History of the city of Szczecin
The history of the city of Szczecin goes back to the 8th century. The since 1945 in Poland lying Stettin (Polish Szczecin ) has a more than 700-year history as a German town.
Prehistoric times
While hardly any traces of settlement were found for the Oder estuary Germans , who lived in the area until the migration period , a Slavic settlement on a hill above the left bank of the Oder estuary in the Szczecin Lagoon can be found for the 8th century . In the course of the 9th century a castle wall protected with palisades developed from it. In 967 the area was acquired by the Polish Duke Mieszko I, together with Pomerania . brought into feudal dependence. Another hundred years later, a new Wendish settlement called Kessin had emerged below the castle , which quickly became an important trading and port center.
The Kingdom of Poland under the ruling Piast dynasty took Szczecin in 1091. Pomerania made itself free again, but Pomerania became in 1119/21 under Duke Boleslaw III. attacked again by Poland, heavily devastated and occupied. He called Bishop Otto von Bamberg into the country in order to convert the pagan Wends to Christianity . From 1124 to 1128 he came to the Stettiner Haff twice, and on his last visit he destroyed the pagan temples to build a wooden church in their place. During the Wendenkreuzzug of Bishop Anselm von Havelberg, the castle was besieged in 1147, but the capture could be averted by the intervention of the Camminer bishop . He claimed that the residents had already converted to Christianity. In 1173 the Danes captured the castle, destroyed it, but rebuilt it in 1190. The Danes ruled the country until 1227.
middle Ages
In the meantime, German settlers had settled south and west of the Wendensiedlung and founded the so-called Upper Town and later the Lower Town. The Jakobikirche was built in the upper town from 1180 to 1187 , donated by the merchant Beringer von Bamberg. When the dukes of the Griffin dynasty came to power in the second third of the 12th century, Pomerania had developed more and more into an independent state, the policy of which reached its first climax from 1226 to 1278 under Barnim I. Barnim I went down in history as the town's founder and also granted the Wendensiedlung Kessin together with the German suburbs as "oppidum Stetin" in 1243, a Szczecin variant of Magdeburg town charter . The fact that a Pomeranian duke, Bogislaw II, was buried in the Jakobikirche for the first time as early as 1220 proves the special status of Szczecin as the center of power in Pomerania. It was further promoted under Barnim I through customs decrees, trade privileges and fishing rights, so that the city also strengthened economically. In addition, the Oberhof was set up in Szczecin for all cities with Magdeburg-Szczecin town charter. In 1245 the duke allowed the building of a town hall. On the old castle wall, construction of the Marienkirche began in 1263 as a sign of the complete merging of the three settlements. The construction of a port gave the city another economic boom, which led to membership in the Hanseatic League in 1278 . The division of Pomerania in 1295 with the establishment of the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast, which cut off Szczecin from the coast, initially brought economic disadvantages with it, which became noticeable, among other things, in the dwindling influence in the Hanseatic League.
In 1309, Duke Otto I began building a castle, officially making Szczecin the royal seat of Pomerania. His successor Barnim III. got into a dispute with the Szczecin citizens when he began to build a castle on the Burgplatz, which was reserved for the citizens. Only the contract of August 24, 1346 brought an agreement, and a solid stone building was created, the origin of the Szczecin Palace, which still exists today . In honor of Bishop Otto von Bamberg , the duke donated the Ottenkirche , which was built together with the castle. On July 15, 1345, the city acquired the coin shelf from the Duke and was thus able to further expand its excellent position in Pomerania. At the end of the 14th century there was a further boost to Stettin's economy when, in the course of the conflict between Poland and the Teutonic Order, both Poland and Pomerania granted the city extensive trade privileges in order to replace Danzig , which was ruled by the order, as a trading metropolis.
In the 15th century, Szczecin was largely characterized by recurring plague epidemics , to which the Szczecin Dukes Joachim the Younger and Otto III in 1451 and 1464 . fell victim. The 16th century began with another dispute between the duke and the city. The introduction of new tariffs and the curtailment of the right to mint coins by Bogislaw X. annoyed the Szczecin citizens so much in 1503 that they placed the ducal council under arrest. Only when Bogislaw had the city besieged by his troops, the city council complied. As early as 1512, the parties were so far reconciled that Duke Bogislaw rushed to the city's aid with the Treaty of Fraustadt of April 18, 1512, when their trade was endangered by extensive Brandenburg privileges for Frankfurt / Oder. Due to the contract, Brandenburg had to reverse its activities.
