Emo (youth culture)
Emo (for Emotional , English [ ˈiːmoʊ ], German also [ ˈeːmo ]) is a youth culture and fad that has been appearing since the early 2000s . The name can be traced back to Emotional Hardcore , a sub-genre of Hardcore-Punk , but this genre has little to do with today's fad. In Germany , the youth magazine Bravo is considered a pioneer in this scene. The Stuttgarter Zeitung describes that the singer and musician Bill Kaulitz and his band Tokio Hotel may have contributed to the spread of youth culture in Germany.
The origins of the scene were in the USA in the 1990s, but today's external features did not develop until the early 2000s. The early followers of emo dressed like normal hardcore punk followers at concerts. Later came the "Spock-Rock", which was shaped by the swing kids singer Justin Pearson. Today's fashion style originated from Spock-Rock. Today the scene mixes fashionable elements from other subcultures such as punk , gothic , grunge , skaters and rockabilly , which is why many members of other scenes in the emo subculture deny the originality.
The emo scene has to struggle with various prejudices in society . Among other things, followers are said to have a tendency to self-harm and suicidality because of the display of emotionality (e.g. in the form of poems) . Members of scenes with a clear image of men and women often mockingly describe male emo supporters as unmanly and homosexual, partly because of their androgynous appearance and their fashionable adaptation to the female gender. In non-Western countries like Russia or Turkey , precautions have been taken to ban the scene. In Mexico , Peru and Chile , emos have already been persecuted and physically attacked, and in Iraq there were even young people killed because they were part of the scene. In Iraq, emo is said to have an identity with Satanism .
history
genre
Emotional Hardcore, or Emocore for short, was created in the mid-1980s and is a subgenre of DC Hardcore , which, alongside New York Hardcore, is considered to be the most style-defining scene in Hardcore Punk. The American punk band Rites of Spring , which was active in the 1980s, is considered to be an important pioneer of the genre . Before that, the band Hüsker Dü used emotional passages in their songs. Other important representatives of the genre are or were Fugazi and Embrace . After the dissolution of Rites of Spring, the two groups were considered the most important representatives of emo and post-hardcore .
The first emo bands emerged in Germany in the late 1990s. 1997/98 one of the first strongholds was in Göttingen . Above all the groups El Mariachi and the still active band Katzenstreik shaped the Göttingen scene. In the German-speaking countries, the Angeschissen and Boxhamsters groups are also given a certain pioneering role. Only since the late 1990s have internationally successful emo bands existed in Germany. In Screamo , a sub-genre of Emo, the band Yage existed , which could set international standards. Larger band scenes existed in and around Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein , Berlin and also in North Rhine-Westphalia and the Ruhr area .
The term emo has also been used since the late 1990s for bands that have their roots in indie rock . So are The Get Up Kids , Texas Is the Reason , The Promise Ring and Jimmy Eat World at the forefront of the indie rock-heavy picture, with Tim Linton distanced himself from the latter group, in an interview in 2007 by the classification:
“We heard emo from the eighties, but we don't like to be given this label because it comes from somewhere different from us. [...] we only ever understood ourselves as a rock band looking for the perfect song "
Since the beginning of the 2000s, bands have been understood as "Emo" in particular, which correspond to the external characteristics of the fad.
Although the emocore has its roots in hardcore, it is no longer recognized as a sub-genre by hardcore fans, as the emocore moves away from the political viewpoint that is part of the hardcore scene and takes the individual and personal suffering as the main motive has turned. The genre and today's youth culture have the focus on individuality and suffering in common, whereby the music in today's emo scene is more of an accompanying phenomenon and is not in the foreground. The sound of the emocore, which was strongly oriented towards alternative rock and pop-punk , also led to the discussion whether the emocore still had something to do with the original hardcore.
Youth culture
Since around 2000, genre classification has often been based on external characteristics. Since about this time there has been a fad of the same name alongside emotional hardcore, independent of this genre. As is usual in hardcore punk, there was no “dress code” for the first representatives of “emo”.
