Gold hoard from Gessel

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The gold hoard of Gessel is a Bronze Age deposit that was discovered during systematic archaeological preliminary investigations for the construction of the Northern European Natural Gas Pipeline (NEL) in April 2011 not far from the Syker district of Gessel in the Diepholz district in Lower Saxony . It is a closed find with 117 pieces of gold with a total weight of around 1.7 kg. The find, which has lain undisturbed in the ground for around 3,300 years , is one of the largest prehistoric hoards of gold in Central Europe after the Eberswalde gold treasure .

Other special features of the find are that it is the only gold find of the Bronze Age excavated under scientific conditions and at the same time the best-documented deposit. According to the assignment of individual objects to the Middle Bronze Age , the finds are initially around the 14th century BC. Dated.

The 117 golden parts of Gessel's gold hoard at the first public presentation in 2012

Archaeological research along the NEL pipeline

Starting in spring 2011, the approximately 440 km long NEL pipeline , the Northern European natural gas pipeline, was laid in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Lower Saxony . In Lower Saxony, which the line crosses over a length of around 200 kilometers, the route was completely archaeologically examined. According to the polluter pays principle anchored in the Lower Saxony Monument Protection Act , the costs were largely borne by the operators of the pipeline . That is why the companies Wingas , E.ON Ruhrgas , Gasunie and Fluxys financed the archaeological supervision of the construction project.

Laying of the NEL pipeline in the Bassum area , about ten kilometers from where the gold hoard was found

In advance of the construction work, the Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation carried out an archaeological analysis of the potential of the pipeline route. Various prospecting methods were used, including surveys with field inspections, aerial archaeological surveys, data comparison with previous sites in the historic preservation specialist information system ADABweb . From the end of 2010, a 10-month “hard” prospecting began. This meant creating a six-meter-wide search cut over a length of 50 km in the area of ​​suspected archaeological areas and in the vicinity of known sites. Archaeologists and excavation technicians accompanied the remaining 150 km of the route by observing the stripping and excavation of the topsoil . The coordination of the archaeological measures, which took place with up to 13 excavation teams and at times over 100 employees, was carried out by the Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation.

Overall, the archaeological investigations on the pipeline route in Lower Saxony led to around 150 sites with around 12,500 archaeological findings , including around 100,000 ceramic shards . The time spectrum of the sites extends over 12,000 years from the Stone Age to the modern age . Only about 16 percent of the archaeological sites discovered were known beforehand, although archaeologists based on many years of experience assumed a rate of 25 percent. Since the topsoil was removed over a width of up to 30 meters during the construction work, the laying of the pipeline offered a total investigation area of ​​7.2 km². It provided a representative insight into the archaeological soil archive of Northern Germany and the cultural history of what is now Lower Saxony. It was one of the largest archeology projects in Europe and the largest archeology project in Lower Saxony to date.

Find area in the broader sense

The place Gessel and the neighboring Syke lie in a geest landscape , which is the Syker Geest in the narrower area and the Wildeshauser Geest in the wider area . As an old settlement, the area has a long history of settlement and a high population density. This led to abundant finds from the Stone , Bronze and Iron Ages . The finds from the area are exhibited in the district museum in Syke , the Heimatmuseum Nienburg and the Focke Museum in Bremen.

The archaeological investigations prior to the construction of the pipeline confirmed the previously suspected archaeological potential in the geest area. In the approximately 60-kilometer section between the Weser lowlands and the end point near Rehden , there were 84 sites, of which only 16 were previously known. Among other things, an early Mesolithic stone device was discovered , which is regarded as a representation of Venus because of its presumably anthropomorphic representation of an unclothed female body and was named in Venus von Bierden . In addition, a Germanic burial ground with 76 burial places near Gessel from the Roman Imperial Era of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, which was on the edge of an earlier settlement, was discovered. In Uphusen a golden finger ring with a blue pearl of the time was the 4th to 7th century AD. AD found.. The remains of a Germanic bank settlement from the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD came to light near the Eydelstedt district of D even .

Reference

Pipeline route after laying with a view from Leerßer Berg in the direction of Gessel to the area of ​​discovery of the previously unpublished site

The site is located in the vicinity of an old street . A reference to earlier settlements in the area is conceivable, as barrows from the Bronze Age have been preserved around 3–7 km from the site . Since the find in 2011, the area around the site has been intensively archaeologically investigated with a view to further findings, including using the airborne laser scanning process to create a three-dimensional terrain model .

The exact reference has not been published despite the request from local politicians to put up a commemorative plaque or the like. It became known that the site is located 1.3 kilometers from the Hache body of water on a slight slope facing east - north - east . This is the Leerßer Berg as a ridge between Syke and Ristedt.

Finding circumstances

The Gessel gold hoard was discovered on April 7, 2011 during systematic archaeological investigations prior to the construction of the NEL natural gas pipeline. The site is in the Feldmark near the Syker district of Gessel. The place was a suspected archaeological area, on which metal-age ceramic shards had already been found on the surface. After the topsoil had been removed , the prospecting team noticed slight discoloration of the soil. During a targeted search with the metal detector , excavation technician Jan Stammler located a possible relevant find, which was 60 cm below the surface of the earth in the subsoil and just below the agricultural working horizon . Carefully uncovering the surface of the sandy subsoil revealed four green corroded bronze needles, a small golden spiral scroll and an ornate gold object that looked like a bracelet . The artifacts were left in situ , as further finds were suspected at the point due to the strong detector deflection. Initially, a grave or settlement find with other finds in the vicinity was considered possible, so that another excavation team came to support and a film team was ordered for documentation. When an individual find became concrete, the find was punched out of the ground as a 90 × 65 centimeter wide and 25 centimeter high block of earth by means of block recovery. The block came to the restoration workshop of the Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation in Hanover on the evening of the day it was found .

Restoration and reconstruction

The original find of the gold hoard as a plastic model from the 3D printer

Immediately after securing the earth block, examinations with several imaging methods , such as x-ray examinations and computed tomography (CT), were carried out in order to gain insight into the contents of the find. Because of the high density of gold and the many tightly packed gold parts, a CT scan was only possible with a high-performance device from a Comet Holding company based in Hattingen .

The computer tomographically obtained data from the contents of the earth block were visualized in 3D with the aid of a computer . With this data, the Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation had a company for medical preparations create a replica of the gold parts made of plastic with a 3D printer , which was already carried out during the skull reconstruction of the girl from the Uchter Moor . The digital fabricating process was used in a previously unknown resolution, which was necessary for the exact representation of the delicate spirals. The 3D visualization and the plastic model documented the arrangement of the objects in the find situation and made it easier to carefully clear the finds from the earth block. The size of the earth block could also be reduced to 55 × 55 centimeters without damaging the find. In addition, the 3D visualization enables a replica of the hoard in its original location for the museum presentation.

The entire process of examining the earth block to uncovering the individual finds took several months.

Found objects

The 117 gold finds are predominantly spirals of various types and sizes, some of which are to be regarded as semi-finished products.

Fibula

Brooch decorated with symbols of the sun
Side view of the folded fibula

The fibula contained in the find with a weight of 46 grams was initially mistaken for a bracelet because it was bent. In its original state it was 16 centimeters long, but was probably squeezed together for reasons of space before the hoard was put down and the needle of the fibula was removed. The ironing board, which is around two centimeters wide, has several artistic decorations. This includes a ladder tape pattern with 254 ladder rungs stamped on the edges . There are also 11 round decorations on the ironing plate. There are five raised round humps as sun symbols with indicated sun rays and six stamps with three concentric rings each.

In Central Europe no other fibula made of solid gold has become known. There have been finds of fibulae made of bronze or covered with a thin sheet of gold. However, individual decorative elements, such as the ladder tape pattern and round humps, also appear on bronze brooches found in Lower Saxony. Sun symbols were also found in Lower Saxony on ceramics from an early Iron Age urn burial and on a Nienburg cup in Steimbke .

Spiral rings

Two chains with spiral rings, a curly spiral and several small spiral rollers

The largest part of the hoard is made up of 82 spiral rings of different sizes. They are twisted into eight chains with ten rings each and one chain with two rings. The spirals have an average of 5 to 10 turns with an average wire length of 30 to 60 centimeters and weights between 3 and 21 grams. The weight of the spiral chains varies between just under 40 and 165 grams. Of the 82 spirals, 33 pieces show no signs of wear and appear "brand new" . The ends of 22 spirals are twisted . Further investigations are to be carried out in a research project, including through experimental archeology , to clarify the question of whether the wires were made by drawing or forging . Because of the tool marks , images in the scanning electron microscope indicate pulling through a hole in stone or bone.