Early modern age
In 1532 Barnim IX was devoted to art and science . Duke of Pomerania-Szczecin. He called the well-known master builder Caspar Teiß to his court and commissioned him in 1538 with the expansion of the east wing of the palace. Barnim IX. was significantly involved in the introduction of the Reformation in Pomerania, and as a result he founded the pedagogy as the first secular university in Stettin in 1543, however not as a university , but as a high school . The pedagogy developed into the respected Marienstiftsgymnasium . The promotion of science was also evident through the establishment of the first Pomeranian printing house in Szczecin. In 1569, Barnim IX. the printer Johann Eichorn (1524–1583), who worked in Frankfurt an der Oder, was appointed printer; the printing works in Szczecin was built by his son-in-law Andreas Kellner († 1591), who took it over himself in 1572. The second book printer from Szczecin was Georg Rhete , whose first surviving print dates from 1577. In 1570 a peace congress was held in Szczecin, which led to the end of the three-crown war between Denmark and Sweden with the Peace of Szczecin .
The city suffered a setback when the Loitz trading house went bankrupt in 1572 and thus failed as an important financier. The financial collapse of the city could only be avoided with the help of the Duke, among other things by the fact that in 1580 Szczecin was granted the privilege to strike the coins newly introduced for Pomerania.
In the years 1575 to 1577, at the instigation of Duke Johann Friedrich, who has ruled since 1560, the ducal palace was rebuilt in a pure Renaissance style. In this context, the Ottenkirche was torn down and replaced by the new castle church in Stettin . Duke Philip II , who assumed his reign in 1606 , had further construction work carried out on the palace . He was interested in science and art to a high degree and had an extensive library and art collection. To accommodate them, he added a west wing to the castle. In addition, in 1612 he built the Oderburg summer palace in place of the former Carthusian monastery Grabow , in which he set up a picture gallery. All of this could only be financed by increased taxes in the Pomeranian cities, which Szczecin wanted to compensate by introducing a beer tax. This caused a popular uprising from July 16 to 18, 1616, as a result of which the tax was withdrawn and a ducal finance commission was set up for the city.
Elisabeth von Doberschütz was convicted in a witch trial on December 17, 1591 and beheaded on the Szczecin Heumarkt. The noble maid Sidonia von Borcke was accused of witchcraft in 1619 and beheaded and burned on September 28, 1620 in Stettin.
Thirty Years War to the Peace of Stockholm
The Thirty Years War that broke out in 1618 initially did not affect Stettin. It was only on July 10 jul. / July 20, 1630 greg. The Swedes occupied the city under Gustav Adolf and set up their quarters in the Oderburg. Due to their military superiority, they refused the transition from Pomerania and thus also from Stettin to Brandenburg, which was planned in 1637 after the extinction of the griffin family according to the Treaty of Grimnitz . During their occupation, the Swedes strengthened the fortifications of Szczecin. Even after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 it remained in their hands. In the Northern War the Swedes withdrew to Stettin in 1676 after their failed invasion of Brandenburg. After a two-year siege, Elector Friedrich Wilhelm captured it on January 6, 1678. However, the peace treaty of St. Germain forced him to return it to Sweden in 1679. During the Northern War between Sweden and Russia, the Russians besieged Szczecin in 1713. With the Treaty of Stockholm in 1720, King Friedrich Wilhelm I succeeded in acquiring Stettin for Prussia .
Provincial capital in Prussia
Through the establishment of important administrations, such as the Pomeranian War and Domain Chamber and the Court Court, and the relocation of the Pomeranian Consistory (move in 1738), Szczecin quickly regained a prominent position. The Old Prussian Infantry Regiment No. 7 was moved to Stettin, and so it became a Prussian garrison town. At the same time, King Friedrich Wilhelm I had the fortifications of the city fundamentally redesigned and modernized by the fortress builder Gerhard Cornelius von Walrave between 1724 and 1740 . The fortifications laid out by Walrave consisted of three forts , including Fort Prussia , located in the outskirts of the city , and nine bastions . The richly decorated fortress gates , the Königstor and the Berliner Tor , have been preserved to this day. In addition, the state house (completed in 1727) and the tower of St. Mary's Church (completed in 1732) were built according to Walrave's designs .
The support plans set in motion by Friedrich II for the eastern provinces also allowed Stettin's economy to flourish again. From 1746 onwards, trade benefited from the restoration of the Finow Canal to Berlin , and the drainage of the Oderbruch made Stettin's southern area more important. With the abolition of the Oder tariffs in 1752, the Szczecin shipping companies gained free travel as far as Silesia. By 1740 began development of Swine with the opening of the Baltic Sea port of Swinoujscie 1746 Stettin developed into the late 18th century to the main port of Prussia. In 1760, a Masonic Lodge was founded in Stettin, which was later called the St. Johannis Lodge for the Three Circles and whose master of ceremonies was the historian Johann Jakob Sell from 1787–1795 .
After Prussia's defeat by Napoleon I in 1806, Stettin was temporarily in exile for the Berlin ministers and authorities. Although it was a fortress city, Stettin fell into French hands without a fight on October 29, 1806 after the surrender of the Prussian general Friedrich Gisbert Wilhelm von Romberg . The occupation lasted until December 5, 1813. After Napoleon's expulsion, Prussia began to reorganize its administration in 1815. Among other things, the province of Pomerania was established, the capital of which was Stettin. The administration of the newly formed administrative district of Stettin was also located in the city.
As part of the district reform in the administrative district of Stettin , the urban district of Stettin was created on January 1, 1818 , to which the city of Altdamm and several rural places in the area also belonged. In 1826 the urban district was dissolved again and Stettin was incorporated into the Randow district.
As a harbinger of the developing industry in the 19th century, the Dohm sugar boiler was founded in Stettin in 1817. With the completion of the road to Berlin in 1827, the connection to the modern transport network began, which reached a temporary high point in 1843 with the opening of the Berlin-Stettin railway line by King Friedrich Wilhelm IV . At the same time, the port was continuously expanded. At the beginning of the 19th century, a 'Stettiner Kochbuch' was published in Stettin, the 5th edition of which appeared in 1845 and which was also published as the 'Danzig Cookbook' in 1858. Despite the industrial progress, Pomerania suffered from a famine in 1847, which also led to riots in Szczecin.
In 1857, the city of Stettin left the Randow district and has since formed a city district . By 1870, Stettin expanded considerably in the south with the construction of the new town. The abolition of the fortifications in 1873 enabled new city expansions to the west. Modern residential quarters with spacious boulevards were built on the former fortifications under the leadership of the Parisian architect Georges-Eugène Haussmann . During this time, mechanical engineering companies also settled in the Stettin area: Stettiner Maschinenbau AG "Vulcan" in Bredow, from which the Vulcan shipyard emerged, and Stettiner Maschinenbau-Anstalt und Schiffsbauwerft-Actien-Gesellschaft (from 1903 Stettiner Oderwerke AG ) in Grabow and the future automobile manufacturer Stoewer . With the completion of a private power station, Stettin was supplied with electricity from 1890. In 1898 Kaiser Wilhelm II opened the new free port.
In 1900 Stettin expanded again through the incorporation of the suburbs Bredow, Grabow and Nemitz , which were followed by other villages in 1911. At the turn of the century there were numerous restaurants in and around Szczecin. The Kraft Eisenwerk was founded in 1895 in the Stolzenhagen-Kratzwieck district of Szczecin (today: Szczecin Glinki) and existed as "Huta Szczecin" from 1946 to 2005.
The economic crisis after the First World War also left its mark on Szczecin. The biggest turning point was the closure of the Vulcan shipyard in 1928.
On August 9 and 10, 1924, the 26th German Athletics Championships were held in Stettin.
During the Weimar Republic , the Stettin Pedagogical Academy existed from 1930 to 1932 . Further educational institutions, which existed until 1945, were a social pedagogical seminar , a gym teacher seminar , a women's technical school, technical state schools for mechanical engineering, ship engineers and marine machinists, a higher technical state school for civil engineering and a seafaring school .