In the 1990s, the majority of those who felt they belonged to indie rock emo had a different style of clothing. There horn-rimmed glasses, tight sweaters, vests, corduroy pants, shirts, worker jackets and leather shoes were the predominant items of clothing. Towards the end of the 1990s, a fad emerged in emotional hardcore that was and is called "Spock-Rock". This style was shaped by Justin Pearson, singer of the then active US emocore band Swing Kids . Characteristic of the "Spock-Rock" were straight cut, unparted hair (bangs), similar to the Vulcan Spock from the Star Trek series . At this point in time, hair was colored black for the first time. Today the parting is mostly worn asymmetrically (often covering one eye), individual strands are occasionally light colored. In terms of fashion, the Spock-Rock scene had few peculiarities; flood trousers and black, tight T-shirts were often worn.
Emo, in today's understanding as a fad, takes up various elements of earlier generations and mixes them with elements of Gothic fashion and borrowings from Pop-Punk . Characteristic of today's scene are black (or platinum blonde) colored, mostly parted pony, skinny jeans, wristbands or sweatbands, buttons, sports shoes, darkly made-up eyes (for both sexes) and riveted belts.
For today's emo fashion, not only are the features mentioned above essential, but also color, brand and pattern. Black has a special place in today's scene and is often worn. Often it is mixed with red or pink, both in clothing and hair color. The dominant shoe brands are Converse and Vans , of which the Chucks and Slip-On types are preferred . Shoes and accessories (e.g. sweatbands, bracelets, necklaces, etc.) often have a check pattern. Characteristic, among other things, is the mixture of things that are generally considered to be "cute", such as Hello Kitty accessories, with gloomy symbols such as skulls and skeletons. Like the black scene in the past, the scene is said to have a tendency towards auto-aggressive behaviors such as the colloquial so-called “scratching” or “chopping” and suicidality . This controversial view is also often spread by the media.
In other scenes, emo is unpopular. Among other things, they accuse him of using the style of other scenes and selling them as their own fashion trend. In Birgit Bütow's book Body Gender Affect: Self-Staging and Educational Processes in Adolescent Social Spaces Britta Schuboth describes that the emo scene has provided emotionally charged debates since the beginning of its existence and thus developed a negative public attribution, which ultimately even led to the scene became the target of aggressive and violent attacks.
Unlike other scenes like hip-hop or the skater subculture, emos don't have to prove themselves to be accepted and accepted in the scene. According to Daniela Eichholz, the fact that the followers of the scene mostly hear the same music, dress the same and show a similar attitude is a good way to integrate into the scene:
"First and foremost, they share attitude, fashion and music - and that is easy to adapt."
She also describes the scene as a basin for young people who could not or cannot find a home in other scenes.
Definition and ideology
In emo forums, for example, attempts were made to define “emo”; the definition oscillates between music, the original hardcore punk and emocore , as well as the emotional approach to life. At times these discussions were conducted on an aggressive basis. A classification of the emo scene is hardly possible, as the self-image within the scene is viewed individually.
The emo scene should not be understood as a socially critical youth culture, but as an individual opportunity for self-expression. Emo is intended to express personal experiences and feelings within the scene. The younger followers of the scene describe emo or "being emo" as a kind of attitude towards life , while the older representatives of the scene focus more on music, mainly the emocore culture, and younger emos as " wannabes " ( wannabes ) describe. Thus there is also a demarcation within the scene that is tied to age. However, the scene as a whole is ascribed a tolerant and open interaction with one another.
Musical understanding, the scene and fashion
Example bands that are assigned to the scene and attitudes towards commercialization
Today, in the wake of the fashion trend, many - in some cases commercially successful - bands that are musically more closely associated with alternative rock , post-hardcore or metalcore are referred to as emo. For example, Funeral for a Friend was founded in Wales in 2002 , a commercially successful band whose style, however, musically and in terms of content, no longer has much to do with the emo sound. Nevertheless, this group is regarded as the epitome of the genre in both fashion culture and the musical press, which is often viewed as undifferentiated or even wrong. Many subsequent bands more or less made their sound their own. Also in the early 2000s, for example, Silverstein was created , whose style is just as strongly associated with the genre, but only indirectly has to do with it.