According to an initial assessment, the Bronze Age spiral rings made of gold could have served as a kind of currency or as standardized bars in connection with trade relations . This is indicated by the chains made up of 10 spirals each, although no uniform value can be assumed due to their different weights. Gold spirals in this form are also known from other places in Northern Germany and throughout Europe as depot finds.

Curls

In the gold hoard there are four almost equally large curls with 15 and 16 turns each. Two curly spirals have an attached eyeglass spiral .

Spiral rolls

The two larger arm spirals, one of which has eyeglass spirals attached

In the hoard there were 18 golden spiral rolls, 17 of which were in the sole, while a conspicuous little roll was in the upper area. From the position of the rolls it could be concluded that they were strung on a chain made of organic material and had passed. The gold wire of the spiral rolls, each weighing around three grams, has a diameter of around one millimeter and an average length of 15 centimeters. The rolls have between 8 and 14 turns. A spiral roll, which was located in the upper area of ​​the hoard, has a right-angled spiral that was wound up flat. Another roll stands out thanks to a wire that is twisted over almost two windings .

Similar spirals were found in the Lorup gold find with 29 spiral rolls .

Arm spirals

The two arm spirals with a weight of 176 and 202 grams have larger dimensions. Their wire lengths are around 125 centimeters. Five small spectacle spirals with a diameter of around nine millimeters are attached to an arm spiral. Eyeglass coils of similar size have been found in Troy . From various other prehistoric finds, spectacle spirals made of bronze have become known, which are interpreted as pendants.

Bangles

On the left the ribbon-shaped bracelet , on the right the twisted bracelet

The find also includes two arm rings. The twisted arm ring with a weight of approximately 60 grams has a length of 22 centimeters. The band-shaped bracelet has a weight of 90 grams and a diameter of about six centimeters. It is interpreted as a semi-finished product due to the lack of decorations .

Twisted gold bracelets have been found in North Germany in Lamstedt and Pahlen . In addition, arm rings are known from numerous other prehistoric finds that appear similar and are made of copper. However, they are not twisted, but rather poured into the twisted shape .

Bronze needles

Probable closure of the storage container; a green corroded bronze needle with fiber buildup

Directly above the gold hoard were six bronze needles with a diameter of around three millimeters, only one of which has largely been preserved. The others are largely corroded . Three needles have a grooved decoration over a length of five to eight centimeters. Organic material in the form of fibers has been preserved on the needles .

Because of the position of the bronze needles above the gold parts, it can be assumed that the storage container was closed at the top. The teardrop-shaped, tightly packed arrangement of the finds suggests they could be kept in a flexible container, such as a bag or a cloth attached to the top with needles.

Landfill

During the archaeological investigations in April 2011, the gold pieces were found 60 centimeters below today's surface. The archaeologist Stefan Winghart suspects that they were deliberately buried in a bag made of organic material (fabric, leather, fur) in a small pit about 50 centimeters below the surface of the earth at that time. What is certain is that the Gessel gold hoard is a closed find that has remained undisturbed since it was deposited in the Bronze Age , apart from minor animal perturbations .

The reason for the dumping of the gold treasure is not yet known. Bronze Age depots were probably often created to protect against unauthorized access. The arrangement of the tightly and space-savingly packed and partly nested objects suggests a carefully considered and not hasty storage. Since the buried hoard has no connection with a settlement or a grave, it can be assumed that it was a hiding place or material depot of a long-distance trader, which is also indicated by the half-finished, not yet decorated bracelets. But other motives for dumping are also conceivable, for example the hiding place of a religious community in times of war, whereby the treasure was no longer excavated for unknown reasons. A shelf as a ritual deposit ( dedication shelf ) is also conceivable . Another possibility is to hide loot from looters on campaigns.

Dating

Subject to further investigation, the finds are assigned to the Middle Bronze Age in the levels Montelius  II / III, which dates from the second half of the 14th century BC. And thus corresponds to an age of around 3,300 years. The dating has so far been based on the shaping and decoration of individual objects, especially the fibula. On the other hand, the numerous gold spirals could not be classified in more detail, as these were common throughout the Bronze Age and can be found in many hoards in Central Europe.

Find investigations

So far, only individual finds from the Gessel gold hoard have been examined. The scientific find research was carried out on an interdisciplinary basis . The research objectives for the numerous pieces are or were:

  • Authenticity
  • Surface coating
  • Material composition
  • Manufacturing technology
  • Material origin

Archaeometallurgists led by chemist Robert Lehmann from the Archaeometry Working Group at Leibniz University in Hanover carried out the investigations. Methods of light microscopy , scanning electron microscopy , X-ray fluorescence analysis and mass spectrometry using laser ablation are used. The authenticity test showed that the metal is at least 1000 years old due to pitting and stress corrosion cracking as well as recrystallization processes. The surfaces have become brittle as a result of the storage time, which necessitated careful preparation. The traces of use show that the gold parts have been worn for many years and in some cases for generations. Because of the firmly adhering brown patina on the gold surfaces, a coating was initially not ruled out. However, it could be identified as a manganese-containing deposit due to the long time it remained in the ground.

In the examined gold parts, two groups with a gold content of 86 and 90 percent were found. The gold is not natural gold , but gold that has been recycled through melting .

The manufacturing technique of the gold wires is still unclear. They do not seem to have been hammered - as is usually the case in the Bronze Age - but pulled through an opening . The chemist Robert Lehmann discovered drawing marks under the microscope. Archaeologists are divided on the question of the emergence of drawing technology for metals. While some representatives ascribe the invention of pulling to the Vikings around 800 AD, others lead a shipwreck with drawn bronze from the 14th century BC. As evidence. The question of whether the gold wires of Gessel's gold hoard were drawn or hammered was clarified as part of the joint research project of the Institute for Inorganic Chemistry at Leibniz University Hannover and the Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation using experimental archeology . This required a replica of the gold items for around 25,000  euros .

A lead isotope test on some pieces of gold, in comparison with a database and other comparable museum objects, provided indications that parts of the gold could come from Central Asia about 7,000 kilometers away ( Kazakhstan , Afghanistan , Tajikistan ). The same investigation into the origin of the bronze needles found, which was carried out on tiny corrosion crumbs, indicates, as with gold, an area of ​​origin southeast of Europe.

Individual fibers made of organic material have been preserved on the six green corroded bronze needles that lay above the find. This is based on the antibacterial effect of the lead, copper and tin components of bronze. Experts from the Forensic Institute of the Lower Saxony State Criminal Police Office identified them as flax fibers that have apparently been processed into linen. It can therefore be assumed that the gold was in a bag at the time of its burial, which at least partly consisted of linen. The age of the fibers by means of C-14 dating , which will only be carried out after further investigations have been completed, is still pending.

Research project on early gold discoveries initiated by the hoard

The last major gold discovery from prehistoric times in what is now Lower Saxony was made by a farmer in 1892 with the gold discovery from Lorup in the Loruper Moor in Emsland . In 2012, the then Lower Saxony Minister of Science, Johanna Wanka , announced a new research project on early gold discoveries in Lower Saxony and its relations with other countries due to the Gessel hoard. In the multi-year research project of the Lower Saxony State Office for the Preservation of Monuments and the Institute for Inorganic Chemistry of the Leibniz University Hannover as well as other partners, numerous questions about the gold hoard were to be clarified. These include the area of ​​the deposit, the trade route, the type of processing, the possible monetary function, the significance of the decorations on the fibula and the distribution area of ​​bronze needles. It should also be researched how the settlement in the find area was represented, to whom the after-school care belonged and on which traffic routes it could have reached Gessel.

presentation

First public presentation of the gold hoard in the showcase in Hanover, February 2012

The find was first presented to the public on February 22, 2012 at a press conference at the Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation in Hanover with a preliminary analysis of the scientific investigations. At this first presentation, the then President of the Lower Saxony State Office for the Preservation of Monuments, Stefan Winghart, commented on the circumstances surrounding the discovery of the pipeline as follows:

Archaeological sensations do not fall from the sky, they are rather the result of meticulous and patient scientific work. Only comprehensive investigations [...] lead to new findings .

The first press reports on the discovery of a gold treasure were already available in October 2011, although further details and the scope of the find were not yet known. The reason for the long waiting time until the presentation was the extensive examinations of the find object and its elaborate preparation. Another reason for the late announcement of find details was concerns about treasure hunters on the pipeline route. The preservation of monuments attaches great archaeological potential to the area of ​​the Syker Geest and thus also to the region around Gessel. The assessment is based on the high density of finds during the archaeological investigations in connection with the construction of the pipeline, including the discovery of a Germanic burial ground on the edge of an earlier settlement near Gessel in March 2011.