City map of Szczecin from 1898
Alphabetical list of streets, squares, buildings, etc. with details of the grid squares in the city map (see left), A – K
Alphabetical list of streets, squares, buildings etc. (continued), K – Z
Nazi era and World War II
With the incorporation of the cities of Altdamm and Pölitz as well as another 36 municipalities, the city became the third largest city in Germany in 1939 as Greater Szczecin .
After the seizure of power of the NSDAP in 1933 emigrated part of Szczecin Jews, who made up about one percent of the total population of 272,000 this year. The synagogue in Stettin on the Grüner Schanze, which was built for 1500 visitors and inaugurated in 1875, was burned in the November pogrom in 1938. The ruin was demolished in 1940. The remaining Jewish community in the city - around 1200 people - was almost completely deported to the General Government in February 1940 by the Gauleiter of the NSDAP in Pomerania , Franz Schwede , as the first community in a major German city ; few people survived. This happened under the pretext that they had to give way to ethnic Germans in professions near the lake. From the wave of arrests in the entire city district on February 12, only schoolchildren from the orphanage, a few residents of old people's homes and some Jews living in mixed marriages were spared.
Members of the Protestant and the small Catholic community were also persecuted. Dietrich Bonhoeffer , who was executed a month before the end of the war, B. headed the seminary of the Confessing Church in Stettin-Finkenwalde, which was closed in 1937 . In the so-called Stettin case , five Catholic priests and 40 private individuals were arrested by the Gestapo on February 4, 1943 . Three of the priests were executed in 1944 and the rest were sent to concentration camps . There were similarly limited activities by political resistance groups against National Socialism in Stettin, for example in 1933 there was a small offshoot of the Berlin-based left-wing socialist resistance group Red Shock Troop in the city.
As part of the German-Soviet non-aggression pact and the German-Soviet border and friendship treaty , Germans residing in Estonia and Latvia had to leave their homeland. The majority of Baltic Germans resettled by ship ended up in Gdynia , but several thousands also ended up in Stettin, from where they were transported to their new settlement areas (mainly in the " Warthegau "). For this purpose, on November 7, 1939, an office of the immigrant central office was established in Stettin . From October 1939 to spring 1940, patients in psychiatric institutions in and around Stettin were murdered by the SS in order to "make room for the resettlement of Baltic Germans".
In addition to a smaller number of forced laborers from other European countries, around 15,000 Poles also lived in Szczecin in 1939/1940.
The first air raids in 1940 and 1942 did not cause any major damage to the city. In 1943, and especially in January and August 1944, Stettin was repeatedly the target of heavy bombing by the Royal Air Force , as a result of which industrial, port and transport facilities were severely damaged and over 90 percent of the old town was destroyed. The destruction rate of the port facilities was 70–80 percent; 60–70 percent of the urban development was destroyed. This made Stettin one of the 20 most destroyed cities in Germany at the time. In the attacks on August 17th and especially on August 30th 1944, which also hit the northern suburbs of Grabow and Bredow, at least 3,200 people lost their lives; 40,000 people were evacuated.
In January 1945 the approaching front made itself felt; Refugees from the east streamed into the city, the remaining civilian population largely evacuated from the end of February. From March on, Szczecin was under Soviet artillery fire. The order was to defend Szczecin as a “ fortress ”, but it lost its strategic importance after Soviet and Polish troops had crossed the Oder south of the city and advanced on Berlin.
Between March 18 and April 6, 1945, three railway bridges and two road bridges over the Große Reglitz , three road bridges and two railway bridges in the port area and 14 viaducts of the inner-city railway bypass from Pommerensdorf to Zabelsdorf were destroyed by German associations in the greater Stettin area . Only the viaducts over Eckerbergstrasse ( ulica Arkońska ) and Fuchsbergweg ( ulica Wilcza ) remained. Government offices, factories and houses were also set on fire.