To varying degrees, the majority are the about post-hardcore and metalcore associated bands Black Veil Brides , Pierce the Veil , Senses Fail , Alesana , Hawthorne Heights , Chiodos and many other typical examples of the genre emo or screamo seen. The American art rock band Blue October has also been referred to as a representative of emo because of their musical style . In Germany the band Tokio Hotel popular, but this is unpopular with the supporters of the scene.
In this context, supporters of this phenomenon often emphasize that the majority of the alternative rock, simple post-hardcore and metalcore bands they describe as emo or screamo are either a further development or one with the existing one Emo / Screamo related new development trade; However, this is offset by the fact that there is little or no musical or content-related similarities (see here and here ).
The general music press as well as the music industry for commercial purposes are likely to have a greater share in the development of assigning such bands to this genre. Another example is the now defunct British post-hardcore band Fei Comodo , which enjoyed a high level of popularity in the British emo scene - not least because the band is responsible for the title music of the parody Mighty Moshin 'Emo Rangers . Nevertheless, this group has nothing in common with the actual genre.
According to the author Ronald Hitzler , the emo culture, in contrast to the Antifa - and the hardcore punk scene, is not entirely opposed to commercialization within the music industry, while Antifa is completely different from commerce and hardcore punks and goths from scene bands, who achieve successes labeled as “commercial” distance themselves. According to Hitzler, unlike hardcore punk, the emo scene doesn't seem to be hostile to the commercialization of events and meeting places.
The scene
In contrast to other youth scenes, music is not the focus of emo. From the music style a fashion and attitude to life developed in which feelings and world pain are publicly displayed. Still, music is considered the foundation of emo culture. The age of the young people in the scene is between 14 and 20 years. It is rare to find older people who are committed to this youth culture. Many members of the scene come from middle-class families and the upper middle class.
The emo movement is predominantly introverted, even if the followers of the scene pay close attention to their appearance. The display of emotions and feelings is a main part of the scene and is often practiced in the form of poetry , among other things . In other youth cultural circles, showing feelings is more likely to attract ridicule. The androgyny of the scene and the fact that boys adapt to the female gender (put on make-up and pay more attention to their appearance) are also not accepted by other scenes such as the hip-hop scene, as they reflect the typical roles of men and women See "dissolved". The visual kei scene also has to struggle with this prejudice, among other things. Birgit Bütow ascribes a provocative value to the adaptation of male emos to women in her book Body · Gender · Affect: Self-portrayals and educational processes in youthful social spaces , which leads to the fact that the scene is often drawn into the discourses of other youth scenes and cultures.
“Gender-related identity work is always staging work and practice, playing with different forms of representation, referring to gender discourses in various ways and provoking that the actors are often 'called into' discourses depending on the staging. This can be shown using the example of male stagings in the emo scene, which due to their latent provocation of masculinity stereotypes and thus also of heteronormativity are interactive and often also discursive and reflective for those involved. "
In a shorter documentary film in the JugendKULTur series (2009) on ZDFinfo , it is said that the feelings of others come before one's own. Friendship is also very important within the scene. The scene is very active on the internet; There are almost 500 different “Emo” groups in the Facebook social network alone . Meetings, so-called "Emotreffs", are also organized there. In 2009 one of the largest meetings with several hundred participants took place in Stuttgart .
Julia Austermann wrote that we are dealing with the emo scene is a "recreational scene" and that it as are several categories in other youth cultures, such as "real picture", "Emo kiddie" and "wannabe" (English. Wannabe ). The latter, according to Austermann, were already part of the scene if they corresponded to the external characteristic (mainly relating to fashion). The Dortmund sociologist Daniela Eichholz says that the scene is "tailored to the needs of pubescent". She also says that you can still be a child within the scene and show understanding for bad moods.