In Syke in March and April 2012 , two information events for the population took place under the title: Golden Times - With the Pipeline to the Stone Age , in which around 600 people took part. Employees and scientists from the State Office for Monument Preservation and Leibniz University provided information about the gold hoard and the archaeological investigations in the course of the pipeline construction.

Controversy about the whereabouts of the find

Advertising poster for the city of Syke, 2012
Information event on the gold hoard in Syke, April 2012

After the gold treasure became known to the public almost a year after its discovery in early 2012, a discussion about its whereabouts broke out in Syke . After a presentation in the Lower Saxony State Museum in 2013 and 2014, an exhibition is planned in Syke, at least for a time, but this is financially expensive due to the safety and conservation conditions. As the district newspaper quotes the President of the Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation, Stefan Winghart , the treasure should remain in the "State Museum, since it is owned by the State of Lower Saxony and therefore belongs to the State Museum" . The legal basis for this is the Lower Saxony Monument Protection Act and the treasure shelf anchored in it .

Initially, the demanded Kreismuseum Syke , the Syker mayor and the district of Diepholz not only temporarily silence the treasure in Syke, but as a permanent loan to leave there. The mayor intended to use the fund under the motto Syke - you are spot on for city ​​marketing . To this end, he initiated a “think tank” with citizens that drafted various proposals. The ideas included building a visitor center on the Hohe Berg near Syke or a prehistoric village at the site, which would have required a double-digit million amount.

Exhibition in the district museum Syke

The Diepholz district administrator preferred a permanent presentation of the gold hoard in an extension in the Syke district museum, together with other finds from the pipeline archeology in the district. The city council of Syke followed suit in May 2012. The extension to the district museum was originally supposed to be built in 2013. A concept presented for this in 2013 envisaged a 400 m² museum extension with construction costs of 2.5 million euros. In 2016, the district of Diepholz, the city of Syke and the Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation agreed to build the museum extension.

The opening of the museum annex was initially expected in 2017. It was delayed after the cost of the construction project had risen to 3.1 million euros. This includes 800,000 euros in donations made by the energy providers EWE and Avacon and the “Friends of the Syker District Museum”. Construction of the museum extension started in 2018, completion is expected in 2019 and postponed to 2020.

After completion of the scientific investigations, the gold treasure is to remain in the Lower Saxony State Museum, while a replica is to be shown in the Syke district museum. According to the planning, changing finds are to be seen on loan in Syke . It is planned to exhibit the find as a special show in Syke for about half a year.

Exhibition in the Lower Saxony State Museum

Pipe segment of the NEL pipeline (18 meters long, 1.4 meters in diameter) next to the Lower Saxony State Museum in Hanover as an advertising medium
Exhibition of the gold hoard in the state museum

The gold hoard is the focus of the special exhibition In the Golden Section - Lower Saxony's longest excavation , which will be shown between August 2013 and March 2014 in the Lower Saxony State Museum . The topic is the excavations carried out between 2010 and 2013 on the route of the Northern European Natural Gas Pipeline . They represented the largest archeology project in Lower Saxony to date and, with around 150 sites, led to the discovery of largely unknown settlement sites and burial grounds . In addition to the gold hoard, the exhibition includes around 250 exhibits. Eight sites that were discovered during the construction of the pipeline in Lower Saxony are presented in more detail.

In addition, the exhibition shows a number of other archaeological finds of gold objects, mainly from Lower Saxony. Among them are the Schulenburg gold lunula , the Lorup gold find and the Moordorf gold disc . However, individual finds that were discovered outside of Lower Saxony during the construction of the pipeline will also be presented. These include copper ingots of "copper vessel," one in 2010 in the Baltic Sea during the construction of the Baltic Pipeline discovered late medieval cog .

Exhibition in Berlin

From September 21, 2018 to January 6, 2019, initially only partially, the gold hoard in the Martin-Gropius-Bau in Berlin was part of the exhibition Moving Times. Archeology shown in Germany , which took place on the occasion of the European Cultural Heritage Year 2018. It was the first complete exhibition outside of the Lower Saxony State Museum in Hanover.

monument

Memorial in memory of the find, Hoher Berg

In 2016 a memorial was erected on the Hohe Berg to commemorate the find. This is a pipe section of a pipeline and an information board. The location of the monument is not the place of discovery, which is about 1.5 km southeast of it.

