Building of the Yugoslav Legation in Berlin
The building of the Yugoslav Legation in Berlin was constructed from 1938 to 1940 for the diplomatic representation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Germany . The building designed by Werner March is located at Rauchstrasse 17-18 in the embassy district of Berlin 's Tiergarten district and is a listed building .
There were two historical buildings on the property. Villa Kabrun was created in 1865–67 by the architects Ende & Böckmann on behalf of the factory owner and estate owner August Kabrun (1807–1877) and his wife Flora Luise Henriette Nicolovius (1811–1879), a great niece of Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Kabrun's grandson, Count Ulrich Brockdorff-Rantzau, became the first foreign minister of the Weimar Republic. Kabrun's daughters sold the villa to the merchant Martin Levy, who lived there until 1911. The future banker Arthur Salomonsohn, who was related to Martin Levy through his mother Ernestine Levy, also lived there as a child. The heirs, including the professor of economics Hermann Levy , ceded the property in 1925 to the chemist and industrialist Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy , who had the Villa Mendelssohn Bartholdy built on it.
In 1938 the Mendelssohn Bartholdy family, persecuted as Jewish, was expropriated by the Reich authorities through forced sale and had to emigrate . A new building for the Royal Yugoslav Embassy was erected on the property because Speer's plans for a world capital Germania envisaged the total demolition of the old headquarters in favor of the new headquarters of the Army High Command (OKH). The Yugoslav legation moved into the building in October 1940, but only used it for six months. With the attack by the Wehrmacht on Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Yugoslav state was broken up and there was no longer any need for diplomatic representation. After an interim use by Alfred Rosenberg as Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories , Werner March began converting the building into a guest house for the Greater German Reich in 1942 .
After the end of World War II in 1945, the People's Republic of Yugoslavia used the building as the headquarters of their military mission. In 1953, the Allied Command established the Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin (ORG) there. The ORG was the last instance for lawsuits for the restitution of assets to those who were racially and politically persecuted. The Mendelssohn Bartholdy family also sued for restitution of their property, including the property owned by the ORG, which had to decide on the rightful owner of the house they were using, and upheld the suit. The ORG existed until the end of its four-power status through reunification in 1990. Since 1999, the German Society for Foreign Policy e. V. (DGAP) the house.
Prehistory and location
Location of the property
The building of the Yugoslavian Legation is located at the western end of Rauchstrasse on a slightly trapezoidal corner lot, which is bordered by Rauchstrasse in the north, Drakestrasse in the west and Corneliusstrasse in the south. The Corneliusstraße is named after the history painter Peter von Cornelius , the Rauchstraße after the sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch and the Drakestraße after his pupil Friedrich Drake . The latter created the Victory Column not far from the property .
The villa district in the Tiergarten and the Villa Kabrun (1865–1924)
The area of today's embassy district lies outside the former Berlin customs wall and was not incorporated into Berlin until 1861. Since 1884 the new district has been called the Tiergarten. The property on the north side of the Landwehrgraben (today's Landwehrkanal from the opening of the canal in 1850) between today's Klingelhöferstrasse and Lichtensteinallee was named Albrechtshof from 1835 after the landowner, a widow Albrecht. The northern Uferstraße on the Landwehr Canal was called Albrechtshof-Ufer from 1849, before it was given the name Corneliusstraße, which is still valid today, in 1867.
After the Albrechtshof had been parceled out , the reindeer August Kabrun acquired the plot of land at Rauchstrasse 17-18 at the corner of Drakestrasse from the secret and government building officer Friedrich Hitzig in 1865 . The plot size was given as 139.85 square rods ; the purchase price was 14,250 thalers . From 1865–67, the new owner had the Kabrun villa built on the property by the architects Ende & Böckmann. The two office owners, Hermann Ende and Wilhelm Böckmann , built a number of villas in Berlin's Tiergarten district from 1860, especially in the diplomatic quarter. Villa Kabrun had a basement and had a ground floor and an upper floor. In 1873 the merchant Martin Levy bought the villa from Kabrun and lived in the house himself from then on.
Villa Mendelssohn Bartholdy (1925–1933)
In 1925/26 the 46-year-old Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy the Elder took over . J. the corner property at Rauchstrasse 17 from Levy's heirs, Hermann Levy and his sister Julie Reissert, on a long lease . He was the son of the chemist and Agfa founder Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy the Elder. Ä. and the grandson of the composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy . Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy the Elder Like his father, J. had a doctorate in chemistry and was director of Agfa for many years. In 1925, Agfa was merged into IG Farben . Together with the Camerawerk Munich and a factory for photo paper in Leverkusen (both formerly Bayer ), Agfa formed Division III ( photo chemistry ) of IG Farben, which had its headquarters in Berlin at SO 36 (Kreuzberg) and Mendelssohn Bartholdy as IG Farben director was directed. Construction sites at Rauchstrasse 17-18 are listed in the Berlin address book from 1926. The section of Drakestrasse between Corneliusstrasse and Rauchstrasse (the western border of the property of the later embassy) did not yet have a house number, but there was also a construction site there in 1926. In 1927 the newly built Villa Mendelssohn Bartholdy was bought by Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy the Elder. J. moved in with his wife Johanna, a British citizen. At that time, the couple were still childless. The address was next to “Dr. P. Mendelssohn Bartholdy “only a porter named Zander reported as owner and head of household - as another head of household and thus possibly living there with his family.