Fashion
The dress code and clothing fashion of the emo scene is made up of elements of the dress codes and clothing fashion of other scenes. These include studded belts (originally from the punk scene), skater shoes ( Converse Chucks from grunge and Vans from skater culture), dyed black hair and black as the basic color of clothing (from the Gothic scene, among others ) and the checked pattern ( from the rockabilly ). The black basic color of clothing is usually contrasted with bright color samples. In addition, skinny jeans are the most common in the scene . In addition to the typical skinny jeans, there are also mini skirts for girls that bring out the sexual attractiveness of the female sex.
The style also includes a pony hairstyle, eyes rimmed with kohl and piercings (mostly angel and / or snakebites , but also tunnels ). Thus, the emo style can be described as a "hybrid culture". These characteristics can be found in the scene in both the female and the male sex. The outfit should reflect the emotional state of each person.
In addition to classic clothing patterns, there are also fashion labels such as Cupcake Cult or Heartless , which are popular in the scene. The T-shirt motifs show a certain girl or boy symbolism (mostly in the form of cartoons or anime characters , but also well-known horror film protagonists) and are depicted "more brutally" in order to counteract the symbolism in an ironic way. Band shirts from the metalcore , post-hardcore and deathcore scene are also very popular.
In contrast to the rather “gloomy” clothing, particularly cute accessories such as Hello Kitty items can often be found in the scene. According to Austermann, a central motif in emo fashion is the razor blade, which is available for purchase in various trendy shops, for example as an earring or a belt buckle. In addition, according to Austermann, the “scratching” does not necessarily appear to be a clinical picture, but also to be a fashion phenomenon among young people. Still, many followers of the scene defend themselves against the claim that all emos would cut themselves.
There are fans of the scene who admit the “style robbery”. However, they state that their aim is to create something “new” and “their own” from what is already there.
“Emo itself just tried to combine different elements into one. That which is good from the different directions can simply be made into one, and that just turned into emo. "
Britta Schuboth writes in Birgit Bütow's book Body · Gender · Affect: Self-Staging and Educational Processes in Adolescent Social Spaces that both boys and girls are almost equally dressed. The difference is that girls wear skirts and hair clips and tend to be more colorfully dressed within the scene than the male followers. A mixture of the colors black with red, purple or pink dominates.
Social status
Carola Padtberg from SCHULSpiegel describes Emo as “the first youth scene in which boys adapt to girls” and thus “turns the role model on its head”, which causes ridicule and incomprehension in other youth cultural scenes. She cites features such as long hair and make-up as examples, which, however, could be found in other scenes before; long hair is also worn by male hippies or metalheads and make-up is used in glam rock , new romantics and goths, glam metal and black metal , albeit with different motifs and intentions (for example, the corpse paint in black metal based on Corpses ). Other scenes do not recognize “Emo” as a separate youth culture, as it draws on other youth scenes. The book author and cultural scientist Jonas Engelmann writes that members of the emo scene refused to adhere to social and aesthetic norms, thereby attracting hatred.
According to youth researcher Marc Calmbach , the classic gender roles are being dissolved by the emo movement. In other youth cultures where “normal” gender roles existed (e.g. hip-hop ), male emos in particular are described as “ gay crybugs who have no friends and who cut their arms”. The German rapper Gin Tonik published the emo-diss song around this time in which he "wishes them dead". In this very piece he also describes the representatives of the fad as a "rabble of transvestites". The rapper Sido also wrote in his play The sky should wait about a typical cliché that the scene has struggled with for years. It says that death should get the emos because they would hate their life.
"Wait, stop, you can't let me go yet.
You'd better take these emos that hate their lives"
It is also said that the male self-portrayal within the emo scene is in contrast to the general ideal of masculinity and its competition and hierarchy within the male gender group. This confrontation of self-portrayal and general male ideals often led to violent and criminal confrontations with members of the emo scene. But emos are not only hated in youth cultures with clear gender roles. In the punk scene, too, the emo scene has been hounded for several years. In April 2008, around a thousand punks in Mexico got together to “chase emos out of the city”. One of the reasons given was “symbol theft” from other cultures. According to Austermann, the patriarchal structure in countries such as Mexico or Chile is also the cause of the persecution of male emos. In Chile, the emo scene is one of the largest youth cultures, but it has become an emotionally controversial topic because of its external emotionality and the androgynous or feminine self-portrayal.