Naming rights

After the discovery became public in February 2012, three residents from Gessel, including a patent attorney and a member of the Gessel local council, secured the rights to the term "Gesseler Goldschatz", which they registered on March 1, 2012 as a trademark at the German Patent and Registered trademark office . They want to market various products under the name, including clothing, bread and baked goods, chocolate and beverages. The income is intended for the Gessel-Leerßen youth fire brigade . The city of Syke had this name protection checked under trademark law. The state of Lower Saxony, which according to the treasure shelf is the owner of the treasure, also reported objections to the Patent and Trademark Office via the Lower Saxony Ministry of Science . Even so, the trademark was registered on May 28, 2013 in favor of the applicants. In 2014, the brand owners handed over the naming rights to the Diepholz district and received 10,000 euros in return for the Gessel children's and youth fire service association. This means that the district is free to continue using the term “Gesseler Goldschatz” and modifications in order to advertise it for tourism purposes.

media

  • Terra X  - Germany's super excavations. ZDF television broadcast, 2012.

literature

  • Bernd Rasink, Friedrich-Wilhelm Wulf : Find Chronicle Lower Saxony 2011 . News from Lower Saxony's prehistory , supplement 16, 2013, pp. 51–52
  • Henning Haßmann , Tina Heintges, Bernd Rasink, Stefan Winghart, Friedrich-Wilhelm Wulf: The Bronze Age hoard from Gessel, city of Syke, district of Diepholz. In: Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony , Hameln 2012,1, pp. 23–28. ISSN  0720-9835 ( Online (pdf) on pages 23-33 )
  • Robert Lehmann, Carla Vogt: Scientific analyzes on the gold treasure of Gessel. In: Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony, Hameln, 2012, pp. 28–33. ISSN  0720-9835 . ( Online (pdf) on pages 18-20 )
  • Henning Haßmann, Tina Heintges, Andreas Niemuth, Bernd Rasink, Friedrich Wilhelm Wulff: The Bronze Age Gold Hoard of Gessel, City of Syke, Ldkr. Diepholz, description of the individual gold objects, observations on the method of production and first archaeological classification in: News from Lower Saxony's Prehistory , Vol. 81, Stuttgart, 2012
  • Bernd Rasink, Friedrich-Wilhelm Wulff: On the trail of gold: The Bronze Age treasure find by Gessel in: In the golden section. Lower Saxony's longest excavation , publisher Babette Ludowici, text for the special exhibition in the Lower Saxony State Museum in Hanover In the golden section - Lower Saxony's longest excavation , 2013, Petersberg.
  • Bernd Rasink: Gessel's gold hoard. A closed find inspires archaeological and scientific research in: Robbery Graves Grave Robbers. Accompanying booklet to the special exhibition of the State Museum of Nature and People Oldenburg from May 11th to September 8th 2013 , Oldenburg, 2013, ISBN 978-3-943904-19-2

