the title Promise of gender equality . The Interparliamentary Union (IPU) publishes its current analysis of the proportion of women in state parliaments on Women's Day: it has risen globally from 11% to almost 25% since 1995 (see list of countries 2018 ); an equal gender distribution is possible until 2030 (see parity law ); the European countries even meet the requirements of the Beijing World Women's Conference with just under 30%.

Leading technology companies such as Apple , Google and Microsoft as well as Amazon and Netflix are also publishing their own campaigns that introduce pioneering women to the global Women's Day motto Each for Equal ; Spotify points out the most streamed women.

Most of the large demonstrations on Women's Day take place in Latin America , where protests are made against the high number of women murdered (see Femicide in Latin America ). 500,000 participants were expected in Santiago de Chile , the police said 125,000, and there were some violent clashes; The main demand is the abolition of the strict ban on abortion .

Women's Day as a public holiday

March 8th is a public holiday in the following countries:

  1. Angola
  2. Equatorial Guinea
  3. Azerbaijan
  4. Berlin
  5. Burkina Faso
  6. People's Republic of China (♀)
  7. Eritrea
  8. Georgia
  9. Guinea-Bissau
  10. Kazakhstan
  11. Cambodia
  12. Kyrgyzstan
  13. Laos
  14. Madagascar (♀)
  15. Moldova
  16. Mongolia
  17. North Korea
  18. Nepal (♀)
  19. Russia
  20. Tajikistan
  21. Turkmenistan
  22. Uganda
  23. Ukraine
  24. Uzbekistan
  25. Belarus

In PR China, Madagascar and Nepal the public holiday is only for women (♀); in Chinese state-owned companies they often get half the day off.

In 2019, the state of Berlin introduced "Women's Day (March 8th)" as a public holiday, as the only German state.

In the Autonomous Region of Kurdistan (Iraq), the government decided in 2012 to hold a “Day of Traditional Kurdish Dress” on March 8th as an alternative to Women's Day.

  • International Women's Day in the village of Qal`eh-ye Now in northwest Afghanistan (2010)

  • Demonstration march on International Women's Day in Dhaka, Bangladesh (2005)

  • International Women's Day Breakfast in Toronto-Etobicoke in Canada (2010, event as shared breakfast)

  • International Women's Day in Bogotá in Colombia : "Creo en la libertad" (2009)
    ("I believe in freedom")

  • International Women's Day in Davao City (2008)

See also

literature

  • Cornelia Ernst : On the history of International Women's Day in the transition period from capitalism to socialism in the area of ​​the GDR (1945 / 46–1961). Two volumes. Doctoral thesis at the University of Leipzig 1983.
  • Barbara Gröschke (Ed.): The International Women's Day (= documents and reports. Volume 8). Published by the Parliamentary State Secretary for Equality between Women and Men at the Prime Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia. Düsseldorf 1989.
  • Gudrun Hamacher (ed.), Gisela Losseff-Tillmanns (co-author): International Women's Day: Women's Day for 75 years (=  IG Metall series of publications. Volume 108). Board member of the Metalworkers Union for the Federal Republic of Germany, Frankfurt / M. 1985.
  • Liliane Kandel, Françoise Picq: Le Mythe des origines à propos de la journée internationale des femmes. In: La Revue d'en face. No. 12, 1982, pp. 67-80 (French; online at archivesdufeminisme.fr).
  • Temma Kaplan: On the Socialist Origins of International Women's Day. In: Feminist Studies. Volume 11, No. 1, 1985, pp. 163-171 (English; PDF: 3.3 MB, 5 double pages on libcom.org).
  • Jürgen Kirchner (editor): 70 years of international women's day. Published by the research association “History of the struggle of the working class for the liberation of women” at the Clara Zetkin University of Education in Leipzig. Verlag für die Frau, Leipzig 1980.
  • Cornelia Klose: On the history of the International Women's Day in the German Democratic Republic from 1962 to 1980. Doctoral thesis University of Education 1988.
  • Mirjam Sachse (Ed.): Clara Zetkins “March Day”: The first international women's day in 1911. In: Yearbook for research on the history of the labor movement . Issue 1, 2004.
  • Siegfried Scholze: The International Women's Day then and now: Historical outline and worldwide tradition from its origins to the present. Trafo Weist, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-89626-129-0 .
  • Kerstin Wolff : Every year again ... International Women's Day: a holiday for the women's movement? In: Ariadne. Issue 50, 2006, pp. 66-71.
  • Renate Wurms: We want freedom, peace, law: International Women's Day - On the history of March 8th. Marxist sheets, Frankfurt / M. 1980, ISBN 3-88012-603-8 .

Web links

Commons : International Women's Day  - collection of media files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c United Nations (UN): History of Women's Day. In: UN.org. 2020, accessed on March 6, 2020.
  2. ↑ Renate Wurms: We want freedom, peace, law: The International Women's Day - On the history of March 8th. Marxist sheets, Frankfurt / M. 1980, ISBN 3-88012-603-8 , p. 6.
  3. ↑ Renate Wurms: We want freedom, peace, law: The International Women's Day - On the history of March 8th. Marxist sheets, Frankfurt / M. 1980, ISBN 3-88012-603-8 , p. 21.
  4. ^ Siegfried Scholze: The International Women's Day then and now: Historical outline and worldwide tradition from its origins to the present. Trafo Weist, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-89626-129-0 , p. 24.
  5. ^ Siegfried Scholze: The International Women's Day then and now: Historical outline and worldwide tradition from its origins to the present. Trafo Weist, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-89626-129-0 , p. 35.
  6. ^ Françoise Picq: Journée internationale des femmes: À la poursuite d'un mythe. In: Travail, Genre et Sociétés. No. 3, 2000, p. 162/163 (French; PDF: 31 kB, 8 pages on genreenaction.net).
  7. ↑ a b c d Liliane Kandel, Françoise Picq: Journée des femmes: le mythe des origines. In: La Revue d'En face. No. 12, autumn 1982, pp. 67-80 (French; online at archivesdufeminisme.fr).
  8. ↑ a b c Françoise Picq: Journée internationale des femmes: À la poursuite d'un mythe. In: Travail, Genre et Sociétés. No. 3, 2000, p. 164 (French; PDF: 31 kB, 8 pages on genreenaction.net).
  9. ^ Françoise Picq: Journée internationale des femmes: À la poursuite d'un mythe. In: Travail, Genre et Sociétés. No. 3, 2000, p. 165 (French; PDF: 31 kB, 8 pages on genreenaction.net).
  10. ^ A b Françoise Picq: Journée internationale des femmes: À la poursuite d'un mythe. In: Travail, Genre et Sociétés. No. 3, 2000, p. 166 (French; PDF: 31 kB, 8 pages on genreenaction.net).
  11. ↑ Temma Kaplan: On the Origins of Socialist International Women's Day. In: Feminist Studies. Volume 11, No. 1, 1985, pp. 163–171, here p. 170 (English; PDF: 3.3 MB, 5 double pages on libcom.org).
  12. ^ Françoise Picq: Journée internationale des femmes: À la poursuite d'un mythe. In: Travail, Genre et Sociétés. No. 3, 2000, p. 167 (French; PDF: 31 kB, 8 pages on genreenaction.net).
  13. ^ Siegfried Scholze: The International Women's Day then and now: Historical outline and worldwide tradition from its origins to the present. Trafo Weist, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-89626-129-0 , p. 53.
  14. ^ Issue of Courage from February 15, 1977, inside cover.
  15. ↑ International Women's Day - GDR - A personal report - Goethe Institute . Goethe.de. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  16. ↑ Statista : How do you rate a day of action like International Women's Day (March 8, 2010)? February 2010, accessed March 8, 2020.
  17. ↑ Alice Schwarzer : March 8th - Pros & Cons: “Abolish!” In: Frankfurter Rundschau . March 8, 2010, accessed March 8, 2020.
  18. ^ Federal Ministry of Women (BMFSFJ): Bundestag: Speech on International Women's Day. In: bmfsfj.de. March 1, 2018, accessed March 8, 2020 (with video: 5:35 minutes).
  19. ↑ Federal Ministry of Women (BMFSFJ): Speech in the Bundestag: Dr. Franziska Giffey supports the demand for more parity in parliament. In: bmfsfj.de. March 15, 2019, accessed on March 8, 2020 (with video: 5:40 minutes).
  20. ^ Interparliamentary Union (IPU): Sexism, harassment and violence against women in parliaments in Europe. Geneva October 2018, ISBN 978-92-9142-725-3 , p. 1 (English; 20-page study; download page ).
  21. ↑ a b Third law amending the law on Sundays and public holidays. January 30, 2019, Article 1 ( PDF: 1.6 MB, 12 pages on berlin.de, p. 22).
  22. ↑ a b Tobias Schulze: Comment March 8th as a holiday: More world, less church. In: taz.de . January 24, 2019, accessed March 8, 2020.
  23. ↑ a b mxw: Off work in the capital: Why International Women's Day is a public holiday in Berlin. In: Der Spiegel . March 8, 2019, accessed March 8, 2020 .
  24. ↑ a b message (dpa): Women's Day becomes a public holiday. In: berlin.de. February 11, 2019, accessed March 8, 2020 .
  25. ↑ Federal Ministry of Women (BMFSFJ): Debate on International Women's Day - Dr. Franziska Giffey: Equality only works in partnership. In: bmfsfj.de. March 6, 2020, accessed March 8, 2020 (with video: 5:54 minutes).
  26. ↑ a b Report: International Women's Day: Violence during demonstrations in Chile. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . March 9, 2020, accessed March 9, 2020.
  27. ^ Message: Protests on International Women's Day: "Long live the feminist struggle". In: tagesschau.de . March 8, 2020, accessed March 9, 2020.
  28. ↑ UN press release: Statement by Secretary-General to meeting at headquarters marking International Women's Day. In: UN.org. March 8, 1976, accessed on March 6, 2020 (English, Secretary General Kurt Waldheim at an event of the Ad Hoc Group on Equal Rights for Women ).
  29. ↑ United Nations (UN): Participation of women in the consolidation of world peace and international security and in the fight against colonialism, racism, racial discrimination, foreign aggression and occupation and all forms of foreign rule. 142nd Resolution of the 32nd General Assembly of the United Nations. December 16, 1977, p. 462 (English; PDF: 113 kB, 3 pages at un.org).
  30. ↑ United Nations (UN): The Secretary-General message on International Women's Day March 8, 2004. ( Memento of February 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) In: UN.org. March 8, 2004, accessed March 6, 2020.
  31. ↑ UN Women : International Women's Day 2018: Time is Now - Rural and urban activists transforming women's lives. In: UNwomen.org. March 8, 2018, accessed March 8, 2020 (English; materials).
  32. ↑ European Parliament : International Women's Day 2018: Empowering women and girls in media and ICT. In: europarl.europa.eu. March 7, 2018, accessed March 8, 2020 (Materials).
  33. ↑ Sebastian Schoepp: Letizia of Spain. In: sueddeutsche.de . March 9, 2018, accessed March 8, 2020 .
  34. ↑ UN Women : International Women's Day 2019: Think Equal, Build Smart, Innovate for Change. In: UNwomen.org. March 8, 2019, accessed March 8, 2020 (English; materials).
  35. ↑ European Parliament : International Women's Day 2019: The Power of Women in Politics. In: europarl.europa.eu. March 8, 2019, accessed March 8, 2020 (Materials).
  36. ↑ ORF : Istanbul: March on Women's Day stopped with tear gas. March 8, 2019, accessed March 8, 2020.
  37. ↑ UN Women : International Women's Day 2020: “I am Generation Equality: Realizing Women's Rights”. In: UNwomen.org. 2020, accessed on March 6, 2020.
  38. ^ United Nations (UN): International Women's Day March 8: Gender Equality by 2030. In: UN.org. 2020, accessed on March 6, 2020.
    Ibid: Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
  39. ^ United Nations (UN): Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing, September 4-15, 1995). in UN.org. October 17, 1995, accessed March 6, 2020 (in translation).
  40. ^ UN Women : Gender equality: Women's rights in review 25 years after Beijing. New York, March 2020, ISBN 978-92-1-127072-3 (English; download page ; press release; summarizing infographic ).
  41. ↑ European Parliament : International Women's Day 2020 - 25 years of the Beijing Declaration. In: europarl.europa.eu. 2020, accessed on March 6, 2020 (collection of articles).
  42. ↑ UNESCO : First UNESCO's Annual Report on Gender Equality: Promise of gender equality - key actions of 2018 and 2019. In: unesco.org. Paris, March 5, 2020, accessed on March 8, 2020 (English; with download).
  43. ^ Interparliamentary Union (IPU): 25 years after Beijing, IPU analysis shows that gender parity is possible. In: ipu.org. March 6, 2020, accessed March 8, 2020.
    Interactive statistics, ibid: Percentage of women in national parliaments. 2020 (English).
  44. ↑ International Women's Day (IWD): An equal world is an enabled world. # IWD2020 #EachforEqual. In: internationalwomensday.com. March 2020, accessed on March 8, 2020 (English; materials).
  45. ↑ Lisa Fleischer: Women's Day 2020: This is how Apple, Netflix, Google and Co. celebrate their female employees. In: GIGA.de . March 8, 2020, accessed March 8, 2020.
  46. ↑ Overview: International Women's Day (IWD). In: Holidayyear.com. 2020, accessed on March 8, 2020 (English); Quote: “Now, International Womans Day (IWD) is an official holiday in Angola, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Georgia, Guinea Bissau, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Russia , Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. "
  47. ↑ Cho Jong Ik: 2014 Calendar Reveals Few Surprises. In: DailyNK.com. December 25, 2013, accessed March 8, 2020; Quote: "March: International Women's Day (3.8)".
  48. ↑ Message: Where International Women's Day 2019 is a real holiday. In: Augsburger Allgemeine . March 7, 2019, accessed March 8, 2020; Quote: “As in Madagascar and Nepal, March 8th is a public holiday in China for women only. In Chinese state-owned companies they often get half the day off, sometimes the companies also hand out small gifts. "
  49. ^ Raber Y. Aziz: Double celebration on Women's Day as Kurdistan Region marks National Day for Traditional Clothes. In: KurdishObserver.blogspot.com. March 8, 2012, accessed March 8, 2020.