Expropriation and emigration (1933–1938)
Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy was persecuted by the National Socialists as a prominent member of the Mendelssohn family of Jewish origin and as a so-called “money Jew” . His extensive family could be seen as a prime example of successful assimilation . Most of the branches of the family had converted to the Protestant faith by the middle of the 19th century at the latest , had success, gained wealth and a high social position. Paul's oldest brother Otto was ennobled in 1907 .
In October 1937, Mendelssohn Bartholdy's property was encumbered with a security mortgage of RM 60,000 from “Reich Flight Tax for the German Reich”. The Reichsfluchtsteuer amounted to 25% of the taxable assets and was due on giving up the domestic residence. In 1938 the family was forced to sell the villa and property on the basis of the Reich Law on the Redesign of German Cities. The approximately 1000 m² property at Rauchstrasse No. 17 with the stately house was transferred to the German Empire for a purchase price of 170,000 RM . As is customary with forced sales as part of the “ Aryanization ”, the purchase price of 170 RM per square meter of building land in a central location was only a fraction of the value. The security mortgage was canceled in August 1938 against the purchase price. In addition, Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy had to pay the so-called Helldorf donation as a compulsory levy. The Villa Mendelssohn Bartholdy was demolished.
The other parts of the final property (Rauchstrasse 18 and Drakestrasse 4) were expropriated in 1940 and also fell to the German Reich.
Building history and architecture
Germania and the embassy district
As part of the development plan of the National Socialist chief architect Albert Speer and his authority General Building Inspectorate (GBI) for the construction of the capital Germania , the area at the southern Tiergarten, known today as the embassy quarter, was declared a diplomatic quarter. Twelve embassy buildings were to be erected in order to create space for the execution of Speer's plans in the government district near the Brandenburg Gate as the embassies moved away, which were to go beyond all previously known urban planning standards. In order to realize his plans, residential buildings in Berlin were demolished in 1938–39, and the tenants who were to be relocated received replacement apartments, which were vacated at Speer's instigation by the evacuation and deportation of Jews. In order to create space for the "Royal Yugoslav Embassy", three properties were expropriated and merged: Rauchstrasse 17 and 18 and Drakestrasse 4.
Before the move, the Yugoslav Legation and the Legation Office were located at Großadmiral-Prinz-Heinrich-Straße 17, today's Hitzigallee, on the northwest corner with Sigismundstraße about 800 m west of Potsdamer Platz . The embassy was in the way of the plan for the "north-south axis", which provided for a new building for the Army High Command (OKH) on the western side of the planned 120 m wide boulevard at the intersection with the southern edge of the Tiergarten . The planned two-wing OKH building has a length of about 360 m in north-south direction and a width of about 280 m in east-west direction in the draft of the General Building Inspectorate in the last version, but was never built. Today, at the former location of the Yugoslav Embassy before the move, the new building of the picture gallery at the Kulturforum Berlin, built in 1988-98, is located .
Planning and construction history
Werner March , the architect of the legation building, is best known for the design of the Berlin Olympic Stadium and other buildings within the Reichssportfeld built for the 1936 Summer Olympics , for whose overall planning he was also responsible.
March designed the building in 1938 with an angular floor plan in a strict and closed architectural style, which, however, appears almost reserved compared to the neoclassical embassy buildings in the area (for example the Spanish or Italian embassy ). The construction was carried out in the years 1938-40 under the supervision of Willy Kreuer , who was employed in the March office. The construction time was originally set at 8 months, but on August 31, 1939, on the eve of the Second World War , the GBI canceled all construction work for the redesign of Berlin. Limited construction resumed after the victory over France in the summer of 1940. The Yugoslav Embassy moved into the building on October 7, 1940, and the official handover and inauguration took place on November 29, 1940, at which the Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop was represented by a State Secretary. The planning and construction time was thus extended from 8 to 23½ months, for which March received almost double the fee.
Architecture - external design
At the north-western corner of the property (intersection of Rauchstrasse and Drakestrasse) is a two-storey head building clad with thorned Thuringian travertine , in whose central axis the main portal to Rauchstrasse opens. This is followed by two wings following the streets, which in this way form an L. Together with the travertine-clad part on Drakestrasse, the structure complements the two-storey residential wing. In addition to the official reception rooms on the ground floor, it contained the representative living rooms for the ambassador on the upper floor . The building front of the residential wing on Drakestrasse is around 47 m wide, and at the southern end it protrudes with a corner by around 4 m over the building line on Corneliusstrasse, for which a special permit was granted in 1938. On the inner side of the L, the residential wing opens onto the garden.
The office wing on Rauchstrasse is set back 4 m from the building line. This part of the building, in which the offices for administrative operations are located, is plastered, with the cornices and window reveals made of travertine, as in the residential wing. The office wing has lower floor heights than the residential wing, so that it has three floors with the same eaves height . The plastered building front of the office wing facing Rauchstrasse is around 23 m wide, together with the head part of the residential wing, the entire building front facing Rauchstrasse is 44 m wide. On the eastern flank of the office wing there is a garage for a single car, set back by about 3 m from the facade , which is directly connected to the neighboring property on the side. Both the residence and the office wing have an approximately 1 m high plinth made of shredded Kirchheim shell limestone , which is seamless and without bosses , and ends with a narrow cornice at the top of the facade . The tiled roof has a Mediterranean-style monk and nun cover .