Web links

Commons : Goldhort Gessel  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Henning Haßmann, Tina Heintges, Andreas Niemuth, Bernd Rasink, Friedrich Wilhelm Wulff: The Bronze Age Gold Hoard of Gessel, City of Syke, Ldkr. Diepholz, description of the individual gold objects, observations on the method of production and first archaeological classification in: Nachrichten aus Niedersachsens Urgeschichte , Vol . 81, Stuttgart, 2012, p. 147 (introduction)
  2. ↑ Henning Haßmann, Tina Heintges, Bernd Rasink, Stefan Winghart, Friedrich-Wilhelm Wulf: The Bronze Age hoard from Gessel, city of Syke, district of Diepholz. In: Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony. Hameln 2012.1, p. 28.
  3. ↑ NEL pipeline archeology project ( Memento of the original from May 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved November 11, 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archaeologieportal.niedersachsen.de
  4. ↑ Procedure for the NEL pipeline archeology project ( Memento of the original from May 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archaeologieportal.niedersachsen.de
  5. ↑ a b A cross-section through Lower Saxony in: Kreiszeitung.de from April 20, 2012 , accessed on November 11, 2013.
  6. ↑ Ulf Buchert: A burial ground of the Roman Empire near Gessel in: Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony 1/2012.
  7. ↑ Thomas Brock: Almost two kilos of gold from the Bronze Age in: Welt online from February 23, 2012 , accessed on November 11, 2013.
  8. ↑ See literature: In the golden section. Lower Saxony's longest excavation , Bernd Rasink and Friedrich-Wilhelm Wulf: On the trail of gold: The Bronze Age treasure find from Gessel , p. 61
  9. ↑ Micha Bustian: Bernd Rasink's lecture on the Gessel gold treasure gives a deep insight into archaeological work in: Weser-Kurier from March 17, 2012, accessed on November 11, 2013.
  10. ↑ a b Haßmann, Heintges, Niemuth, Rasink, Wulff, p. 183 (summary and outlook)
  11. ↑ Bernd Rasink, Friedrich-Wilhelm Wulf: Fund Chronicle Niedersachsen regional election 2011 . News from Lower Saxony's Prehistory, Supplement 16, 2013, pp. 50–51 on reference number 8
  12. ↑ Anke Seidel: Casket for the treasure in Kreiszeitung.de from June 29, 2012, newspaper article with a photo of the Leerßer Berg and mentioning as a find area, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  13. ↑ Thomas Brock: 1.8 kilos of gold jewelry found during pipeline construction at: Welt online.de from February 22, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  14. ↑ Hassmann, Heintges, Rasink, Winghart, Wulf. In: Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony. P. 24.
  15. ↑ Haßmann, Heintges, Niemuth, Rasink, Wulff, pp. 151–156 (primer)
  16. ↑ Robert Lehmann, Carla Vogt: Scientific analyzes on the gold treasure of Gessel. In: Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony, Hameln, 2012, p. 30.
  17. ↑ Volkhard App: Enigmatic Gold Treasure from the Bronze Age at dradio.de on August 22, 2013, accessed on November 19, 2013.
  18. ↑ Haßmann, Heintges, Niemuth, Rasink, Wulff, pp. 166–183 (chains made of spiral rings)
  19. ↑ Haßmann, Heintges, Niemuth, Rasink, Wulff, pp. 158–160 (curly hairs)
  20. ↑ Haßmann, Heintges, Niemuth, Rasink, Wulff, pp. 162–166 (spiral rollers)
  21. ↑ Haßmann, Heintges, Niemuth, Rasink, Wulff, pp. 160–161 (arm spirals)
  22. ↑ Haßmann, Heintges, Niemuth, Rasink, Wulff, pp. 156–158 (arm rings)
  23. ↑ Haßmann, Heintges, Niemuth, Rasink, Wulff, pp. 150, 151 (bronze needles)
  24. ↑ a b c Manuel Kressler u. Micha Bustian: The gold from Gessel. in: Weser Kurier of February 23, 2012, p. 12.
  25. ↑ Martin Sommer: Digging is Gold in: Kreiszeitung.de from August 23, 2013, accessed on November 11, 2013.
  26. ↑ Harald Wiederschein: Race for the millions on German fields in: Focus online from February 28, 2012, accessed on November 11, 2013.
  27. ↑ a b Haßmann, Heintges, Rasink, Winghart, Wulf. In: Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony. Hameln 2012.1, p. 28.
  28. ↑ Goldschatz von Gessel - Manufacturing technology and provenance at Leibniz University Hanover, Archaeometry Working Group, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  29. ↑ Alena Staffhorst: One of the largest gold finds in Central Europe in: Kreiszeitung.de from February 23, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  30. ^ Archeology along the pipeline in: (w) wie know from August 6, 2013.
  31. ↑ Regina Jerichow: Just hammered or pulled? in NWZ online from September 29, 2012
  32. ↑ In the golden section. Lower Saxony's longest excavation, publisher Babette Ludowici, text on the special exhibition in the Lower Saxony State Museum in Hanover In the Golden Section - Lower Saxony's longest excavation, 2013, Petersberg, p. 66.
  33. ↑ Anke Seidel: Gesseler Gold worn at the time of Tut ench Amun in: Kreiszeitung.de on March 17, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  34. ↑ The fingerprint of the gold  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in: T-Online of April 18, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / nachrichten.t-online.de  
  35. ↑ Henning Queren: State Museum shows Gessel's gold treasure from today in: Neue Presse from 23 August 2013, accessed on 12 November 2013.
  36. ↑ Spectacular Bronze Age treasure presented by Spiegel online on February 22, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  37. ↑ Bronze Age gold from museum holdings
  38. ↑ Simon Benne: Treasure of Gold from the Bronze Age first presented in: Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung from February 22, 2012 , accessed on November 12, 2013.