Many other scenes such as punk, gothic , wave , rap or metal have declared the emo scene to be a common enemy. In contrast to the hip-hop subculture, these do not directly denounce the androgynous appearance of the scene, but rather the fact that they have misappropriated their style and are selling it as their own style. However, there is also a post in the Mexican blog Movimiento Anti Emo Sexual in which emo is equated with homosexuality , as emos appeared tearful, androgynous and extremely unmanly.
“Emo is the new gay! [...] Because they are all so tearful. Gay is just the right word for something that is somehow effeminate and sucks. "
There were also posts on this blog that encouraged the incitement and murder of emos.
"Metal fans, punks, goths, we have to team up to put an end to the emos once and for all [...] Support your fatherland, kill an emo."
In early 2012, 90 youths were stoned by religious militias in Iraq because they were part of the emo scene. In this country, emo culture is branded as Satanism by the Home Office . Because of their style of clothing, musical tastes and hairstyles, emos became an object of hate for the religious police. Another article in Welt Online states that the young people were killed with stones or shot directly. In the course of the hunt, some followers of the scene are said to have been knocked off the roof, an Islamist punishment for homosexuality. The Brigades of Anger organization claimed responsibility for the attacks . The religious police in Saudi Arabia are also watching the scene with suspicion. In 2010, ten girls from the emo scene were arrested by police for causing disturbance in a coffee shop. In Turkey , emo is seen as a threat to the country's religious and conservative values and is a cause for concern.
Followers of the emo culture are often said to have auto-aggressive behavior and a tendency to suicidality . A possible reason for this could be the publication of self-portraits decorated with blood or razor blades on the Internet. Manuel Iber, founder of the online portal emostar.de (Germany's largest emo community), is of the opinion that these images should be understood as a kind of art. The public display of sensitivity is also given as a reason for rejecting the scene.
Because of this prejudice that followers of the emo scene have a tendency to self-harm (often associated with "gashes", cutting open arms and legs with razor blades, knives and scissors etc.) and to suicide , many jokes arose about the scene some of which have a discriminatory effect and are mainly distributed on the Internet. Likewise, the term “emo” is used as a derogatory term for soulful people and is considered an “insult” in other scenes.
“I don't see myself as emo, because emo has become totally disreputable in society. There are those who cut themselves and run around depressed and don't know what to do with themselves [...] Emo is basically just a style and the music, I think both are good, so I'm basically an emo . We are all Wannabes, because only those from the emocore bands are real emos, because we copied it from them. "
Although the scene is not recognized by many other scenes, according to experts, emo is considered to be the most popular youth culture. In some countries such as Egypt or Russia , people have already discussed banning the culture because of its androgynous appearance. In early July 2008, Yevgeny Yuryev submitted a bill to the Duma to ban the wearing of emo outfits in schools. The reason he gave was that emo promotes depression , a lack of prospects and social withdrawal. One portal even mentioned cannibalism . Some representatives see the emo scene as an heir to the hippie movement, in which there are hardly any taboos. Documentaries about the scene have been published on ZDFinfo , KiKA , ProSieben and RTL , among others . On the RTL show, however, fans of the scene criticized the cliché thinking about the scene and the lack of objectivity in internet forums and social networks. RTL described Emo as a “trend towards self-mutilation” or as a “cry for help for attention”, while ProSieben associated the scene with the borderline syndrome . Grinik attributed to the two documentaries that in the foreground "blood, self-destruction and disturbed parents" served as a spectacle:
"The focus in the ProSieben and RTL reports is on the spectacle - blood, self-destruction and disturbed parents."
Print media such as the Rheinpfalz am Sonntag were also negative and condescending about the scene.