On April 25, 1945, Stettin was surrendered by the Wehrmacht and the day after it was taken by the Red Army without a fight. German Sonderkommandos remaining in the city had the task of carrying out sabotage operations there after the capture by the Red Army. These departments set other parts of the city on fire until they were dissolved on May 13, 1945. During this phase they hid in undiscovered bunkers in the area of the Lastadie on Altdammer Straße (today ulica Gdańska "Danziger Straße"), in the Eckerberg Forest near the destroyed Quistorp tower , in the bunker of the main train station that has been preserved to this day and in the ruins of the ruined old town. A few houses on the Oder were deliberately torn down and converted into camouflaged bunkers. The streets in the direction of the Oder were cordoned off with multi-storey screens. Concrete shooting ranges were hastily erected between the ruins of the houses; Rails torn from the streets were used to build barricades. Anti-tank trenches ran through some streets.
The Soviet war commander Alexander Fedotow initially set up a communist-oriented German city administration. The first post-war mayor was Erich Spiegel , who was only 25 years old , followed by Erich Wiesner from May 26, 1945 to July 5, 1945 . From May 20 to June 10, 1945, the Soviet occupying power in Stettin published the Deutsche Zeitung as a daily newspaper.
On July 5, 1945, the Soviet occupying power handed over Stettin - in violation of existing Allied agreements that provided for the establishment of a provisional demarcation line between the Eastern Bloc and the west "immediately west of Swinoujscie and from there along the Oder to the confluence of the western Neisse" Polish administrative authorities. This happened in the context of Soviet efforts to present the Western Powers with a fait accompli with regard to the German eastern border .
After the Second World War until today
On July 5, 1945, the administration of Szczecin was taken over by Polish authorities. The first Polish city president was Piotr Zaremba . At that time only about 80,000 Germans and 6,000 Poles lived in the city. On September 21, 1945, the Schwerin Border Treaty was signed . The Germans were subsequently expelled on the basis of the Bierut decrees . By December 1946, the number of Poles living in the city had grown to 108,000. The Polish state renamed the city Szczecin and made it the capital of the Szczecin Voivodeship , which existed under this name to varying degrees until 1999. Between 1947 and 1955, a commercial college, an engineering college, a medical college, an agricultural college and a technical college were opened. The port initially remained in Soviet hands before it was partially handed over to Poland in 1947 and completely after Stalin's death in 1955 . Because of the port there was tension with the GDR well into the 1980s, because the GDR saw the port of Szczecin as competition for its own Baltic ports. This led to the ultimately unsuccessful attempt by the GDR to considerably restrict the access routes to the port of Szczecin by expanding sovereign rights in the Szczecin Lagoon. In the 1960s, Szczecin was also expanded as an industrial location, in which the shipyard, mechanical engineering and the food industry had the largest share.
In the years 1970/71 and in August 1980 the city was the scene of strikes and workers 'unrest and next to Danzig became the nucleus of the opposition workers' movement. In the Szczecin Shipyard signed on 30 August 1980 Marian Jurczyk for the inter-company strike committee and Kazimierz Barcikowski representing the Government, the August agreement before it by the next day Lech Walesa was signed in Gdansk. As a result of the agreement, the independent trade union Solidarność was legalized.
The Catholic Church established the Stettin-Cammin diocese in 1972 with a bishopric in Stettin, which was elevated to the status of the Stettin-Cammin Archdiocese in 1992. In 1985 the University of Szczecin began teaching. After the collapse of state socialism in Poland, the first democratic local elections took place in Szczecin on May 27, 1990. In 1999 Szczecin became the capital of the newly formed West Pomeranian Voivodeship .
Demographics
Until the end of World War II , the population of Szczecin was predominantly Protestant .