Above the main portal was a relief with the Yugoslav coat of arms created by the Nazi sculptor Arno Breker , which, however, was removed when the building was being converted. On the other hand, the design of the representative balcony in front of the ballroom with another Breker sculpture showing a woman's head above the balcony windows and the wrought-iron balcony parapet by the sculptor Ludwig Gies is still preserved . 15 years later, Gies created the federal eagle on the front of the Bundestag, which became the symbol of the Bonn Republic . The receding part of the office wing contains another entrance, above which there was a "standing stone coat of arms" made of Gauinger travertine , created by the Yugoslav artist Vilma Lehrmann , which has not been preserved. The portal walls are also made from this natural stone .
The garden behind the two wings of the building extends as far as Corneliusstrasse and provides a clear view of the Landwehr Canal . The outdoor and garden facilities around the building were designed from August 1939 by the garden planner Georg Potente in collaboration with the leading architect Werner March and the planning office Kühn & Solbrig (Berlin-Wannsee) and carried out until September 1942. Potente owed his reputation primarily to his work as a garden inspector in Sanssouci , where he worked from 1902 to 1938. Potente also developed the outdoor and garden facilities for the new construction of the waterways directorate in Potsdam (1940-42), another March design.
Architecture - interior design
After entering the residence tract through the main portal in Rauchstrasse 17 of the visitor reaches over five steps in the windscreen , the level of the ground floor, and, after opening a glazed inner door in the vestibule ( 1 ). The vestibule is about 5 m deep and twice as wide in the direction of view of the visitor (in the direction of the residence wing), with the vestibule door in line with the doors on the garden side of the residence wing and thus asymmetrically in the room. On the other side of the vestibule to the left of the visitor is the stairwell to the first floor of the residential wing, next to it there is access to two larger sanitary rooms for visitors and the transition to the office wing. The floor of the vestibule is tiled with black marble ; the walls are also clad in dark marble. To the right of the porch door is a marble-clad hidden door that led to a narrow chamber for the house servant. The room received its light from the outside through a glazed skylight , which was made according to a design by the painter and glass sculptor Charles Crodel Puhl & Wagner , who had been persecuted since 1933 . The 12 signs of the zodiac are carved into the lead-framed glass of the skylight in a reduced Art Deco style. Today the roof over the skylight is closed and the glazing is only backlit by artificial light .
Straight ahead in the line of the entrance doors is the access to the elongated gallery ( 2 ), after entering which the visitor passes a door to the dining room ( 3 ) on the right and a door to the ambassador's study ( 10 ) on the left . The floor of the gallery is also tiled with marble, but compared to the dark vestibule that has just been abandoned, the room looks bright and friendly thanks to the light-colored whitewashed walls and the high windows facing the garden. The dining room has a length of 14 m and is equipped with panel parquet . The galley kitchen ( 12 ) connects to the north side , which is connected to the dining room by two narrow doors. In the sideboard kitchen, a staircase leads to the basement to the actual, large kitchen, which is also connected to the sideboard by three parallel serving lifts . South of the dining room is the small salon ( 4 ), also known as the smoking room, the walls of which were covered with fabric.
The reception hall ( 5 ) can be entered from the small salon as well as from the gallery and, at around 12 m, takes up the entire width of the residential wing. The floor of the reception hall is tiled with light marble, the view of the visitor when entering is a mighty marble fireplace on the south side of the room. On the right hand side, three floor-to-ceiling windows open onto the French balcony on the west side, which looks splendid with the Breker sculpture and the ornamental parapet from Drakestrasse, but its shallow depth cannot be used. To the right of the fireplace, a door leads to the large salon ( 6 ), which has roughly the same dimensions as the dining room and is equipped with panel parquet. The music room ( 7 ) can be entered either from the large salon or directly from the reception hall through a door to the left of the fireplace. There are stucco ornaments on the walls and ceiling of the music room , which in their reduced form accommodate clefs and abstract musical instruments. On the south side of the music room, the door opens to the unheated winter garden ( 8 ), the walls and floor of which are made of shell limestone. The entire left front of the room to the garden is glazed and can be sunk into the ground in one piece.
Visitors to the firm tract entered this 18th by the firm Portal Drakestraße The office tract is by a central corridor opened from which a room row to Rauchstraße and a room row to the garden is accessible. The waiting room for the envoy ( 9 ) and the study for his deputy, the legation councilor ( a ) are spacious, the other rooms in the chancellery wing are rather small. Here, too, the hierarchy of furnishing details is evident, for example the office of an attaché ( l ) is parquet, while the floor of the rooms for stenographers, secretaries, cash register and post office ( b - d and e - k ) is covered with linoleum . The ambassador's study ( 10 ), on the other hand, is equipped with panel parquet, the walls are paneled with elm .
Usage history
First occupancy until the end of the war (1940–1945)
In 1940 the Yugoslav Embassy, headed by the later Nobel Prize winner Ivo Andrić , moved into the new building. Andrić had been in the diplomatic service of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes founded two years earlier since 1920 (from 1929: Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) and in 1939 had reached the climax of a remarkable career: at the beginning of April he was appointed Minister without Portfolio and traveled to Berlin and handed over his letter of accreditation to Adolf Hitler on April 19, 1939 . At the beginning of the spring of 1941, Andrić asked to be recalled as Yugoslavia's ambassador to the German Reich, but on March 25, 1941, he still took part in the signing ceremony for Yugoslavia's forced accession to the three-power pact of the Germany-Italy-Japan axis in Vienna . Two days later, Yugoslav forces close to the German war opponent Great Britain carried out a coup. As a result, the German leadership changed their plans for entering the war against Greece on the side of Italy (company "Marita"), and expanded the plan of operations to include the attack on Yugoslavia. On April 2, 1941, Colonel Vladimir Vauhnik (since 1937 military attaché at the Yugoslav Legation in Berlin) warned his superiors in Belgrade of the attack planned for April 6, stating the 32 divisions involved. Allegedly he should have received this information from Colonel Hans Oster of the Abwehr , who for Abwehr chief Canaris was connected to the national conservative resistance. On April 6, 1941, the Wehrmacht attacked Yugoslavia without a declaration of war, beginning with the bombing of Belgrade . After the 7th of April, the Germans offered to the Ambassador Andric, and maintaining his diplomatic immunity in the neutral to leave Switzerland. At his own request, however, he withdrew to Belgrade, which was now under German occupation . The military attaché Vauhnik was detained by the Gestapo for four months in defiance of his diplomatic immunity .
After the unconditional surrender of Yugoslavia on April 17, 1941, the state was smashed by annexations of Germany, Italy and Bulgaria, only fascist Croatia and the puppet state of Serbia continued to exist. Since there was no longer any need for a large diplomatic representation of Yugoslavia in the German Reich, Reich and party offices took over the building. Until 1942 Rauchstrasse No. 17-18 was the official residence of Alfred Rosenberg , Nazi chief ideologist and since July 1941 official Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories . From 1942 it was converted into a guest house for the Greater German Reich . Albert Speer, the master builder of the embassy quarter, and Alfred Rosenberg, the first landlord after the evacuation by the Yugoslav legation, were to meet again after the end of the war as defendants before the Nuremberg trial of the main war criminals . Rosenberg was sentenced to death and executed in 1946, Speer was sentenced to 20 years in prison and was released in 1966.
Post-war period (1945–1953)
After the end of the war in May 1945, only two buildings in the entire Rauchstrasse had survived the air raids by Western Allied bombers and the conquest of Berlin by the Red Army to some extent unscathed, the Yugoslav Legation building was one of them. The building was handed over to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia , which used it as the headquarters of their military mission until 1953.
The Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin (1953–1990)
In 1953 the Allied Command established the Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin (ORG), which from then on had its seat in the building of the former Yugoslav Embassy. The Allied Command was the supreme institution of the four victorious powers in Berlin. In 1953, after the departure of the Soviet Union, only the three powers USA , Great Britain and France belonged to the Allied Command . The ORG for Berlin was the final instance for claims by those persecuted by the Nazi regime to the restitution of assets and was opened on October 28, 1953 in the former embassy building in the presence of Walther Schreiber , the Governing Mayor of Berlin, and the three Western Allied city commanders .
“With its occupation by a Swedish national as president and an equal number of Allied and German judges, it is the first of its kind to be established in Germany. Its establishment is the result of the very close and friendly cooperation between the Allied Commandant and the German authorities in Berlin. "
In the former dining room there was now the court session room, in which a simultaneous interpreting system was installed, since English and French were permitted as the language of negotiation in addition to German. The bench was on the south side of the hall, the small salon behind it served as a consultation room. The court used the large salon and music room as office space. The ambassador's former study was now the court president's room.
Because of the special position given by Berlin's four-power status , the ORG for Berlin was left out as a separate institution from the 1955 consolidation of the ORG in the other three zones of occupation. Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy sued for restitution of the property lost through expropriation and forced sale. The property that was reclaimed also included the property in Rauchstrasse 17, on which the ORG was now located, which had to decide on the rightful owner of the house they were using themselves. In 1964 the court sentenced the then owner, People's Republic of Yugoslavia, to grant a co-ownership share to the only child of Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy, who died in 1956. The share was calculated from the hypothetical value of the partial property at Rauchstrasse 17 at the time of the forced sale minus the price paid in 1938 and was converted into a security mortgage of DM 84,250 in favor of the heiress. The security mortgage was canceled in 1967 after the Federal Republic of Germany had paid the heiress.
In 1975 the State of Berlin bought the property for DM 2,500,000 from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and incorporated it into the assets of the Senator for Justice. In the summer of 1988, three redress cases were still pending before the Supreme Restitution Court before it finally ceased operations in 1990. Since the reunification, the Federal Court of Justice has been responsible for these questions of reparation.
Today's use by the DGAP (since 1995)
The state of Berlin sold the property and house in 1995 to the German Society for Foreign Policy , which was founded in 1955 and has been using it as its headquarters since moving in in 1999. The DGAP administration and the editorial office of the journal Internationale Politik (formerly Europa-Archiv ) are located in the office wing . The research institute, library and DGAP documentation center are located in the residential wing. The library is open to all interested users. There are also conference and seminar rooms in the building as well as an exhibition area in the foyer.
The event rooms on the ground floor of the Residenz wing are now named after people from the history of DGAP or refer to DGAP sponsors. The only exception is the former dining room, which is named after the resistance fighter Hans von Dohnanyi . The reception hall is now called Kurt-Birrenbach -aal after the CDU foreign politician and former president of the DGAP . The music room is also named after a former DGAP President and is now called Baron-Alfred-von-Oppenheim -Saal. The ambassador's room is named after Otto Wolff , who headed the Eastern Committee of German Business for 45 years and was honorary president of the DGAP. The naming of the gallery with "Alfred Herrhausen Saal" is more likely to be explained by the support of DGAP by the Alfred Herrhausen Society than from Herrhausen's role in DGAP history. It is similar with the Great Salon, which is now called "Robert Bosch Saal" , and points to the association between the DGAP and the Robert Bosch Foundation .
Conferences, working discussions and lectures by foreign and security politicians, diplomats and experts from research and business take place on the premises of the DGAG. The events focus on current issues in German and European foreign policy . Since 2003, this has included Germany's relationship with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, especially Poland, as well as Russia and its neighboring countries. The traditional topic of Franco-German relations was also regularly the subject of events. Another central topic was security policy , in particular the threat of terrorism and nuclear proliferation , the new role of NATO and the transformation of the Bundeswehr . Outside Europe, the focus was on Israel and the Middle East and the transatlantic relationship with the US.
High-ranking representatives of the respective countries, often the foreign or defense ministers, spoke at many events. Also Federal President Köhler and Chancellor Merkel took part in events or held keynote speeches. A highlight was the celebration of Hans-Dietrich Genscher's 80th birthday in March 2007, when almost all foreign ministers who were involved in the negotiation of the two-plus-four treaty met for a fireplace chat in the "Kurt Birrenbach Hall": Shevardnadze ( USSR ), Dumas ( France ), Meckel and de Maizière (both GDR ), Skubiszewski ( Poland ) and Dienstbier ( Czechoslovakia ).
literature
Family Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Agfa and the Aryanization
- Thomas Lackmann : The Mendelssohns' luck. Story of a German family. 2nd Edition. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-351-02600-5 .
- Arthur Prinz and Avraham Barkai: Jews in German Economic Life: Social and Economic Structure in Transition 1850-1914. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1984, ISBN 3-16-744825-3 .
- Neil Rosenstein: The Unbroken Chain: Biographical Sketches and Genealogy of Illustrious Jewish Families from the 15th-20th Century. 2nd edition. Computer Center for Jewish Genealogy, New York 1990, ISBN 0-9610578-4-X .
World capital Germania, Albert Speer and the embassy district
- Susanne Willems: The resettled Jew - Albert Speer's housing market policy for the Berlin capital construction. Edition Hentrich, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-89468-259-0 .
- Alexander Kropp: The Political Significance of the National Socialist Representative Architecture - Albert Speer's redesign plans for the conversion of Berlin to the “World Capital Germania” 1936–1942 / 43. Ars Una, Neuried 2005, ISBN 3-89391-135-9 .
- Hans J. Reichhardt, Wolfgang Schächen : From Berlin to Germania: about the destruction of the Reich capital through Albert Speer's redesign plans. Catalog for an exhibition at the Landesarchiv Berlin, November 7, 1984 to April 30, 1985. Landesarchiv, Berlin 1985.
- Wolfgang Schächen: Architecture and urban development in Berlin between 1933 and 1945 - planning and building under the aegis of the city administration. Gebrüder Mann, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-7861-1178-2 .
- Wolfgang Schächen: Foreign messages. Transit Buchverlag, Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-88747-022-2 . (2 volumes were published for the building exhibition Berlin. Volume 1: The building of the former Italian embassy in Berlin-Tiergarten. Volume 2: The building of the former Japanese embassy in Berlin-Tiergarten. Both volumes are bilingual and contain a general part that deals with the Germania planning and the embassy quarter. Text and images of this general part are identical in both volumes except for the language of the translation - Italian and English.)
Nazi architecture, Werner March and the legation building
- Matthias Donath: Architecture in Berlin 1933–1945. published by the Landesdenkmalamt Berlin. Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 3-936872-26-0 .
- Sabine Konopka: Living at the Tiergarten - the buildings on Rauchstrasse. Published by Groth + Graalfs as part of the International Building Exhibition Berlin 1987. Konopka, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-924812-08-X .
- Wolfgang Schächen: The "diplomatic quarter" in Berlin-Tiergarten. Expert opinion for the State Monuments Office, Berlin 1985. (To determine the status as a listed building.)
- Thomas Schmidt: Werner March, architect of the Olympic Stadium: 1894–1976. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Berlin, Boston 1992, ISBN 3-7643-2455-4 .
- Jakob Straub (photography) and Andreas Fecht (text): Shadows of Power - Architecture of National Socialism in Berlin. Jovis, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-936314-64-0 .
