Historic city center (Bayreuth)

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Combing alley
World Heritage Site Margravial Opera House

The historic city center of Bayreuth must not be confused with the old town district, which is located far outside the center ( Altenstadt until the 19th century ). For this reason, the name old town for the city center would be misleading and is therefore not in use.

location

Street market Maximilianstrasse

The area within today's city center ring is treated as the historic inner city. It includes the old city center intra muros , which was virtually identical to the city up to the time of the margraves, and the extensions in this area, such as B. Oberes Tor and Dammallee.

history

The oldest core of the small town of Bayreuth, first mentioned in 1231 as civitas (city), arose around the long street market . With the alleys to the south around the "Pfarr peyr Reut", the predecessor of the city ​​church , it formed a modest walled city complex. It was not until the late Middle Ages that germ cells from suburbs outside the city wall were added.

City map from 1851

In 1430 the city was badly destroyed by the Hussites , the churches, the town hall and many town houses were burned down. The documents from the previous period, which were significant in terms of urban history, were largely lost.

Two major city fires in 1605 and 1621 destroyed large parts of the building fabric (wooden houses), during the Thirty Years War the city was plundered and partially destroyed in 1634 and 1640. However, the layout of the medieval streets, alleys and parcels was largely retained.

Maximilianstrasse 1891

In addition to the town church, the castle estates are among the oldest buildings still in existence. In 1398 the Nanckenreuther Haus (Kanzleistraße 15) and the Seckendorffer Haus (Kanzleistraße 13) are occupied, the latter was almost completely rebuilt from 1511. In 1461 the Plassenberger Hofstatt (Sophienstrasse 22) can be traced. They are joined by the old stuff and storeroom at the entrance to Sophienstrasse with its wide gable.

The city experienced a surge in growth as the royal seat of the margraves . The seat of the principality was moved from Kulmbach to Bayreuth in 1603 . During the reigns of Margraves Christian Ernst (1655–1712) to Friedrich (1735–1763), the city experienced a cultural and urban heyday as a small center of absolutist rule. It has had a lasting impact on the cityscape.

A renewed phase of extensive stagnation was followed by a predominantly commercial urban development from the middle of the 19th century, to which old houses in the inner city have repeatedly fallen victim until recently. After the destruction of the Second World War, historical structures such as the facade of the old castle were also rebuilt on a more modest scale .

In the 1850s, the city council had the oil lanterns over the streets replaced with gas lights. In May 1887, Ludwigstrasse and Opernstrasse were provisionally lit electrically for the first time with ten arc lamps. However, the first permanent electric street lighting in the city center was not installed until 1893.

  • "Old Town Hall" in Maximilianstrasse, on the left the house where the philosopher Max Stirner was born

  • Angermann inn and Weißes Lamm inn on Kanzleistraße, demolished in 1892

  • Former store and storeroom (Sophienstraße 32) at the end of Kanzleistraße, around 1910

  • Seckendorffer Burggut in Kanzleistraße, around 1910

  • Former riding hall of the margraves, today the town hall

structure

Half-timbered house in Münzgasse

The main axis of the city center runs from east to west with Richard-Wagner-Strasse (formerly Rennweg) and the long market square (Maximilianstrasse) to the former Lower Gate on Pauschenberglein. The street breakthrough at the Mühltürlein (former outlet gate and flow of the Tappert ) dates from 1895; it was only created in its current width in 1934.

To the south of the market there is a maze of narrow streets, which are bordered by Von-Römer-Straße (former Judengasse), Sophienstrasse and Kanzleistrasse. The alley district was spared from the bombings of the Allies in April 1945, most of the building fabric has been preserved to this day. Thermal images show that many half-timbered structures are hidden under the plaster of the facades. However, many buildings are in poor condition, some houses are dilapidated and / or empty. Although this fact is occasionally addressed by the city administration, no conclusive redevelopment concept has yet been developed.

In the middle of the 18th century the area of ​​today's Luitpoldplatz was laid out. Between two parallel streets (Jägerstrasse and Kleine Allee) an elongated green area was created, first on the west side of Jägerstrasse prestigious buildings were erected: the Layritz House with its garden house “Tabulatur” and the Reitzenstein Palais . The lower Opernstrasse and Luitpoldplatz with their upper-class architecture from the 19th century based on the metropolitan model were considered to be one of the most beautiful ensembles in the city.

Friedrichstrasse , which characterizes the cityscape, was built from 1763 in a uniform architectural style as a suburb in front of the Friedrichstor. The Ludwigstrasse - Opernstrasse - Luitpoldplatz street crosses the east-west axis at right angles at Sternplatz. Several historic streets and alleys disappeared with the construction of the city center ring in the post-war period, such as Wolfsgasse (the name was reused elsewhere) and Graben.

In the years 1864/65 the city bought the house at Maximilianstrasse 82 and had it torn down. In the resulting breach, a street was laid down to Schwarzen Allee (since 1889: Kanalstrasse), which was named Schulstrasse after the construction of the central school building (Graserschule). In 1895, with the demolition of the little mill door, another passage was created that was passable for wagons, but this street has only existed in its current width since 1934.

  • Spitalgasse

  • Lower market

  • Southern Friedrichstrasse

  • