Women in politics
This overview of women in politics gathers well-known women politicians who hold or have held or aspire to political office . In democratically organized societies , this presupposes the right to stand as a candidate (compare women's right to vote ).
There are two global indices (key figures) on the political participation and participation of women (empowerment ):
- The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) calculates the Gender Inequality Index (GII) for “gender-specific inequality”, in which one of the five indicators relates to the proportion of women in parliament (see list of 193 countries ).
- The World Economic Forum calculates the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) annually on the gender gap in gender equality , which uses three indicators to measure political empowerment : the proportion of women parliamentarians and ministers and the years in office of women heads of state over the past 50 years.
The following short list compares the three DA-CH countries with the leading Rwanda in 2018 and the world average (ø) as well as the individual results of the GGGI 2020:
| Country 2018 | Gender Inequality Index : Parliamentary seats | Global Gender Gap Index 2020 : Political Participation | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ?% | # (+/−) | 2017 | 2010 | 1995 | ?% | Minister | boss | P index | # | ||
| Rwanda | 55.7% | 1 (0) | 55.7% | 50.9% | 17.1% | 61.3% | 51.9% | 0.7 years | 0.563 | 4th | |
| Austria | 34.8% | 29 (+2) | 33.6% | 28.3% | 24.7% | 37.2% | 38.5% | 0.6 years | 0.344 | 30th | |
| Germany | 31.5% | 42 (−4) | 31.5% | 31.7% | 25.5% | 30.9% | 40.0% | 14.1 years | 0.477 | 12 | |
| Switzerland | 29.3% | 51 (−5) | 29.3% | 27.6% | 20.3% | 32.5% | 42.9% | 7.0 years | 0.407 | 19th | |
| World ø | 22.1% | 92 (−7) | 21.4% | 17.9% | 10.6% | 23.0% | 20.1% | 8.0 years | 0.239 | 53 | |
Germany
Overview from 1918
After the end of the First World War , the Council of People's Representatives decided in November 1918 to give women the right to vote and be elected throughout the Reich for the first time . According to the regulation, all German women who had reached the age of 20 on election day were entitled to vote. On January 19, 1919, the Weimar National Assembly was elected in general elections, including for the first time a proportion of women of 8.7% ( 37 of 421 seats ). In the following six election periods the proportion leveled off at around 6% (see also the list of women in the state parliaments of the Weimar Republic ). After the Reichstag election in March 1933 , which followed the National Socialists' seizure of power , the proportion of women fell to less than 4%. The KPD was smashed before the first meeting, the SPD was banned in June and the remaining parties more or less dissolved themselves. In July the law against the formation of new parties was promulgated. Thus, for the November 1933 Reichstag election there was only the NSDAP's unified list. And it had already decided on January 21, 1921 that women could neither become members of the party leadership nor of a governing committee. With this, women had indirectly lost the right to stand as elector by 1945, which mainly resulted in a radical re-masculinization of politics (see Women under National Socialism ).
After the Second World War , Germany had to be rebuilt politically. In 1948 the Parliamentary Council was convened to draw up a new constitution . Among the 65 MPs were 4 women, the so-called mothers of the Basic Law : Friederike Nadig (SPD), Elisabeth Selbert (SPD), Helene Weber (CDU) and Helene Wessel ( center ). At the municipal level, Luise Albertz (SPD) was the first female mayor of a major German city in Oberhausen with terms of office from 1946 to 1948 and from 1956 to 1979 .
Minna Faßhauer was from November 10, 1918 to February 22, 1919 in the " Socialist Republic of Braunschweig " People's Commissar for Popular Education and is therefore the first German minister . In 1953, Hilde Benjamin became Minister of Justice of the German Democratic Republic . In 1961 Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt (CDU) became the first female federal minister in the Federal Republic of Germany.
In 1972 Annemarie Renger became the first female President of the German Bundestag. She held this office until 1976 and was then one of the deputy presidents of the Bundestag for four further terms (until 1990). From 1988 to 1998, Rita Süssmuth was again a woman, formally the second highest state office in the Federal Republic. In 1990, Sabine Bergmann-Pohl was the last head of state of the GDR in her capacity as President of the People's Chamber .
From 1993 to 2005, Heide Simonis (SPD) was the first woman to rule as Prime Minister in a country in the Federal Republic of Germany. After Simonis' term in office, Christine Lieberknecht (CDU) was elected as a second German Prime Minister in 2009.
On November 22, 2005, Angela Merkel (CDU) was the first woman to become head of government of a German state. With the election of Hannelore Kraft (SPD) as Prime Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia , she became the first female President of the German Federal Council on November 1, 2010 . There has not yet been a female Federal President .
Share of women in German parties
At the end of 2018, the political parties represented in the Bundestag had more than 1.2 million members (see membership development ) with women ranging between 40% in Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen and 17% in the AfD. With the exception of the Left and the FDP, the parties have their highest percentage of women in 2018 - the FDP had 25% female members in 1996, the Left had the absolute peak of 46% women in 1997 and 1998:
| 2018 | Green | left | SPD | CDU | FDP | CSU | AfD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,226,000 | 75,311 | 62,016 | 437.754 | 414.905 | 63,912 | 138.354 | 33,516 |
| ? Proportion of women among party members (at the end of each year) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| year | Green | left | SPD | CDU | FDP | CSU | AfD |
| 2018 | 40.5% | 36.4% | 32.6% | 26.3% | 23.7% | 20.7% | 17.1% |
| 2017 | 39.8% | 36.5% | 32.5% | 26.2% | 21.9% | 20.5% | 17.0% |
| 2016 | 39.0% | 36.9% | 32.2% | 26.1% | 22.6% | 20.3% | 16.0% |
| 2015 | 38.6% | 37.2% | 32.0% | 25.9% | 22.8% | 20.1% | 16.0% |
| 2014 | 38.5% | 37.5% | 31.8% | 25.8% | 23.0% | 20.0% | |
| 2013 | 38.2% | 37.3% | 31.6% | 25.7% | 23.0% | 19.9% | 15.4% |
| 2012 | 37.8% | 37.7% | 31.5% | 25.6% | 23.0% | 19.5% | |
| 2011 | 37.3% | 37.3% | 31.3% | 25.6% | 23.0% | 19.3% | |
| 2010 | 37.1% | 37.3% | 31.3% | 25.6% | 22.8% | 19.1% | |
| 2009 | 37.4% | 37.2% | 31.2% | 25.5% | 22.6% | 18.9% | |
| 2008 | 37.4% | 37.6% | 31.1% | 25.5% | 22.8% | 18.9% | |
| 2007 | 37.4% | 39.1% | 30.9% | 25.4% | 22.8% | 18.8% | |
| 2006 | 37.1% | 44.4% | 30.7% | 25.3% | 23.0% | 18.4% | |
| 2005 | 37.1% | 44.9% | 30.4% | 25.3% | 23.2% | 18.2% | |
| 2004 | 37.0% | 45.8% | 30.2% | 25.2% | 23.4% | 17.9% | |
| 2003 | 37.0% | 45.2% | 29.9% | 25.2% | 23.4% | 17.9% | |
| 2002 | 37.2% | 45.8% | 29.7% | 25.1% | 23.6% | 17.7% | |
| 2001 | 37.4% | 45.7% | 29.5% | 25.2% | 24.2% | 17.6% | |
| 2000 | 45.6% | 29.4% | 25.2% | 24.4% | 17.4% | ||
| 1999 | 36.2% | 45.3% | 29.1% | 25.1% | 24.6% | ||
| 1998 | 35.9% | 46.0% | 28.9% | 25.0% | 24.8% | ||
| 1997 | 46.1% | 28.7% | 24.9% | 24.8% | 16.7% | ||
| 1996 | 28.5% | 24.9% | 25.0% | ||||
| 1995 | 28.3% | 24.9% | |||||
| 1994 | 45.4% | 28.0% | 24.9% | 15.8% | |||
| 1993 | 27.9% | 25.0% | 15.7% | ||||
| 1992 | 27.6% | 25.2% | 15.6% | ||||
| 1991 | 43.9% | 27.4% | 25.6% | 15.4% | |||
| 1990 | 27.3% | 15.3% | |||||
| year | Green | left | SPD | CDU | FDP | CSU | AfD |
CDU / CSU
In 1995, a quorum for women was proposed at the 7th federal party congress of the CDU , but was rejected. The following year there was another vote, with a majority in favor of introducing the quorum on a trial basis for five years. At the 14th Federal Party Congress in 2001, the women’s quorum was voted on and it was decided to introduce it for an unlimited period.
In October 2010, the sister party CSU finally decided on a quota for women. From 2011, at least 40% of the positions on the party executive committee and in the district executive committee must be filled by women.
Alliance 90 / The Greens
At the Extraordinary Federal Assembly in Hanover in 1986, THE GREENS decided in the statutes “Women's parity for offices and electoral lists” and thus introduced a quota. At the party congress in Cologne in 1994, Alliance 90 / The Greens passed a statute for women with statutory status, in which further regulations were made. A “minimum quota” has been in effect since 1986: all uneven places are filled with women who can also run for even places. In addition to the quotation of offices and mandates, the women's statute regulates the equal leadership of the meeting, the possibility of women voting with a suspensive veto on the meeting and the establishment of a women's council and a women's department based at the federal office.
Federal government
At the end of 2019, Chancellor Angela Merkel began her 15th year in office (since November 2005 ) with 7 women out of 16 cabinet members (43.75%). At the end of 2017, 9 out of a total of 18 government members were women (50%, including ministers of state ).
Federal Ministers
Women in the Bundestag
At the end of 2019, the proportion of women in the German Bundestag was 31.2% (221 of 709 MPs). For a long time the proportion was below 10% (1972: 5.8%), it only rose to over 10% from 1983 in the 10th electoral term and to over 30% in the following electoral terms. In the 18th electoral term 2013–2017, the proportion of women was the highest at 36.5%. The resolutions on women's quotas in the Greens (1979) and SPD (1988) helped this increase . Since 1986 the Greens have applied that all uneven list places on electoral lists are basically only available to women and the even places are open to both genders - the first place is therefore always reserved for a woman.
The following list compares the proportions of women in the political parties in the Bundestag in 2019 , 2017 and 2012 - the Greens and Die Linke consistently have more women than men:
| Bundestag | 2019 | ? | ? | ? | % | 2017 | ? | ? | ? | % | 2012 | ? | ? | ? | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Members | 19th WP | 709 | 488 | 221 | 31.17% | 18th WP | 630 | 396 | 234 | 37.14% | 17th WP | 620 | 416 | 204 | 32.90% | ||
| CDU / CSU | 34.7% | 246 | 195 | 51 | 20.73% | 49.0% | 309 | 230 | 79 | 25.57% | 38.2% | 237 | 192 | 45 | 18.99% | ||
| SPD | 21.4% | 152 | 87 | 65 | 42.76% | 30.6% | 193 | 108 | 85 | 44.04% | 23.5% | 146 | 88 | 58 | 39.73% | ||
| AfD | 12.8% | 91 | 81 | 10 | 10.99% | ||||||||||||
| FDP | 11.3% | 80 | 62 | 18th | 22.50% | 15.0% | 93 | 69 | 24 | 25.81% | |||||||
| The left | 9.7% | 69 | 32 | 37 | 53.62% | 10.2% | 64 | 29 | 35 | 54.69% | 12.1% | 75 | 33 | 42 | 56.00% | ||
| B'90 / The Greens | 9.4% | 67 | 28 | 39 | 58.21% | 10.0% | 63 | 29 | 34 | 53.97% | 11.0% | 68 | 33 | 35 | 51.47% | ||
| non-attached | 0.6% | 4th | 3 | 1 | 25.00% | 0.2% | 1 | - | 1 | 100.00% | 0.2% | 1 | 1 | - | 0.00% | ||
This list records the numbers at the beginning and at the end of each election period:
| Bundestag | Members | ? | ? | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 ( 19th WP ) | 709 | 488 | 221 | 31.17% |
| 2017 ( 19th WP ) | 709 | 491 | 218 | 30.70% |
| 2017 ( 18th WP ) | 630 | 395 | 235 | 37.30% |
| 2013 ( 18th WP ) | 631 | 401 | 230 | 36.50% |
| 2013 ( 17th WP ) | 620 | 413 | 207 | 33.40% |
| 2009 ( 17th WP ) | 622 | 418 | 204 | 32.80% |
| 2009 ( 16th WP ) | 611 | 417 | 194 | 31.80% |
| 2005 ( 16th WP ) | 614 | 420 | 194 | 31.60% |
| 2005 ( 15th WP ) | 601 | 397 | 204 | 33.90% |
| 2002 ( 15th WP ) | 603 | 407 | 196 | 32.50% |
| 2002 ( 14th WP ) | 665 | 454 | 211 | 31.70% |
| 1998 ( 14th WP ) | 669 | 462 | 207 | 30.90% |
| 1998 ( 13th WP ) | 672 | 491 | 181 | 26.90% |
| 1994 ( 13th WP ) | 672 | 496 | 176 | 26.20% |
| 1994 ( 12th WP ) | 662 | 519 | 143 | 21.60% |
| 1990 ( 12th WP ) | 662 | 526 | 136 | 20.50% |
| 1990 ( 11th WP ) | 663 | 545 | 118 | 17.80% |
| 1987 ( 11th WP ) | 519 | 439 | 80 | 15.40% |
| 1987 ( 10th WP ) | 520 | 468 | 52 | 10.00% |
| 1983 ( 10th WP ) | 520 | 469 | 51 | 9.80% |
| 1983 ( 9th WP ) | 519 | 474 | 45 | 8.70% |
| 1980 ( 9th WP ) | 519 | 475 | 44 | 8.50% |
| 1980 ( 8th WP ) | 518 | 477 | 41 | 7.90% |
| 1976 ( 8th WP ) | 518 | 480 | 38 | 7.30% |
| 1976 ( 7th WP ) | 518 | 482 | 36 | 6.90% |
| 1972 ( 7th WP ) | 518 | 488 | 30th | 5.80% |
| 1972 ( 6th WP ) | 518 | 486 | 32 | 6.20% |
| 1969 ( 6th WP ) | 518 | 484 | 34 | 6.60% |
| 1969 ( 5th WP ) | 518 | 477 | 41 | 7.90% |
| 1965 ( 5th WP ) | 518 | 482 | 36 | 6.90% |
| 1965 ( 5th WP ) | 521 | 472 | 49 | 9.40% |
| 1961 ( 4th WP ) | 521 | 478 | 43 | 8.30% |
| 1961 ( 3rd WP ) | 519 | 470 | 49 | 9.40% |
| 1957 ( 3rd WP ) | 519 | 471 | 48 | 9.20% |
| 1957 ( 2nd WP ) | 519 | 467 | 52 | 10.00% |
| 1953 ( 2nd WP ) | 509 | 464 | 45 | 8.80% |
| 1953 ( 1st WP ) | 420 | 382 | 38 | 9.00% |
| 1949 ( 1st WP ) | 410 | 382 | 28 | 6.80% |
The following list shows how many electoral terms (WP) individual men and women of the Bundestag parties have been in the German Bundestag - there is only 1 man who is a member for a total of 13 legislative terms (from 1972: Wolfgang Schäuble ), no one for 11 or 12 terms (As of July 2019):
| Bundestag | 1 WP | 2 WP | 3 WP | 4 WP | 5 WP | 6 WP | 7th | 8th | 9 | 10 | 13 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| Members | 192 | 74 | 109 | 59 | 80 | 32 | 37 | 17th | 35 | 21st | 16 | 12 | 10 | 4th | 6th | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| CDU / CSU | 36 | 10 | 49 | 17th | 49 | 8th | 15th | 2 | 23 | 10 | 6th | 3 | 10 | - | 5 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 |
| SPD | 11 | 14th | 40 | 25th | 9 | 7th | 10 | 4th | 8th | 6th | 9 | 5 | - | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| AfD | 80 | 10 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| FDP | 43 | 16 | 13 | 2 | 4th | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| The left | 13 | 13 | 4th | 4th | 8th | 9 | 4th | 7th | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| B'90 / The Greens | 7th | 10 | 3 | 11 | 9 | 8th | 7th | 4th | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| non-attached | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Presidents of Parliament
The following list contains previous German female parliamentarians (see below on international female parliamentarians ):
| Surname | Term of office | country | Office |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sabine Bergmann-Pohl | 1990 | German Democratic Republic | President of the People's Chamber |
| Rita Süssmuth | 1988-1998 | Federal Republic of Germany | President of the Bundestag |
| Annemarie Renger | 1972-1976 | Federal Republic of Germany | President of the Bundestag |
Women at the state level
The following list compares the average of the heads of government, ministers and senators in 2017, 2015, 2011 and 2008 (according to the BMFSFJ - Equal Opportunities Atlas ) - in the annual columns, small pictures show which head of government was in office (not available for 2008), the proportion of women in the federal governments include ministers of state :
| country | 2017 | ? | ? | % | 2015 | ? | ? | % | 2011 | ? | ? | % | 2008 | ? | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federal government |  |
18th | 9 | 50.0% | |
... | ... | 37.5% | |
... | ... | 36.8% | |
... | ... |
| average | 164 | 65 | 40.0% | 168 | 63 | 37.5% | 161 | 54 | 33.5% | 149 | 38 | 25.5% | |||
 Baden-Württemberg |
11 | 4th | 36.4% | 13 | 4th | 30.8% | 13 | 5 | 38.5% | 11 | 2 | 18.2% | |||
 Bavaria |
12 | 5 | 41.7% | 12 | 5 | 41.7% | 12 | 3 | 25.0% | 12 | 3 | 25.0% | |||
 Berlin |
11 | 6th | 54.5% | 9 | 3 | 33.3% | 9 | 3 | 33.3% | 9 | 4th | 44.4% | |||
 Brandenburg |
11 | 4th | 36.4% | 10 | 3 | 30.0% | 10 | 3 | 30.0% | 10 | 3 | 30.0% | |||
 Bremen |
8th | 4th | 50.0% | 8th | 4th | 50.0% | 7th | 3 | 42.9% | ... | ... | ... | |||
 Hamburg |
12 | 4th | 33.3% | 12 | 5 | 41.7% | 10 | 5 | 50.0% | 11 | 4th | 36.4% | |||
 Hesse |
11 | 3 | 27.3% | 14th | 3 | 21.4% | 11 | 3 | 27.3% | 11 | 2 | 18.1% | |||
 Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
 |
9 | 4th | 44.4% | 9 | 3 | 33.3% | 9 | 3 | 33.3% | 9 | 3 | 33.3% | ||
 Lower Saxony |
10 | 4th | 40.0% | 10 | 4th | 40.0% | 10 | 2 | 20.0% | 10 | 2 | 20.0% | |||
 North Rhine-Westphalia |
13 | 4th | 30.8% |  |
14th | 5 | 35.7% | |
12 | 6th | 50.0% | 12 | 3 | 25.0% | |
 Rhineland-Palatinate |
 |
10 | 6th | 60.0% | |
10 | 7th | 70.0% | 10 | 6th | 60.0% | 8th | 3 | 37.5% | |
 Saarland |
 |
8th | 3 | 37.5% | |
9 | 3 | 33.3% | |
10 | 4th | 40.0% | 8th | 1 | 12.5% |
 Saxony |
10 | 4th | 40.0% | 10 | 4th | 40.0% | 10 | 2 | 20.0% | 10 | 2 | 20.0% | |||
 Saxony-Anhalt |
10 | 3 | 30.0% | 10 | 1 | 10.0% | 10 | 2 | 20.0% | 10 | 3 | 30.0% | |||
 Schleswig-Holstein |
8th | 3 | 37.5% | 8th | 4th | 50.0% | 8th | 1 | 12.5% | 8th | 2 | 25.0% | |||
 Thuringia |
10 | 4th | 40.0% | 10 | 5 | 50.0% |  |
10 | 3 | 30.0% | 10 | 1 | 10.0% |
Share of women in state parliaments
At the end of 2019, the proportion of women in the 16 state parliaments, houses of representatives and citizenships was 30.17% (563 of 1866 members) and thus lower than in previous years, with proportions ranging from 22% in Saxony-Anhalt to 38% in Hamburg - the peak value of 40 , 6% had in the years 2015 to 2018 Thuringia:
| state | choice | 2019 | ? | ? | % | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All members / MPs | 1866 | 1303 | 563 | 30.17% | 30.79% | 30.79% | 31.36% | 31.72% | 32.00% | 32.06% | |
|
Baden-Württemberg
|
2016 | 143 | 105 | 38 | 26.6% | 24.5% | 24.5% | 24.5% | 20.3% | 18.8% | 18.8% |
|
Bavaria ( distribution ?? )
|
2018 | 205 | 149 | 56 | 27.3% | 26.8% | 29.4% | 29.4% | 29.4% | 29.4% | 29.4% |
|
Berlin
|
2016 | 160 | 107 | 53 | 33.1% | 33.1% | 33.1% | 33.1% | 33.7% | 33.7% | 33.7% |
|
Brandenburg
|
2019 | 88 | 60 | 28 | 31.8% | 36.4% | 36.4% | 36.4% | 36.4% | 36.4% | 39.8% |
|
Bremen
|
2015 | 84 | 53 | 31 | 36.9% | 33.7% | 33.7% | 33.7% | 33.7% | 40.9% | 41.0% |
|
Hamburg
|
2015 | 121 | 75 | 46 | 38.0% | 37.2% | 37.2% | 37.2% | 37.2% | 38.8% | 38.8% |
|
Hesse
|
2018 | 137 | 90 | 47 | 34.3% | 33.6% | 29.1% | 29.1% | 29.1% | 29.1% | 29.1% |
|
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
|
2016 | 71 | 54 | 17th | 23.9% | 25.3% | 25.3% | 25.3% | 28.2% | 28.2% | 28.2% |
|
Lower Saxony
|
2017 | 137 | 98 | 39 | 28.5% | 26.3% | 26.3% | 28.5% | 28.5% | 28.5% | 28.5% |
|
North Rhine-Westphalia (?)
|
2017 | 199 | 144 | 55 | 27.6% | 27.1% | 27.1% | 29.5% | 29.5% | 29.5% | 29.5% |
|
Rhineland-Palatinate
|
2016 | 101 | 68 | 33 | 32.7% | 35.6% | 35.6% | 35.6% | 39.6% | 39.6% | 39.6% |
|
Saarland
|
2017 | 51 | 34 | 17th | 33.3% | 35.3% | 35.3% | 39.2% | 39.2% | 39.2% | 39.2% |
|
Saxony
|
2019 | 119 | 86 | 33 | 27.7% | 31.7% | 31.7% | 31.7% | 31.7% | 31.7% | 30.3% |
|
Saxony-Anhalt
|
2016 | 87 | 68 | 19th | 21.8% | 26.4% | 26.4% | 26.4% | 32.4% | 32.4% | 32.4% |
|
Schleswig-Holstein
|
2017 | 73 | 50 | 23 | 31.5% | 30.1% | 30.1% | 31.9% | 31.9% | 31.9% | 31.9% |
|
Thuringia
|
2019 | 90 | 62 | 28 | 31.0% | 40.6% | 40.6% | 40.6% | 40.6% | 37.5% | 37.5% |
Heads of Administration
At the municipal mayor level, the proportion of women across the EU is only 10% (Germany 10%, Austria 7.6%, France 16%, Poland 10%). Between 2008 and 2017, the proportion of women mayors in Germany fell from 17.7% to 8.2% - on the other hand, the proportion of women among the department heads rose from 18.5% to 29.1% in 2017.
The list compares the percentages of women of "management tips" in the rural and urban counties, county-level cities and districts of the city-states (Mayor indoor and Landrätinnen ) in the years 2017, 2015, 2011 and 2008, according BMFSFJ - equality Atlas - without mayors of municipalities belonging to (partly also "Lord Mayor"), without the Bremerhaven municipal level, and in city states only top administrative positions in districts or district authorities:
| country | 2017 | ? | ? | % | 2015 | ? | % | 2011 | ? | % | 2008 | ? | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All administrative tips | 437 | 387 | 50 | 11.4% | 435 | 46 | 10.6% | 435 | 36 | 8.3% | 439 | 46 | 10.5% |
| Baden-Württemberg |
44 | 40 | 4th | 9.1% | 44 | 4th | 9.1% | 44 | 1 | 2.3% | 44 | 2 | 4.5% |
| Bavaria |
96 | 89 | 7th | 7.3% | 96 | 7th | 7.3% | 96 | 4th | 4.2% | 96 | 6th | 6.3% |
| Berlin |
12 | 7th | 5 | 41.7% | 12 | 4th | 33.3% | 12 | 1 | 8.3% | 12 | 5 | 41.7% |
| Brandenburg |
22nd | 18th | 4th | 18.2% | 18th | 2 | 11.1% | 18th | 1 | 5.6% | 18th | 1 | 5.6% |
| Bremen |
16 | 11 | 5 | 31.3% | 17th | 6th | 35.3% | 17th | 3 | 17.7% | 11 | 2 | 18.2% |
| Hamburg |
7th | 6th | 1 | 14.3% | 7th | 1 | 14.3% | 7th | 0 | 0.0% | 7th | 1 | 14.3% |
| Hesse |
26th | 24 | 2 | 7.7% | 26th | 2 | 7.7% | 26th | 2 | 7.7% | 26th | 1 | 3.8% |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
8th | 6th | 2 | 25.0% | 8th | 3 | 37.5% | 8th | 3 | 37.5% | 18th | 6th | 33.3% |
| Lower Saxony |
45 | 42 | 3 | 6.7% | 46 | 2 | 4.3% | 46 | 2 | 4.3% | 46 | 1 | 2.2% |
| North Rhine-Westphalia |
54 | 52 | 2 | 3.7% | 54 | 2 | 3.7% | 54 | 4th | 7.4% | 54 | 6th | 11.1% |
| Rhineland-Palatinate |
36 | 32 | 4th | 11.1% | 36 | 2 | 5.6% | 36 | 3 | 8.3% | 36 | 5 | 13.9% |
| Saarland |
6th | 5 | 1 | 16.7% | 6th | 1 | 16.7% | 6th | 2 | 33.3% | 6th | 2 | 33.3% |
| Saxony |
13 | 12 | 1 | 7.7% | 13 | 1 | 7.7% | 13 | 2 | 15.4% | 13 | 2 | 15.4% |
| Saxony-Anhalt |
14th | 13 | 1 | 7.1% | 14th | 1 | 7.1% | 14th | 1 | 7.1% | 14th | 1 | 7.1% |
| Schleswig-Holstein |
15th | 13 | 2 | 13.3% | 15th | 1 | 6.7% | 15th | 2 | 13.3% | 15th | 2 | 13.3% |
| Thuringia |
23 | 17th | 6th | 26.1% | 23 | 7th | 30.4% | 23 | 4th | 17.3% | 23 | 3 | 13.0% |
Austria
Austria has not yet had a Federal President . The first female minister in an Austrian federal government was Social Affairs Minister Grete Rehor ( ÖVP ) from 1966 to 1970. From 2000 to 2003, Susanne Riess ( FPÖ ) was the first female vice chancellor . First Chancellor was Brigitte Bierlein ; On May 30, 2019, she was tasked with forming a transitional government and made up her government cabinet equally with women and men.
Women in the National Council
The first president of the National Council was Barbara Prammer from 2006 until her death in 2014; She was succeeded by Doris Bures in 2014 as the second National Councilor.
| National Council | 2019 | ? | ? | ? | % | 2017 | ? | ? | ? | % | 2015 | ? | ? | ? | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPs | 17th GP | 183 | 111 | 72 | 39.34% | 16th GP | 183 | 120 | 63 | 34.43% | 15th GP | 183 | 127 | 56 | 33.33% | ||
| ÖVP | 38.8% | 71 | 45 | 26th | 36.62% | 27.9% | 51 | 37 | 14th | 27.45% | 27.9% | 51 | 37 | 14th | 27.45% | ||
| SPÖ | 21.9% | 40 | 21st | 19th | 47.50% | 27.9% | 51 | 34 | 17th | 33.33% | 28.4% | 52 | 35 | 17th | 32.69% | ||
| FPÖ | 16.4% | 30th | 25th | 5 | 16.67% | 20.8% | 38 | 32 | 6th | 15.79% | 20.8% | 38 | 31 | 7th | 18.42% | ||
| GREEN | 14.2% | 26th | 11 | 15th | 57.69% | 11.5% | 21st | 9 | 12 | 57.14% | 13.1% | 24 | 11 | 13 | 54.17% | ||
| NEOS | 8.2% | 15th | 9 | 6th | 40.00% | 4.4% | 8th | 6th | 2 | 25.00% | 4.9% | 9 | 8th | 1 | 11.11% | ||
| Team Stronach | 3.3% | 6th | 3 | 3 | 50.00% | ||||||||||||
| non-attached | 0.5% | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.00% | 7.7% | 14th | 8th | 6th | 42.86% | 1.6% | 3 | 2 | 1 | 33.33% | ||
| National Council | MPs | ? | ? | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23.10. 2019 | 183 | 111 | 72 | 39.34% |
| 09.11. 2017 | 183 | 120 | 63 | 34.43% |
| 29.10. 2013 | 183 | 122 | 61 | 33.33% |
| 28.10. 2008 | 183 | 133 | 50 | 27.32% |
| 10/30 2006 | 183 | 126 | 57 | 31.15% |
| December 20 2002 | 183 | 121 | 62 | 33.88% |
| 29.10. 1999 | 183 | 134 | 49 | 26.78% |
| 15.01. 1996 | 183 | 136 | 47 | 25.68% |
| 07.11. 1994 | 183 | 143 | 40 | 21.86% |
| 05.11. 1990 | 183 | 147 | 36 | 19.67% |
| 17.12. 1986 | 183 | 162 | 21st | 11.48% |
| 19.05. 1983 | 183 | 166 | 17th | 9.29% |
| 05.06. 1979 | 183 | 165 | 18th | 9.84% |
| 04.11. 1975 | 183 | 169 | 14th | 7.65% |
| 04.11. 1971 | 183 | 172 | 11 | 6.01% |
| March 31 1970 | 165 | 157 | 8th | 4.85% |
| 30.03. 1966 | 165 | 155 | 10 | 6.06% |
| 14.12. 1962 | 165 | 155 | 10 | 6.06% |
| 09.06. 1959 | 165 | 155 | 10 | 6.06% |
| 08.06. 1956 | 165 | 156 | 9 | 5.45% |
| 18.03. 1953 | 165 | 155 | 10 | 6.06% |
| 08.11. 1949 | 165 | 156 | 9 | 5.45% |
| 19.12. 1945 | 165 | 156 | 9 | 5.45% |
| 02.12. 1930 | 165 | 154 | 11 | 6.67% |
| May 18 1927 | 165 | 159 | 6th | 3.64% |
| November 20 1923 | 165 | 157 | 8th | 4.85% |
| 11/10 1920 | 175 | 166 | 9 | 5.14% |
| 04.03. 1919 | 159 | 151 | 8th | 5.03% |
| 21.10. 1918 | 208 | 208 | 0 | 0.00% |
Women in the Federal Council
From 1945 there were no women among the 49 members of the Federal Council , only at the end of 1949 came Rosa Rück (1897–1969, welfare worker, SPÖ, switched to the National Council 3 years later ) and Rudolfine Muhr (1900–1984, factory worker, SPÖ). In 1956 there were 6 women out of 48 members (12.5%), about as many as in 1930 (5 out of 48: 10.4%).
At the end of 2019, the Federal Council had 23 women (37.7%), the highest proportion since it was constituted in November 1920. The following two lists initially compare the proportions of women in the Federal Council parliamentary groups in 2019 , 2017 and 2012 and in the Federal Council from 1920 - for each State election changes the number and composition of the members:
| Federal Council | 2019 | ? | ? | ? | % | 2017 | ? | ? | ? | % | 2012 | ? | ? | ? | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Members | 17th WP | 61 | 38 | 23 | 37.70% | 15th WP | 61 | 41 | 20th | 32.79% | 14th WP | 62 | 42 | 20th | 32.26% | ||
| ÖVP | 36.1% | 22nd | 11 | 11 | 50.00% | 36.1% | 22nd | 14th | 6th | 27.27% | 43.5% | 27 | 20th | 7th | 25.93% | ||
| SPÖ | 34.4% | 21st | 13 | 8th | 38.10% | 32.8% | 20th | 12 | 8th | 40.00% | 35.5% | 22nd | 12 | 10 | 45.45% | ||
| FPÖ | 24.6% | 15th | 12 | 3 | 20.00% | 19.7% | 12 | 10 | 2 | 16.67% | 14.5% | 9 | 7th | 2 | 22.22% | ||
| GREEN | 6.6% | 4th | 1 | 3 | 75.00% | ||||||||||||
| non-attached | 4.9% | 3 | 2 | 1 | 33.33% | 4.9% | 3 | 2 | 1 | 33.33% | 6.5% | 4th | 3 | 1 | 25.00% | ||
| Federal Council | Members | ? | ? | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 09.11. 2019 | 61 | 38 | 23 | 37.70% |
| 23.10. 2017 | 60 | 38 | 22nd | 36.67% |
| 29.10. 2013 | 60 | 43 | 17th | 28.33% |
| 28.10. 2008 | 62 | 46 | 16 | 25.81% |
| 10/30 2006 | 61 | 43 | 18th | 29.51% |
| December 20 2002 | 62 | 46 | 16 | 25.81% |
| 29.10. 1999 | 63 | 54 | 9 | 14.29% |
| 15.01. 1996 | 62 | 49 | 13 | 20.97% |
| 07.11. 1994 | 63 | 49 | 14th | 22.22% |
| 05.11. 1990 | 60 | 47 | 13 | 21.67% |
| 17.12. 1986 | 63 | 50 | 13 | 20.63% |
| 19.05. 1983 | 61 | 51 | 10 | 16.39% |
| 05.06. 1979 | 55 | 46 | 9 | 16.36% |
| 04.11. 1975 | 55 | 44 | 11 | 20.00% |
| 04.11. 1971 | 51 | 42 | 9 | 17.65% |
| March 31 1970 | 54 | 45 | 9 | 16.67% |
| 30.03. 1966 | 51 | 45 | 6th | 11.76% |
| 14.12. 1962 | 51 | 44 | 7th | 13.73% |
| 09.06. 1959 | 47 | 41 | 6th | 12.77% |
| 08.06. 1956 | 48 | 42 | 6th | 12.50% |
| 18.03. 1953 | 44 | 43 | 1 | 2.27% |
| 08.11. 1949 | 48 | 47 | 1 | 2.08% |
| 19.12. 1945 | 49 | 49 | 0 | 0.00% |
| 02.12. 1930 | 48 | 43 | 5 | 10.42% |
| May 18 1927 | 48 | 45 | 3 | 6.25% |
| November 20 1923 | 50 | 47 | 3 | 6.00% |
| 01.12. 1920 | 46 | 43 | 3 | 6.52% |
Country level
So far there have been three female governors at the state level : Waltraud Klasnic (ÖVP) from 1996 to 2005 in Styria, Gabi Burgstaller ( SPÖ ) from 2004 to 2013 in the Province of Salzburg and Johanna Mikl-Leitner (ÖVP) since April 19, 2017 in Lower Austria.
Mayors
Zenzi Hölzl (1893–1958; SPÖ ) from 1948 in Gloggnitz is generally considered to be the first female mayor in Austria . In June 1946, however, Maria Rothschädl (ÖVP) was announced as the first female mayor of the municipality of Oberhaag . At the turn of the millennium, there were 2314 mayors and only 45 mayors (1.9%). The first female mayor in the state of Salzburg took office in 2004, 56 years after Zenzi Hölzl.
The following list compares the proportion of women in the federal states from 2015 onwards - at the end of 2019, of the 2096 municipalities, 177 had female mayors (8.44%);
| state | 2019 | ? | ? | % | 2018 ? | % | 2017 ? | % | 2016 ? | % | 2015 ? | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mayors | 2096 | 1919 | 177 | 8.44% | 164 | 7.82% | 160 | 7.62% | 154 | 7.33% | 141 | 6.71% |
.svg){kind=small} Burgenland
|
171 | 159 | 12 | 7.02% | 12 | 7.02% | 12 | 7.02% | 9 | 5.26% | 7th | 4.09% |
.svg){kind=small} Carinthia
|
132 | 124 | 8th | 6.06% | 8th | 6.06% | 8th | 6.06% | 8th | 6.06% | 7th | 5.30% |
.svg){kind=small} Lower Austria
|
573 | 504 | 69 | 12.04% | 65 | 11.34% | 64 | 11.17% | 63 | 10.99% | 56 | 9.77% |
.svg){kind=small} Upper Austria
|
438 | 405 | 33 | 7.53% | 30th | 6.82% | 30th | 6.79% | 30th | 6.79% | 34 | 7.69% |
.svg){kind=small} Salzburg
|
119 | 111 | 8th | 6.72% | 5 | 4.20% | 5 | 4.20% | 4th | 3.36% | 3 | 2.52% |
.svg){kind=small} Styria
|
287 | 264 | 23 | 8.01% | 22nd | 7.67% | 17th | 5.92% | 17th | 5.92% | 16 | 5.57% |
.svg){kind=small} Tyrol
|
279 | 263 | 16 | 5.73% | 16 | 5.73% | 17th | 6.09% | 16 | 5.73% | 11 | 3.94% |
.svg){kind=small} Vorarlberg
|
96 | 88 | 8th | 8.33% | 7th | 7.29% | 7th | 7.29% | 7th | 7.29% | 7th | 7.29% |
.svg){kind=small} Vienna
|
1 | 1 | - | 0.00% | - | 0.00% | - | 0.00% | - | 0.00% | - | 0.00% |
Switzerland
In 1971, Switzerland was the last democratic country to introduce women's suffrage at federal level, and Appenzell Innerrhoden was the last to follow at canton level in 1990 . At the ecclesiastical canton level, women's suffrage was introduced in 1963 in the Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton of Zurich.
Elisabeth Kopp was the first woman to be elected to the seven-member Federal Council in 1984 (see also Federal Council elections : women's representation ). With the election of the social democrat Simonetta Sommaruga to the Federal Council, from 2010 until the resignation of Micheline Calmy-Rey in 2011, women made up the majority in the government for the first time in the history of Switzerland (four out of seven members).
The following list shows the proportion of women (%) in the various institutions from 1971 (at the end of each year):
| Federal Council | Cantonal governments | National Council | Council of States | Cantonal parliaments | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ? | ? | % | ? | ? | % | ? | ? | % | ? | ? | % | ? | ? | % | |
| 2019 | 5 | 2 | 28.6% | 116 | 38 | 24.7% | 116 | 84 | 42.0% | 34 | 12 | 26.1% | 1847 | 762 | 29.2% |
| 2015 | 5 | 2 | 28.6% | 117 | 37 | 24.0% | 136 | 64 | 32.0% | 39 | 7th | 15.2% | 1933 | 676 | 25.9% |
| 2011 | 4th | 3 | 42.9% | 120 | 36 | 23.1% | 142 | 58 | 29.0% | 37 | 9 | 19.6% | 1947 | 661 | 25.3% |
| 2007 | 4th | 3 | 42.9% | 126 | 30th | 19.2% | 141 | 59 | 29.5% | 36 | 10 | 21.7% | 2013 | 725 | 26.5% |
| 2003 | 6th | 1 | 14.3% | 124 | 34 | 21.5% | 148 | 52 | 26.0% | 35 | 11 | 23.9% | 2223 | 709 | 24.2% |
| 1999 | 5 | 2 | 28.6% | 129 | 33 | 20.4% | 153 | 47 | 23.5% | 37 | 9 | 19.6% | 2221 | 708 | 24.2% |
| 1995 | 6th | 1 | 14.3% | 147 | 19th | 11.4% | 157 | 43 | 21.5% | 38 | 8th | 17.4% | 2339 | 658 | 22.0% |
| 1991 | 7th | - | 0.0% | 161 | 5 | 3.0% | 165 | 35 | 17.5% | 42 | 4th | 8.7% | 2545 | 456 | 15.2% |
| 1987 | 6th | 1 | 14.3% | 163 | 5 | 3.0% | 171 | 29 | 14.5% | 41 | 5 | 10.9% | 2644 | 354 | 11.8% |
| 1983 | 7th | - | 0.0% | 167 | 1 | 0.6% | 178 | 22nd | 11.0% | 43 | 3 | 6.5% | 2704 | 294 | 9.8% |
| 1979 | 7th | - | 0.0% | 179 | 21st | 10.5% | 43 | 3 | 6.5% | 2748 | 247 | 8.2% | |||
| 1975 | 7th | - | 0.0% | 185 | 15th | 7.5% | 44 | - | 0.0% | 2760 | 175 | 6.0% | |||
| 1971 | 7th | - | 0.0% | 190 | 10 | 5.0% | 43 | 1 | 2.3% | ||||||
Worldwide
Europe
Alexandra Kollontai , Soviet Minister of Social Affairs after the October Revolution , was the world's first female cabinet member. In most western countries, women only became ministers after the Second World War and then only sporadically and in certain ministries such as the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Family, which were seen as particularly "suitable" for women.
The first female heads of government in Europe were Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom (1979–1990), Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo in Portugal (1979–1980) and Gro Harlem Brundtland in Norway (1981, 1986–1989 and 1990–1996).
The first female prime minister of a former Eastern Bloc state was Hanna Suchocka in Poland (1992-1993). The first female democratically elected head of state was Vigdís Finnbogadóttir in Iceland (1980-1996). The first Latvian President Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga (1999–2007) also played a formative role .
sexism
In 2018, the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) published a report on the subject of " Sexism , harassment and violence against women in parliaments in Europe": Of 123 female MPs in 45 European countries, 85% had experienced psychological violence during their term of office, 68% accepted derogatory comments their appearance or gender stereotypes , 58% had been sexually harassed online, 47% had received death threats, 25% had experienced sexual violence and 15% physical violence.
Lithuania
With Dalia Grybauskaitė, Lithuania had the only female president as head of state from 2009 to 2019 . Grybauskaitė was previously Lithuania's Deputy Finance Minister and EU Commissioner . In 2014 she was re-elected for five years. Before that there was no Lithuanian head of state who had been re-elected for a second term without interruption.
The first female prime minister of Lithuania was Kazimira Prunskienė from 1990 to 1991 , the second female prime minister was Irena Degutienė (1999, two short terms in office).
The first female speaker (chairwoman of Seimas) was Irena Degutienė . The second Speaker of the Parliament was Loreta Graužinienė (from 2013 to 2016). The first (and so far only) opposition leader is Viktorija Čmilytė-Nielsen (since March 2019).
The first female minister in a Lithuanian government was Aldona Baranauskienė , Minister of Construction and Urbanism in the Stankevičius Cabinet (several months in 1996). The next Lithuanian ministers were Irena Degutienė ( Minister for Social Affairs and Labor 1999) and Laima Andrikienė ( Minister for Europe 1999) in the Vagnorius II cabinet . The first (and so far only) defense minister was Rasa Juknevičienė . The first (and so far only) minister of culture and education and science was Roma Žakaitienė . The first (and so far only) Minister of Justice was Milda Vainiutė . The first (and so far only) Interior Minister is Rita Tamašunienė .
Most of the ministers in the Butkevičius cabinet (from 2012) were Algimanta Pabedinskienė (social affairs and labor), from 2014 to 2016 Virginija Baltraitienė (agriculture) and Rimantė Šalaševičiūtė (health); from 2012 to 2013 Birutė Vėsaitė , the first (and so far only) Minister of the Economy.
Until now there has been no female foreign minister, energy minister or transport minister in Lithuania. From December 2018 to August 2019 there were no female ministers in the Cabinet of Ministers in Lithuania .
The first female mayor of Lithuania was Gema Umbrasienė (from 1990 to 1991 in the municipality of Panevėžys ). The next Lithuanian mayors were (are) Vida Stasiūnaitė (from 2000 to 2001 in Šiauliai ), Marija Rekst (since 2004 in the district of Vilnius ), Virginija Baltraitienė (2005 in Kėdainiai ), Nijolė Naujokienė (from 2005 to 2011 in Kėdainiai), Kristina Miškinienė ( Druskininkai ), Dalia Štraupaitė (since 2011 in Visaginas ), Asta Jasiūnienė (since 2012 in Pakruojis ), Danutė Aleksiūnienė ( Vievis ), Nijolė Dirginčienė (since 2007 in Birštonas ), Živilė Pinskuvienė (since 2015 in Širvienė ).
Among the vice-mayors were Živilė Pinskuvienė (in the Vilnius municipality ), Orinta Leiputė and Vincė Vaidevutė Margevičienė (both in the Kaunas municipality ), Judita Simonavičiūtė (in Klaipėda ), Rima Baškienė Šiauliai (in the Raja municipality ); Rima Baškienė, Daiva Matonienė and Danguolė Martinkienė (in Šiauliai Township ); Elena Petrošienė and Jolita Vaickienė (in Kretinga ).
The first party leader was Kazimira Prunskienė (founder and leader of the Lithuanian Women's Party , leader of Naujoji Demokratieija - Moterų partija , from 2001 leader of Valstiečių ir Naujosios democijos partijų sąjunga , now Lietuvos valstiečių ir žjungaųjų są ). The second party leader was Kristina Brazauskienė (head of Lietuvos prezidento sąjunga from 2011 and head of Demokratinės darbo ir vienybės partija since 2012 ), widow of the former Lithuanian President Algirdas Brazauskas . The third party leader is Loreta Graužinienė (since 2013 leader of Darbo partija , a party in the ruling coalition since 2012).
Poland
So far , Poland has had the highest number of female heads of government in the European Union . As the first woman in the country's history, Hanna Suchocka , who holds a doctorate in law , was elected Prime Minister of the Sejm , the lower house of the Polish parliament, on July 10, 1992 . Before the system change in Poland, Suchocka had been a member of the independent Solidarność trade union led by Lech Wałęsa and then joined the Democratic Union formed around Tadeusz Mazowiecki , which mainly represented liberal positions. The center-right coalition she had formed, however, failed due to a vote of no confidence by conservative MPs who disagreed with the economic reforms she was driving forward. The Sejm was subsequently dissolved on May 29th, but Suchocka held office until October 17th, 1993 and was then replaced by Waldemar Pawlak .
On September 22, 2014, Ewa Kopacz became the second woman in the office of Prime Minister to succeed Donald Tusk, who had previously been in office for eleven years . Tusk had been elected President of the European Council . The ruling citizens' platform had then chosen Kopacz, who previously held the office of President of Parliament , as his successor. In the subsequent election campaign Kopacz started as the top candidate of her party, but lost it to the former local politician Beata Szydło , who started for the right-wing conservative party Law and Justice . On November 16, 2015, Szydło was sworn in as the third woman in the office of Prime Minister. For a long time Szydło was defamed by critics as a puppet of Jarosław Kaczyński . Despite surviving a no-confidence vote in the Sejm initiated by the liberal opposition, she resigned from her position on December 11, 2017 after internal party debates. Her successor was Mateusz Morawiecki .
Africa
Elisabeth Domitien was appointed head of government of the Central African Republic in 1975 ; she held office until 1976.
In Namibia , around 46% of the seats in the National Assembly and in the Geingob I cabinet were held by women in 2016 ; Namibia was thus in 4th place worldwide.
In Rwanda , around 61% of parliamentarians were women in 2018/2019, which was the highest rate worldwide at the time.
In Ethiopia , too , women have been more involved in political power since 2018: Sahle-Work Zewde is the president, and half of the cabinet members of President Abiy Ahmed are women (as of October 2018).
In the Tunisian capital Tunis , Souad Abderrahim was elected as the first female mayor in 2018.
America
Several Latin American countries already had female presidents. The first were Isabel Perón in Argentina (1974–1976) and Lidia Gueiler in Bolivia (1979–1980), both of whom were installed as presidents in times of upheaval and were later ousted by military coups.
The first popularly elected president was Violeta Chamorro in Nicaragua (1990–1996).
United States
In the United States , women were granted the right to vote and stand for election at the federal level in 1920. Here, too, the first female public officials often came into politics through family relationships, for example the first female Senator Rebecca Ann Latimer Felton (1922) and the first female governors Nellie Tayloe Ross ( Wyoming , 1925 to 1927) and Miriam A. Ferguson ( Texas , 1925 to 1927 and 1933 to 1935) gathered her previous experience as a politician's wife.