- Jürgen Tomisch: Monuments in Berlin - Mitte district - Moabit, Hansaviertel and Tiergarten districts. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2005, ISBN 3-86568-035-6 . (Published in the series Monument Topography Federal Republic of Germany.)
- Erich Voss: New Legation Buildings in Berlin. In: Art in the German Empire. Part B: The art of architecture. Vol. 4, 1940.
- Helmut Weihsmann: Building under the swastika - architecture of decline. Promedia, Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-85371-113-8 .
Use during the Second World War: Yugoslav Legation, East Ministry, guest house
- Radovan Popovic: Ivo Andrić - his life. Translated from Serbo-Croatian by Brigitte Simić. Zadužbina Ive Andrića, Belgrade 1988.
- Vladimir Vauhnik : Memoirs of a Military Attaché - A fight against Hitler's instinct. Edicion Palabra eslovena, Buenos Aires 1967.
- Christine Blum-Minkel: Alfred Rosenberg as Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories. University of Hamburg, 1995. (Master's thesis, Central Library of Philosophy, History and Classical Philology of the State and University Library Hamburg)
- Ernst Piper: Alfred Rosenberg - Hitler's chief ideologist. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 3-570-55021-4 .
- Alfred Rosenberg: Last Notes - Nuremberg 1945/46. Jomsburg-Verlag, Uelzen 1996, ISBN 3-931637-01-8 .
Post-war use: military mission, ORG, DGAP
- Volker Kähne: Courthouse in Berlin - a legal and architectural perspective. Haude & Spener, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-7759-0318-6 .
- Friedrich Scholz: Berlin and its justice. Walter de Gruyter, 1982, ISBN 3-11-008679-4 .
- Annual report of the German Society for Foreign Policy V. German Society for Foreign Policy, Berlin 1999, ISSN 0177-9826 .
Web links
- History of the house on the website of the current user, the DGAP
- Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
- Sketches and architectural drawings of the Yugoslav embassy made 1938–40 by Werner March ( Architekturmuseum der TU Berlin )
- Drawings of the exterior and garden design made 1946–47 by Herta Hammerbacher (Architekturmuseum der TU Berlin)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Drake Street. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
- ↑ Overview of the new division of the city of Berlin into districts and districts. Grunert, Berlin 1884.
- ↑ Albrechtshof-Ufer. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
- ↑ Land register of the Potsdam gate district. Volume 25, Sheet No. 729, First Section. In: District Court of Tempelhof-Kreuzberg, Berlin.
- ↑ 139.85 square rods, based on the Rhenish rod of 3.766 m, which was valid in Prussia at the time, correspond to a property area of 1,983.5 m²
- ↑ A Vereinstaler weighed 18.5 grams with a silver content of 900/1000 fine silver , so the purchase price corresponded to 237.5 kg of fine silver, or 7,635.8 troy ounces of silver. With silver prices fluctuating strongly today between USD 5 and USD 20, this corresponds to a monetary value of USD 40,000 and USD 150,000. However, with such long periods of time, a comparison with purchasing power and average income makes more sense.
- ^ End, Hermann Gustav Louis . In: Wolfgang Ribbe, Wolfgang Schächen (eds.): Builders, architects, urban planners - biographies on the structural development of Berlin. Stapp, Berlin 1987, p. 612.
- ^ Ende & Böckmann: Villa Kabrun near Berlin. Building description with 4 lithographs: 2 views, floor plans, average. Bl. 12: Villa Kabrun near Berlin. Average ABC D. Bl. 15 and 17: Villa Kabrun near Berlin. Sheet 16: Villa Kabrun near Berlin. Basement. Ground floor. I. floor. In: Allgemeine Bauzeitung. Weekly for architects, engineers, decorators, construction professionals, economists, building contractors and […]. Vienna, forester. Volume 32, 1867, p. 137. Online (Accessed September 15, 2008.)
- ↑ Excerpt from the basic file of the Tiergarten district court, the property was then purchased in 1937
- ↑ a b Rauchstrasse 17 . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1927, part 4, p. 823. “ E Dr. Mendelssohn – Bartholdy, P. “( E for owner).
- ↑ Thomas Lackmann: The luck of the Mendelssohns . Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 2005.
- ↑ Arthur Prinz, Avraham Barkai: Jews in German economic life . Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1984, p. 90.
- ↑ Rauchstrasse . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1926, part 4, p. 813.
- ↑ Drake Street . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1926, part 4, p. 214.
- ^ Neil Rosenstein: The Unbroken Chain , 2nd edition. Computer Center for Jewish Genealogy, New York 1990, p. 210.
- ^ Lackmann: The luck of the Mendelssohns. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 2005, p. 416.
- ↑ a b Land register of the Potsdam gate district. Volume 25, sheet no. 729, third section, serial no. 34, entry from October 21, 1937. The contract was dated October 1, 1937. In: District Court of Tempelhof-Kreuzberg, Berlin.
- ^ Decree of the Reich Flight Tax in the Reich Law Gazette 1931 , repeatedly extended until 1951.
- ↑ Imperial Law on the New German cities of 4 October 1937. In: Reichsgesetzblatt - Part I. 1937, p 1054 - 1055
- ↑ Without appraising the value of the 12 year old villa.
- ↑ The square meter price of 170 RM corresponds to approx. 610 EUR at 2000 prices according to conversion information (purchasing power) according to the Hamburg State Archives and the Federal Statistical Office based on the year 2000. In: Fredrik Matthaei: Kaufkraft ( Memento from January 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ): 1 Reichsmark (1937/38) = 3.58 euros. (Accessed January 3, 2015)
- ↑ Hans J. Reichhardt and Wolfgang Schächen: From Berlin to Germania: about the destruction of the Reich capital by Albert Speer's redesign plans. Catalog for an exhibition at the Landesarchiv Berlin, November 7, 1984 to April 30, 1985. Landesarchiv, Berlin 1985.
- ^ Wolfgang Schächen: Architecture and Urban Development in Berlin between 1933 and 1945. 2nd edition. Gebrüder Mann, Berlin 1992.
- ↑ Susanne Willems: The resettled Jew. Edition Hentrich, Berlin 2002.
- ↑ Directory of authorities, Dept. 122 . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1940, part 3, p. 12.
- ↑ Großadmiral-Prinz-Heinrich-Strasse . In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
- ↑ The Hitzigallee ends today at Sigismundstrasse. At the planning time in 1938 it crossed Sigismundstrasse and continued north to Tiergartenstrasse. In 1982 this section of the road was converted into building land. 52 ° 30 '29.8 " N , 13 ° 21' 53.3" E
- ^ Reichhardt, Schäche: From Berlin to Germania. Fig. 19, p. 27 on OKH and street width on p. 60.
- ^ A b c Thomas Schmidt: Werner March, Architect of the Olympic Stadium: 1894–1976. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1992, pp. 90-94.
- ↑ Susanne Willems: The resettled Jew. Edition Hentrich, Berlin 2002, p. 158, footnote 452.
- ^ Letter from the GBI to Prof. Werner March on the fee issue due to the construction delay. The fee for the construction management was increased by 100%, that for the construction planning, contrary to March's wishes, only by 50%. In: Archive of the DGAP, Berlin
- ↑ a b Werner March: Yugoslav Embassy in Berlin-Tiergarten (1938) - site plan 1: 250. Hand drawing from August 17, 1938. In: Architekturmuseum der TU Berlin, Inv. No .: 39108. Online (Retrieved September 26, 2008.)
- ↑ Construction documents Marchstr. 17-18, letter of approval from the Berlin building authority to GBI 1938. In: Archive of the DGAP, Berlin.
- ↑ a b Erich Voss: New legation buildings in Berlin. In: Art in the German Empire. Part B : The art of architecture. Vol. 4, 1940, p. 163.
- ↑ Werner March: Yugoslav Legation in Berlin-Tiergarten (1938) - section of the embassy wing, section of the chancellery wing 1:50. Hand drawing from November 1938. In: Architekturmuseum der TU Berlin, Inv. No .: 39132. Online (Retrieved September 27, 2008.)
- ↑ Jörg Wacker: Georg Potente (1876–1945): the development from garden designer to garden monument keeper between 1902 and 1938 in Potsdam-Sanssouci. University of Potsdam, 2004, p. 22. (Dissertation) urn : nbn: de: kobv: 517-0001472
- ↑ Online biography of Ivo Andrić ( memento from September 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) on the website of Zadužbina Ive Andrića (Ivo Andrić Foundation), Belgrade. (Retrieved September 23, 2008.)
- ↑ The German campaign in Greece (Operation MARITA) In: Center of Military History of the United States Army: The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941). Washington DC, 1984, 1986. (CMH Pub 104-4) (Retrieved September 24, 2008.)
- ↑ JB Hoptner: Yugoslavia in Crisis - 1934-1941. East Central European Studies of Columbia University. Columbia University Press, New York 1962. Yugoslavia in Crisis - Online (Retrieved September 24, 2008.)
- ^ Friedrich Wiener: Partisan struggle in the Balkans - the role of the partisan struggle in the Yugoslav national defense . Ueberreuter, Vienna and Heidelberg 1976, p. 85
- ↑ Vladimir Vauhnik: Memoirs of a Military Attaché . Editorial Palabra Eslovena, Argentina 1967.
- ↑ HD Heilmann: From the war diary of the diplomat Otto Bräutigam. In: Götz Aly u. a. (Ed.): Biedermann and desk perpetrator - materials on the German perpetrator biography. Institute for Social Research in Hamburg: Contributions to National Socialist Health and Social Policy 4, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-88022-953-8 , p. 136 f.
- ↑ Law 25 of April 25, 1953. In: BK / O (53) 11 of April 27, 1953
- ^ A b Friedrich Scholz: Berlin and its justice. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1982, pp. 193–197.
- ↑ Volker Kähne: Courthouse in Berlin - a legal and architectural perspective . Haude & Spener, Berlin 1988, pp. 90-93.
-
↑ Land register of the Potsdam gate district. Volume 25, sheet no. 729, third section, serial no. 35, entry from December 21, 1965. In: Amtsgericht Tempelhof-Kreuzberg, Berlin.