“Only one thing can help against the evils of this world: being depressed, whining, howling and scratching your arms with razor blades until blood flows. Inner pain must be carried outwards. Don't you think so? Then ask some young people. There is a scene that declares this to be their way of life. Just as others go to the stadium every Saturday out of love for football, they sit in groups for hours on park benches, depressed and regretting themselves. "
In adult society, according to Beate Großegger, the cliché picture of emo as " Ritzer " prevails . The media and public debate portray the scene as a problem area: Emo makes people depressed, induces young people to behave in self-harm or even encourages suicidal thoughts . Grossegger found that there was hardly any prejudice-free discussion of the culture, self-image and history of emos. The emergence of this youth culture from hardcore punk, which in turn emerged from the punk movement in the late 1970s, is hardly mentioned in the public debate. Hardly anyone is interested in what the scene stands for.
The British broadcaster MTV2 has been broadcasting the series Mighty Moshin 'Emo Rangers since 2005 . It's a parody of the Power Rangers and turns negative to the emo scene. To date, a total of nine episodes have been created in two seasons. An episode is just under five minutes long. The opening song of the short film series was recorded by the British post-hardcore band Fei Comodo , which has often been associated with emo culture. A Flash video game called Go Go Emo Rangers even existed on Newgrounds .
literature
- Martin Büsser , Jonas Engelmann , Ingo Rüdiger : Emo - portrait of a scene. Ventil Verlag, release: October 2013.
- Leonie Mainka : Youth and Youth Cultures in the 21st Century.
- Birgit Bütow (Ed.): Body, Gender, Affect: Self-Staging and Educational Processes in Young Social Spaces Springer Fachmedien.
- Ronald Hitzler , Arne Niederbacher : Life in Scenes: Forms of Youth Communalization Today Springer Fachmedien.
- L. Grinik, L. John, J. Linse and M. Sauter: Emo - Eine Jugendsubkultur Grin Verlag, 2011.
- Julia Austermann: Representations of male adolescents in the digital emo scene. (PDF) Master's thesis in the Media Culture course at the University of Siegen, 2011.
Web links
- YouTube : Emo: youth culture in view, Luphe Campus .
- KI.KA : ME! am emo .
- ZDFinfo : JugendKULTur - Emo by Monja Eigenschenk (2009).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Enrico Ippolito: Emo movement: Against philistines. In: TAZ , March 20, 2012, accessed December 28, 2012.
- ↑ a b c d e Akiko Lachenmann: The emo scene: In the intoxication of feelings . ( Memento from January 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Stuttgarter Zeitung , January 14, 2009; Retrieved August 3, 2013.
- ^ Gregory Heaney: Sleeping with Sirens - Biography . billboard.com; Retrieved March 25, 2013.
- ↑ a b Origin of Emo .
- ↑ Music that is "in a class of its own in our beautiful country, even in Europe." From a review at the store and dispatch of Green Hell; greenhell.de ( Memento of the original from January 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 21, 2008
- ↑ FUZE Magazine , No. 7, December 2007 / January 2008; P. 20.
- ↑ Birgit Bütow: Body · Gender · Affect: Self-portrayals and educational processes in youthful social spaces. P. 85.
- ↑ Ronald Hitzler, Arne Niederbacher: Life in Scenes: Forms of juvenile Vergemeinschaftung today. P. 82.
- ↑ An Interview with Robert Bray of the Locust (English)
- ↑ Interview with Justin Pearson. skatepunk.com (English)
- ↑ Swing Kids. sandiegoreader.com (English)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Carola Padtberg: Youth Culture Emo - Discover the girl in you . SCHULSpiegel , published on March 11, 2010, accessed on December 28, 2012.
- ↑ a b Emos: Mainstream eats subculture . ( Memento of the original from December 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. max.de
- ↑ a b c d Birgit Bütow: Body · Gender · Affect: Self-portrayals and educational processes in youthful social spaces. P. 83: Constructions of masculinity in the youth culture Emo and their echo charged with aggression .
- ↑ a b c d Birgit Bütow: Body · Gender · Affect: Self-portrayals and educational processes in youthful social spaces. Pp. 89-92.
- ↑ bands.rock-im-park.de accessed on December 26, 2007; Quote: "[...] catapulted the band ( My Chemical Romance , editorial assumption) from New Jersey to the top of the Screamo / Emocore genre."