Jeannette Rankin , the first woman to be elected to the House of Representatives, was elected as early as 1917, when women in some states had no right to vote. As early as 1933, President Roosevelt, with his Minister of Labor, Frances Perkins , accepted a woman into the cabinet for the first time . In 1984, Geraldine Ferraro became the first woman to be nominated as a vice-presidential candidate by one of the two major parties . In 1997 Madeleine Albright became the first woman to become Secretary of State in the United States.
A woman has never been US President. Hillary Clinton , New York Senator and former first lady , ran for the Democratic Party in 2008 and 2016 . However, she lost to Barack Obama in the 2007 primaries and to Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election (even though she had the most votes).
Asia
The world's first elected head of government was Sirimavo Bandaraneike in Sri Lanka (1960–1965), who became Prime Minister of SWRD Bandaranaike after the death of her husband . She was re-elected twice: 1970–1977 and 1994–2000.
In Asia as early as the middle of the 20th century, women in some countries had a greater chance of holding high government positions, not least because of family ties: In addition to Bandaraneike, there were Indira Gandhi in India (1966–1977 and 1980–1984), Benazir Bhutto in Pakistan (1988 –1990 and 1993–1996) and Khaleda Zia in Bangladesh (1991–1996 and 2001–2006).
Even Golda Meir in Israel (1969-1974) is one of the first government bosses. The People's Republic of China had a female head of state in the 1970s, Song Qingling .
Australia and Oceania
Julia Gillard was Australia's first female head of government from 2010 to 2013 .
In the Kingdom of Tonga there were no women in parliament at all at the end of 2019.
Women in top positions
The following lists women presiding over the UN General Assembly and heads of parliament.
United Nations
The General Assembly of the United Nations ( United Nations General Assembly ) meets as the general assembly of the member states of the United Nations annually in September at the UN headquarters in New York City - a total of four times a woman was elected annual president by the general assembly (see the list of 74 meetings ):
| Surname | Term of office | origin | function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit | 1952-1953 | India | President of the 8th UN General Assembly |
| Angie Brooks | 1969-1970 | Liberia | President of the 24th UN General Assembly |
| Haya Rasched Al Khalifa | 2006-2007 | Bahrain | President of the 61st UN General Assembly |
| María Fernanda Espinosa Garcés | 2018-2019 | Ecuador | President of the 73rd UN General Assembly |
Heads of government
In September 2015, 18 out of 193 states (9.3%) had a female head of state or government in office. In January 2017, around 147 million (2.0%) of the 7.3 billion people lived in countries with a female head of state and 487 million (6.6%) in countries with a female head of state or government. Additional information:
- List of female heads of state and government
- List of rulers and regents
- Women as chairmen of a German state government
Ministers
Heads of Parliament
The following list contains a selection of well-known parliamentary presidents:
Others
- Clara Zetkin (1857–1933), socialist-communist German politician, peace activist and women's rights activist
- Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919), influential representative of the European labor movement, Marxism and anti-militarism
- Gertrud Bäumer (1873–1954), German women's rights activist and politician
- Hildegard Hamm-Brücher (1921–2016), German politician
- Annemarie Renger (1919–2008), German SPD politician
- Nancy Pelosi (* 1940), American politician of the Democratic Party
literature
- 2020: Torsten Körner : In the men's republic: How women conquered politics. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne February 2020, ISBN 978-3-462-05333-3 (on politicians from all parties who prevailed in the Bundestag during the Bonn Republic; discussion of Scala; discussion of SZ ).
- 2016: Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ): 3rd Atlas on Equality between Women and Men in Germany. Berlin November 2016, pp. 7–30: Chapter participation (proportion of women in parliaments and management positions; PDF: 8.7 MB, 90 pages on bmfsfj.de ).
- 2008: Andrea Fleschenberg, Claudia Derichs: Handbook of top politicians. VS Springer, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 3-531-16147-4 (collection of articles).
- 2003: Petra Holz: Between tradition and emancipation: CDU politicians from 1946 to 1960. Doctoral thesis, University of Marburg 2003. Helmer, Königstein im Taunus 2004, ISBN 3-89741-159-8 .
- 2001: Special Issue: Partialities: Political Participation of Women - Experiences with Male Political Areas. In: Ariadne. Forum for women's and gender history . No. 40 Foundation Archive of the German Women's Movement , Kassel 2001.
- 1999: Brigitte Geißel: Politicians: politicization and participation at the local level. Leske Budrich, Opladen 1999.
- 1994: Bärbel Schöler-Macher: The Strangeness of Politics: Experiences of Women in Parties and Parliaments (= results of women's research. Volume 32). Deutscher Studien-Verlag, Weinheim 1994, ISBN 3-89271-433-9 .
- 1990: Reimar Oltmanns (ed.): Women in power: Marie Schlei, Renate Schmidt, Irmgard Adam-Schwaetzer, Rita Süssmuth, Antje Vollmer - Protocols of an era of new beginnings. Hain, Frankfurt 1990, ISBN 3-445-08551-X .
See also
- Parity law (equal gender quotas for electoral lists and members of parliament)
- 153 countries according to their political participation by women (index of the economic forum: GGGI)
- 162 UN members by female parliamentary seat (index of the UN development program: GII)
- List of states by year in which women's suffrage was introduced (from 1893)
- List of proportions of women in the professional world (in relevant areas of society)
- Gender data report 2005 (on gender equality in Germany)
- Women's history (subject area of gender studies and history)
Web links
- Lisa Schnell: Local election: “District Administrator” and “Mayor”? It doesn't even exist. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . February 11, 2020 (“at least only the male form is provided on Bavarian ballot papers”).
- Deniz Aykanat, Jana Anzlinger: Equal Opportunities in Politics: What Finland Has Advantages of Many States. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . December 10, 2019 (with current statistics on the political participation of women).
- Maria Stöhr, Guido Grigat: Local politics: where women are still the exception. In: Der Spiegel . March 17, 2019 ("Mayors, district administrators, city councilors? There are only a few in Germany").
- Sebastian Bukow, Fabian Voß: Women in Politics: The Long Way to Gender Equitable Representation. In: Heinrich Böll Foundation . 5th March 2018.
- Melanie Sully: More women in politics? Because we write in 2016. In: Tyrolean daily newspaper . March 6, 2016.
Federal Working Group on Political Education Online :
- Dossier & Links: Women's Policy. In: Politische-Bildung.de. 2020.
Helene Weber Vocational College (HWB):
- Overview: Infothek: Women in Politics. In: Frauen-macht-Ppolitik.de. February 2019.
Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR):
- EU Equality Charter : European Charter for Equality between Women and Men at local and regional level. In: rgre.de. (Adopted in 2006, in 2019 over 1,700 municipalities in 35 countries committed themselves).
- Federal Working Group of Local Women and Equal Opportunities Commissioners (BAG): European Equal Opportunities Charter. In: Frauenbeauftragte.org. 2018.
Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ):
- Interactive presentations: Equal Opportunities Atlas. In: bmfsfj.de. November 2017 (select the participation indicator under “Participation”).
Federal Agency for Civic Education (bpb):
- Steffen Schmidt, Sabrina Röser: Political participation of women. In: bpb.de. June 10, 2011.
- Dossier: Women in Politics. In: bpb.de. 2009.
World Bank (English):
- Interactive Gender Data Portal: Public Life and Decision Making. In: Worldbank.org. 2020 (World Statistics on Political Participation of Women).
United Nations Development Program (UNDP):
- Parliamentary seats of women in 189 UN member states 1995–2018: Share of seats in parliament (% held by women). In: undp.org as of April 11, 2019 (English; data from the list of countries according to the proportion of women in the state parliament ).
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU):
- Interactive statistics: Percentage of women in national parliaments. In: ipu.org. January 2020 (English; interactive list).
Individual evidence
- ↑ All individual values for the three DA-CH countries: United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Germany, Austria, Switzerland. In: hdr.undp.org. As of October 2019; all accessed on February 17, 2020 (English; overview of all 189 UN countries ).
- ↑ UNDP: Share of seats in parliament (% held by women) In: hdr.UNDP.org. Status: April 11, 2019, accessed on February 17, 2020 (English).
- ↑ World Economic Forum : The Global Gender Gap Report 2020. Cologny / Geneva, December 17, 2019, ISBN 978-2-940631-03-2 , p. 75: Austria , p. 169: Germany , p. 299: Rwanda and P. 325: Switzerland (English; PDF: 25 MB, 371 pages on weforum.org; interactive data explorer ).
- ↑ Mechtild Fülles: women in the party and Parliament. Publishing house for science and politics, Cologne 1969, p. ??.
- ↑ Elisabeth Perchinig: On practicing femininity in the context of terror: Girl adolescence in Nazi society. Doctoral thesis University of Salzburg 1988. Profil, Munich 1996, ISBN 978-3-89019-382-3 , p. 45.
- ↑ Kirsten Heinsohn : Conservative Parties in Germany 1912 to 1933: Democratization and Participation from a Gender- Historical Perspective (= contributions to the history of parliamentarism and political parties. Volume 155). Doctoral thesis University of Hamburg 2006. Droste, Düsseldorf 2009, ISBN 978-3-7700-5295-0 , p. 255.
- ↑ Data overview: Women's suffrage - Federal Parliament election 2017. State Center for Civic Education Baden-Württemberg , December 2017, accessed on December 8, 2019.
- ↑ a b Data from 1990 to 2018 at Oskar Niedermayer : Party members in Germany: Version 2019. In: Workbooks from the Otto Stammer Center. No. 30, Freie Universität Berlin 2019, p. 6: Table 1: Development of party memberships from 1990 to 2018 and p. 23: Table 17: Proportion of women among party members from 1990 to 2018 ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 95 pages on fu-berlin.de ).
- ^ Robert Roßmann: Number of members of the parties: It was just a summer dream. In: Süddeutsche.de . July 29, 2019, accessed December 8, 2019.
- ^ Message: CSU party conference in Munich: Seehofer escapes the quota disaster. ( Memento from November 1, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: Tagesschau.de . October 30, 2010, accessed December 8, 2019.
- ↑ Listing: Federal assemblies Alliance 90 / The Greens. In: Boell.de . August 8, 2008, accessed December 8, 2019.
- ↑ a b Alliance 90 / The Greens : Women's Statute. Status: November 16, 2019, p. 1 ( PDF: 130 kB, 4 pages on gruene.de ).
- ↑ a b c German Bundestag : Members of the Bundestag in numbers: women and men (as of July 2019 in the Internet Archive ), as of February 2017, as of December 2012. In: Bundestag.de. All accessed January 13, 2020; also compare the live display.
- ↑ Sebastian Bukow, Fabian Voss: Women in politics: The long way to gender equitable representation. Table: Share of women in the German Bundestag (1990–2017). Heinrich Böll Foundation , March 5, 2018, accessed on January 13, 2020.
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↑ 1994–2014: Michael F. Feldkamp : German Bundestag 1994 to 2014: Parliamentary and election statistics for the 13th to 18th electoral term. In: Journal for Parliamentary Issues. Issue 1, 2014, pp. 3–16 ( PDF: 516 kB, 14 pages on zparl.nomos.de).
1949–2003: Michael F. Feldkamp, Christa Sommer: Parliamentary and election statistics of the German Bundestag 1949-2002 / 03. Published by the German Bundestag Public Relations Department, Berlin July 31, 2003, p. 16 ( PDF: 122 kB, 23 pages on bundestag.de). - ↑ German Bundestag : Membership in electoral terms: How many electoral terms has the membership been. In: Bundestag.de. Source: Kürschner People's Handbook, as of July 2019, accessed on January 13, 2020.
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↑ Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ): Equal Opportunities Atlas: Governments in the Länder. In: bmfsfj.de. Data status: November 2008, December 2011 and 2017, accessed on February 22, 2020 (interactive application; "Indicator data" can be downloaded as a comma-separated .csv file).
Compare figures from the end of 2015 from BMFSFJ: 3rd Atlas on Equality between Women and Men in Germany. Berlin November 2016, p. 12: Heads of government, ministers and senators in the federal states ( PDF: 8.7 MB, 90 pages at bmfsfj.de). - ↑ Beate Dörr, Laura Ilg u. a .: Share of women in the state parliaments. In: lpb-bw.de. State Center for Civic Education Baden-Württemberg , as of November 2019, as well as mementos in the Internet Archive: as of November 2018, as of October 2017, as of October 2016, as of June 2015, as of October 2014, as of October 2013. All accessed on December 15, 2019.
- ↑ European Academy for Women in Politics and Business Berlin (EAF): Political Advice: MAYORESS - Empowerment and networking of female leaders in local politics in Germany, France, Poland and Austria. EU project 2019-2021, accessed on February 22, 2020.
- ^ Heinrich Böll Foundation (ed.): Fourth gender ranking of major German cities 2017. In: Boell.de. Berlin April 2017, accessed on February 22, 2020.
- ^ Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ): Equal Opportunities Atlas: Administrative Tips. In: bmfsfj.de. Data status: November 2008, December 2011 and 2017, accessed on February 22, 2020.
- ↑ Editor's note: The percentage of women in politics has increased slightly. In: ORF.at . December 22, 2019, accessed December 31, 2019 .
- ^ Austrian Parliament : Share of women in the National Council - as of December 2019, as of September 2017 and as of September 2015. In: Parlament.gv.at. (Mementos on the Internet Archive ) All accessed on December 31, 2019.
- ↑ Austrian Parliament : Proportion of women in the National Council and development of the proportion of women in the National Council. In: Parlament.gv.at. Accessed December 31, 2019.
- ^ Austrian Parliament - portraits of representatives: Rosa Rück and Rudolfine Muhr. In: Parlament.gv.at. Accessed December 31, 2019; ibid: Members of the Federal Council since 1920 (1945–1949) and members (1949–1953).
- ↑ a b c Austrian Parliament : Share of women in the Federal Council and development of the share of women in the Federal Council. In: Parlament.gv.at. Accessed December 31, 2019.
- ↑ Austrian Parliament : Share of women in the Federal Council - as of December 2019, as of September 2017 and as of July 2012. In: Parlament.gv.at. (Mementos on the Internet Archive ) All accessed December 31, 2019; also compare the live display.
- ↑ Portrait: Mag.a Johanna Mikl-Leitner. In: noe.gv.at. November 12, 2019, accessed December 16, 2019.
- ↑ a b Text on the interactive map: Women still underrepresented as local bosses: mayors. In: genderATlas.at. Data status 2017, accessed on December 16, 2019 (cooperation between TU Wien, Uni Wien and ÖIR project house).
- ↑ Message: The first mayor. In: Austrian Volksstimme . No. 30, June 6, 1946, p. 3: Chronicle of the day ( scan from onb.ac.at: see middle of page ).
- ↑ Data table: Our mayors. In: Gemeindebund.at . Data status November 2019, accessed on December 16, 2019 ( single graphic 1999–2019 ).
- ^ Eduard Rübel: Church law and church order of the Zurich regional church. Schulthess, Zurich 1983, ISBN 3-7255-2285-5 , pp. 7 and 15. Exact date: July 7, 1963.
- ↑ Federal Statistical Office (FSO): The representation of women at national and cantonal level, since 1971. (XLSX table, 12 kB) In: FSO.admin.ch. December 3, 2019, accessed on December 8, 2019 (FSO number: je-d-02/17/09/01).
- ^ Interparliamentary Union (IPU): Sexism, harassment and violence against women in parliaments in Europe. Geneva October 2018, ISBN 978-92-9142-725-3 , p. 1 (English; 20-page study; download page ).
- ↑ Press release (Nampa): Namibia ranked high in women's representation. In: Namibian.com.na. September 13, 2016, accessed December 8, 2019.
- ↑ Rirhandu Mageza-Barthel, in conversation with Paulus Müller: Rwanda's Parliament: Strong women and a quota. In: Deutschlandfunk Nova . March 14, 2018, accessed December 8, 2019 .
- ↑ Linda Staude: Women's miracle in Rwanda: Progress is female. In: Deutschlandfunk Kultur . November 27, 2018, accessed December 8, 2019 .
- ^ Announcement: Cabinet reshuffle: Half of the new Ethiopian government members are women. In: derStandard.de . October 16, 2018, accessed December 8, 2019 .
- ↑ Overview: Parliament of Tonga (Fale Alea 'o Tonga): Current Members. In: Parliament.gov.to. 2019, accessed December 8, 2019.