In favor of the heiress of Mendelssohn Bartholdy, co- ownership was only granted because the legation's property previously consisted of three partial properties (Rauchstrasse 17 and 18 and Drakestr. 4), which were merged after 1938 and now formed the connected property of the legation. Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy owned only one of the three properties in addition to the villa that was on it until it was demolished, Rauchstr. 17th -
↑ Land register of the Potsdam gate district. Volume 25, sheet no. 729, third section, serial no. 35, deletion notice dated September 11, 1967. In: District Court Tempelhof-Kreuzberg, Berlin.
The Federal Republic of Germany was liable to pay compensation because Yugoslavia acquired the entire property in exchange for its former property at (today's) Hitzigallee 17, and was actually forced to do so in view of the political situation in 1938. Because of the good faith acquisition by Yugoslavia and the original enrichment by the German Reich, it was not Yugoslavia that was obliged to pay compensation, but the Federal Republic as the successor to the German Reich. - ↑ Supreme Restitution Court . In: District lexicon center of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
- ↑ DGAP library and documentation center (BiDok) on the DGAP website. (Accessed on August 28, 2008.)
-
↑ The Robert Bosch Foundation has been one of the most important sponsors of the DGAP since the 1960s.
Daniel Eisermann: Foreign policy and strategy discussion: The German society for foreign policy 1955 to 1972. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-486-56338-6 , p. 89. - ↑ On May 23, 2003 the “XI. German-Polish Forum ”on the subject of“ Poland and Germany in the new EU ”with the then Foreign Ministers of Poland and Germany, Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz and Joschka Fischer , as well as Gesine Schwan and Wolfgang Schäuble . Report ( Memento of December 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (Retrieved September 9, 2008.)
- ↑ On September 29, 2003, the then chairman of the board of the Russian oil company Yukos, Mikhail Khodorkovsky , gave a lecture on the integration of Russia in Europe, which was opened by DGAP President Hans-Dietrich Genscher . Khodorkovsky was imprisoned in Russia a month later. Event note ( Memento from December 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ On January 29, 2004 the Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili gave a speech with the title “New Directions for Georgia” in the rooms of the DGAP, Berlin. Text of the speech ( Memento from September 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ On January 27, 2004, the former French Defense Minister Alain Richard took part in the permanent discussion group on Franco-German relations. Event note ( Memento from September 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ An expert meeting with the former French Defense and Interior Minister Jean-Pierre Chevènement took place on December 6, 2004. Event note ( Memento from December 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Tom Ridge , then American Minister for Homeland Security , gave a lecture on October 29, 2003 on "Homeland Security in a Globalizing World". Text of the speech ( memento of September 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). Also: Ridge Praises Active German Role in War on Terror . In: Bureau of International Information Programs, US Department of State, October 30, 2003. Online (Retrieved January 3, 2014.)
- ↑ After a meeting with the German Foreign Minister Steinmeier , the then Pakistani Foreign Minister Khurshid Kasuri spoke in the house on April 26, 2006 about the role of his country in the region, whereby his remarks on the Non-Proliferation Treaty also met with international interest. The title of the talk was Pakistan's Role for Peace and Stability in Asia . Text of the speech ( memento of September 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). Also: Islamabad will never proliferate: Kasuri . In: DAWN of April 27, 2006. Online (Retrieved October 6, 2008.)
- ↑ In May 2005 a conference with the title “NATO 2020: Coming Threats and Challenges and the Future of Transatlantic Security Cooperation” took place. Both the then Federal Defense Minister Peter Struck and the NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer gave a keynote speech. Event note with links to the speeches by Struck and Scheffer ( Memento from September 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ On March 15, 2006, the General Inspector of the Bundeswehr Wolfgang Schneiderhan gave a lecture on the transformation of the Bundeswehr . Event note ( Memento from September 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). In addition: General Inspector speaks at the Berlin Forum Zukunft . ( Memento from September 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: Bundeswehr press portal from March 16, 2006.
- ↑ On May 19, 2005, the then Israeli Foreign Minister Silwan Schalom gave a lecture on German-Israeli relations and developments in the Middle East. Text of the lecture ( Memento from September 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ On August 28, 2006, two weeks after the armistice in the 2006 Lebanon War , Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni spoke about the situation in the Middle East. Event note ( memento of September 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), on this Warren Hoge: Lebanon Insists It Can Control the Syrian Border by Itself . In: New York Times, August 29, 2006. Online (Retrieved October 6, 2008.)
- ↑ On June 3, 2005, Federal President Horst Köhler gave a speech entitled “We need more global domestic politics” on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the DGAP. Text of the speech ( memento of September 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ On September 12, 2006, the "Alfred von Oppenheim Center for European Future Issues" was founded in cooperation with the Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim Foundation . Event note and speeches On November 8th, Chancellor Angela Merkel officially opened the center with a keynote address. Text of the speech ( Memento from September 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Event on March 22, 2007, held on the premises of the DGAP, Berlin. Event note ( Memento from September 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). In addition: on site . In: Phoenix from March 23, 2007, 4:00 p.m. - 5:30 p.m. Online ( Memento from September 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
Coordinates: 52 ° 30 ′ 31.2 ″ N , 13 ° 20 ′ 46.8 ″ E