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1350 | 9000 | |
| 1470 | 9500 | |
| 1560 | 13,000 | |
| 1586 | 11,200 | |
| 1600 | 12,200 | |
| 1627 | 12,500 | |
| 1709 | 10,900 | |
| 1720 | 12,360 | |
| 1740 | 12,360 | |
| 1750 | 12,966 | |
| 1756 | 13,533 | |
| 1760 | 11,088 | |
| 1763 | 12,483 | |
| 1782 | 15,372 | no jews |
| 1794 | 16,700 | no jews |
| 1812 | 21,255 | including 476 Catholics and five Jews. |
| 1816 | 21,528 | including 742 Catholics and 74 Jews. |
| 1828 | 32.191 | including the military , at the end of the year |
| 1831 | 27,399 | including 840 Catholics and 250 Jews. |
| 1852 | 48,028 | 724 Catholics, 901 Jews and two Mennonites . |
| 1861 | 58,487 | thereof 1,065 Catholics, 1,438 Jews, six Mennonites, 305 German Catholics and three citizens of other religions. |
| 1867 | 73,667 | on December 3rd |
| 1871 | 76,280 | on December 1, of which 72,089 Protestants, 1916 Catholics, 452 other Christians and 1,823 Jews |
| 1875 | 80,972 | |
| 1880 | 91,756 | |
| 1885 | 99,543 | |
| 1890 | 116.228 | thereof 108,124 Evangelicals, 4,383 Catholics and 2,582 Jews |
| 1900 | 210.702 | 197,026 Protestants and 8,132 Catholics |
| 1905 | 224.119 | including the garrison (a grenadier regiment No. 2, an infantry regiment No. 148, a field artillery regiment No. 38 and a pioneer battalion), including 209,152 Protestants, 8,635 Catholics and 3,010 Jews. |
| 1910 | 236.113 | thereof 219,020 Protestants and 9,385 Catholics |
| 1925 | 254.466 | of which 230,054 Protestants, 9,213 Catholics and 2,615 Jews |
| 1933 | 270,747 | of which 243,379 Protestants, 10,188 Catholics, 73 other Christians and 2,365 Jews |
| 1939 | 268,421 | thereof 233,424 Evangelicals, 10,845 Catholics, 1,539 other Christians and 1,102 Jews |
| 2009 | 408.427 | |
| 2019 | 402.067 | on June 30, 2019 |
See also
Web links
literature
- Fr. Thiede: Chronicle of the City of Stettin - Edited from documents and the most reliable historical news . Müller, Stettin 1849, 936 pages; Detailed city chronicle ( online version ) reaching up to the middle of the 19th century .
- Heinrich Berghaus : History of the city of Stettin, the capital of Pomerania - topographically and statistically described in all directions of its political, civil, mercantile and church life . 2 volumes, Berlin / Wriezen 1875–76 (1st volume 1102 pages, 2nd volume 1115 pages).
- Gustav Kratz : The cities of the province of Pomerania - an outline of their history, mostly according to documents . Berlin 1865 (reprinted in 1996 by Sendet Reprint Verlag, Vaduz, ISBN 3-253-02734-1 ), pp. 376–412 ( online version . City chronicle with numerous sources that goes back to the 1860s.)
- Johann Ernst Fabri : Geography for all classes . Part I, Volume 4, Leipzig 1793, pp. 378-398 ( online version ).
- Stettin ( encyclopedia entry), in: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 6th edition, Volume 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, pp. 9-11 (e-copy).
- Martin Wehrmann : History of the City of Szczecin . Weltbild, Augsburg 1993 (unmodified reprint of the 1911 edition of Stettin), ISBN 3-89350-119-3 . (Last major city chronicle in German.)
- Ernst Völker: Stettin - data and images on the city's history . G. Rautenberg, Leer 1986, ISBN 3-7921-0317-6 .
- Stettiner Verkehrsverein GmbH (Ed. 1929): Stettin - A guide through the harbor and industrial city in the countryside . Stettin, Berliner Tor Nr. 5, reprint of this edition by G. Rautenberg, Leer 1989, ISBN 3-7921-0387-7 .
- Stettin-Szczecin 1945–1946, Documents-Memories, Documenty-Wspomnienia . Hinstorff, Rostock 1995, ISBN 3-356-00528-6 . Documents and eyewitness reports from 1945–1946.
- Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Province of Pomerania - city district of Stettin. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- Gunthard Stübs, Pomeranian Research Association: The urban district of Stettin in the former province of Pomerania . (2011).
Individual evidence
- ^ Michael North: The Baltic: A History. Harvard University Press, 2015, ISBN 0674426045 , p. 34.
- ↑ Theatrum Europaeum : Volume 2, p. 238 (e-copy of the University of Augsburg)
- ^ Eckhard Wendt: What did Gerhard Cornelius von Walrave (1692–1773) create in Stettin? In: Pomerania. Journal of Culture and History. Issue 2/2012, ISSN 0032-4167 , pp. 17-21.