  39. ↑ Press release Golden times - prehistoric gold treasure recovered! (PDF; 133 kB) of the Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation of February 22, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  40. ↑ Hauke ​​Gruhn: Further finds are not excluded in: Weser-Kurier from October 25, 2011, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  41. ↑ a b Alena Staffhorst: District Museum Syke fights for Gesseler Goldschatz in: Kreiszeitung.de from February 23, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  42. ↑ Merle Heusmann: When the layman turns into a hobby archaeologist in: Weser-Kurier from April 21, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  43. ↑ Anke Seidel: Syke im Goldfieber: 500 Schatz-Freunde in: Kreiszeitung.de from April 21, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  44. ↑ Merle Heusmann: District Administrator and Museum Director agree: The treasure must come home in: Weserkurier.de of April 7, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  45. ↑ Micha Bustian: Gold right in: Weser-Kurier of March 30, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  46. ↑ Micha Bustian: How do you market a pot of gold? in Weser-Kurier on April 27, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  47. ↑ Michael Walter: With the pipeline in the prehistory in: Kreiszeitung.de of March 30, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  48. ^ Tug of war for treasure in Syke in: Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung from April 26, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  49. ↑ Michael Walter: ... there was only one thing left in: Kreiszeitung.de from May 30, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  50. ↑ Micha Bustian: What to do with the gold treasure? in: Weser-Kurier from June 2, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  51. ↑ Anke Seidel: Casket for the treasure in Kreiszeitung.de from June 29, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  52. ↑ Anke Seidel: “Golden” adventure journey into the world of the Bronze Age in: Kreiszeitung.de from March 20, 2013, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  53. ↑ Goldschatz von Gessel returns at ndr.de on November 4, 2016
  54. ↑ money treasure for the gold treasure in: kreiszeitung.de from July 10, 2015
  55. ↑ Goldhort Museum costs half a million euros more in: Kreiszeitung.de from June 13, 2017
  56. ↑ Start of construction for the Goldhort Museum in: Kreiszeitung.de from June 1, 2018
  57. ↑ Goldhort will shine in the museum monolith from summer 2019 in: Kreiszeitung.de from February 28, 2018
  58. ↑ Anke Seidel: Opening on June 25th in: Kreiszeitung.de on February 7th, 2020
  59. ↑ Syker Goldschatz becomes an object of desire ( memento from June 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) in NDR from April 26, 2012, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  60. ↑ Henning Queren: State Museum shows Gessel's gold treasure from today in: Neue Presse from 23 August 2013, accessed on 12 November 2013.
  61. ↑ Spectacular gold treasure opens window on the Bronze Age in Focus online from August 22, 2013, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  62. ↑ "Now we have it with letter and seal" in: Kreiszeitung.de of January 14, 2014
  63. ↑ Press release Spectacular loan for the State Museum ( Memento of the original from November 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of August 9, 2013 (pdf; 59 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.landesmuseum-hannover.niedersachsen.de
  64. ↑ In the golden section - Lower Saxony's longest excavation ( Memento of the original from November 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed November 12, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.landesmuseum-hannover.niedersachsen.de
  65. ↑ Spectacular gold treasure examined in Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung from August 16, 2013, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  66. ↑ In the golden ratio at Nobilis.de ( Memento of the original from November 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed November 12, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / nobilis.de
  67. ↑ Florian Stark: Who buried Germany's most spectacular gold hoard? , in: Die Welt from August 16, 2013, accessed on November 12, 2013.
  68. ↑ Turbulent times. Archeology in Germany at the Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation
  69. ↑ Goldhort von Gessel as of today completely in the exhibition “Moving Times. Archeology in Germany ” at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin on December 11, 2018
  70. ↑ A monument to tenacity in: Kreiszeitung from June 3, 2016
  71. ^ Register information from the German Patent and Trademark Office , accessed on November 12, 2013.
  72. ↑ Micha Bustian: Gesseler Gold in Bremer Böttcherstraße in: Weserkurier from August 13, 2013 , accessed on November 12, 2013.
  73. ↑ Frank Jaursch: Syker Posse on the name "Gesseler Goldschatz" in: Kreiszeitung.de of August 13, 2013. Accessed on November 12, 2013.
  74. ↑ T-shirt for the self-critical district administrator in Kreiszeitung.de from August 16, 2014
  75. ↑ Reports on the preservation of monuments 2012/1
  76. ↑ Merle Heusmann: Gesseler Goldschatz - a feast for the eyes in: Weserkurier from June 11, 2013 , accessed on November 12, 2013.
This article was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 22, 2013 in this version .

Coordinates: 52 ° 55 ′ 23.6 "  N , 8 ° 47 ′ 50.5"  E