- ↑ arte.tv ( Memento of the original from January 29, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed December 26, 2007; Quote from the arte magazine Tracks : “Alexisonfire is Canada's export demonstration in the Emo genre. [...] You play with the genres, but you don't have a big problem with the emo stamp either. "
- ↑ "So far I was actually very well served in the screamo-emo-track with [...] MY CHEMICAL ROMANCE, and so the question quickly arose whether the space reserved for BULLET FOR MY VALENTINE in the record shelf makes sense." Powermetal reviews Retrieved December 26, 2007.
- ↑ Musicchannel.cc accessed on December 26, 2007: "Funeral For A Friend play pure Emo / Sreamo."
- ↑ The Texans present their seventh studio album "Any Man In America" . ( Memento from November 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , November 15, 2011
- ↑ The major music magazines such as Visions and other formats that appeal to young people in particular should be mentioned here, which repeatedly bring such alternative rock, post-hardcore and metalcore bands onto the front pages as emo or screamo bands.
- ↑ Ronald Hitzler , Arne Niederbacher : Life in Scenes: Forms of juvenile Vergemeinschaftung today. P. 194 (second edition published in 2005 by VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften )
- ↑ a b c d Jan Oberländer: Who are they actually? Finds emo . In: Tagesspiegel , July 4, 2008, accessed December 28, 2012
- ↑ Smiled at and hated - emos and masculinity . ( Memento of the original from August 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. der-z-weit-blick.de
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Julia Austermann: Representations of male adolescents in the digital emo scene. (PDF) Master's thesis at the University of Siegen, 2011.
- ↑ a b Birgit Bütow: Body · Gender · Affect: Self-portrayals and educational processes in youthful social spaces. P. 88
- ↑ a b c d The documentation was shot by Monja Eigenschenk for the ZDFinfokanal and was published in October 2009. Since the media library does not keep this documentation, I refer to the version on YouTube (2 parts).
- ↑ Emo clothing (example). ( Memento of the original from December 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. emo-style.net
- ↑ What do emos want? Youtube
- ↑ Chris Campion: In the Face of Death . In: The Observer , February 20, 2005.
- ↑ Denial Of God . ( Memento of the original from April 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Mirgilus.com
- ↑ a b c Birgit Bütow : Body Gender Affect: Self-portrayals and educational processes in youthful social spaces. P. 84: Constructions of masculinity in the youth culture of Emo and their echo full of aggression .
- ↑ Sebastian Hofer: Youth Violence in Mexico - Kill an Emo , Spiegel Online , April 6, 2010, accessed on December 28, 2012
- ↑ a b max.de: Emos: Hated Youth Movement ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b max.de: Deployment of the emo haters ( Memento of the original from December 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Florian Flade: Iraq: Militias are said to have stoned 90 emo youths , Welt Online , March 12, 2012, accessed on December 28, 2012.
- ↑ Florian Flade, Dietrich Alexander: On the death list because they wear black . Welt Online , March 12, 2012; accessed on December 31, 2012
- ↑ Saudi 'emo' girls busted by religious cops , May 23, 2010, accessed December 28, 2012.
- ↑ a b c d Martin Büsser: The tenderest temptation . In: Jungle World , August 14, 2008, accessed December 28, 2012.
- ↑ "Emos" and "Visus": Androgyny is booming among teenagers . eltern.t-online.de, December 22, 2010; Retrieved December 28, 2012.
- ↑ a b c d e L. Ginik: Emo - A youth subculture. P. 42
- ↑ Janina: RTL explains the world - today: EMO. biscuits.tanine.com
- ↑ RTL report explains Emo (or tries it) - ( Memento of the original from April 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Example) emo-videos.de
- ↑ RTL explains the world - Today: Emo. MyVideo
- ↑ a b Beate Grossegger: Teenage anxiety, permanent depression or “simply different”? - Focus on youth cultures: The emo scene - myths and facts. (PDF) Vienna 2013, p. 10.
- ↑ Emo Rangers. Official Homepage (English)
- ↑ Fei Comodo - Go, Go! Emo Rangers . Youtube