- ↑ Adolf Georg Carl Lincke: History of the St. Johannis Lodge TO THE DREI ZIRKELN, formerly la partaite union in ORIENTE STETTIN . For the Säcular celebration of the Lodge on April 3rd and 4th, 1862. Stettin 1862 ( full text ).
- ↑ Walther Hubatsch (ed.): Outline of German administrative history 1815-1945. Johann Gottfried Herder Institute, Marburg / Lahn; Volume 3: Pomerania , edited by Dieter Stüttgen, 1975, ISBN 3-87969-115-0
- ↑ Official Journal of the Royal Prussian Government in Stettin: Ordinance on the new district division of January 18, 1816 . No. 12 , 1816, p. 43 ( digitized version [accessed February 2, 2017]).
- ^ A b Administrative history of the city of Stettin and the Randow district, Heinrich Berghaus: History of the city of Stettin . In: Land book of the Duchy of Pomerania and the Principality of Rügen . tape 8 . F. Riemschneider, Berlin and Wriezen 1875, p. 106 ff . ( Digitized version ).
- ↑ Marie Rosnack : Stettiner Koch-Buch: Instructions on a fine and tasty way to cook, bake and preserve . 4th edition, Nicolai'sche Buch- & Papierhandlung (CF Gutberlet), Stettin 1838 ( full text )
- ↑ Marie Rosnack : Danziger Cook Book. Instructions on how to cook, bake and preserve in a fine and tasty way. Processed from recipes that have proven themselves through fifty years of personal experience. Leon Saunier, Stettin 1858.
- ↑ Kristin Maronn: Nice restaurants in and around Stettin: In old postcards from 1890 to 1943 . Husum Printing and Publishing Company, Husum 2001.
- ↑ Stettiner Heimatkreis in the Pomeranian Landsmannschaft : Stettin in the mirror of its history
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Jan Musekamp : Between Stettin and Szczecin: Metamorphoses of a City from 1945 to 2005. Volume 27 of publications by the German Poland Institute Darmstadt, German Poland Institute, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2010, ISBN 3 -447-06273-8 , 423 p., Here p. 29 ff.
- ^ Esriel Hildesheimer: Jewish self-government under the Nazi regime . Mohr, Tübingen 1994, ISBN 3-16-146179-7 , p. 181 ff.
- ^ Alfred Gottwaldt, Diana Schulle: The "Deportations of Jews" from the German Reich, 1941–1945 . Wiesbaden 2005. ISBN 3-86539-059-5 , p. 34 and Haus der WSK / Stettin ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)
- ↑ Dennis Egginger-Gonzalez: The Red Assault Troop. An early left-wing socialist resistance group against National Socialism. Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-86732-2-744 , pp. 125-132.
- ↑ Heike Bernhardt: "Euthanasia" and the beginning of the war. The early murders of Pomeranian patients. In: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswwissenschaft , 44, Issue 9, 1996, pp. 773–788.
- ↑ a b c d Małgorzata Gwiazdowska: Concepts of the reconstruction of the Szczecin monuments and possibilities of their implementation. In: Bulletin of the Polish Historical Mission , 7/2012, ISSN 2083-7755 .
- ↑ a b planerwelt.de: "Stettin - urban development in the area of tension between history and politics" , October 8, 2004.
- ^ Potsdam Agreement at documentarchiv.de.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Ernst Völker: Stettin - data and images on the city's history . G. Rautenberg, Leer 1986, ISBN 3-7921-0317-6 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Kratz (1865), p. 405
- ^ Regensburger Zeitung , No. 171 of July 20, 1829, p. 1 ( online )
- ↑ a b Royal Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the province of Pomerania and their population. Edited and compiled from the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Berlin 1874, pp. 32-33.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. stettin.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 6th edition, Volume 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 9.
- ^ State Statistical Office (ed.): Community encyclopedia for the Free State of Prussia. Pomeranian Province. According to the final result of the census of June 16, 1925 and other official sources based on the territory of October 1, 1932 . Berlin 1932, p. 81.
- ^ Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS): Population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019 .
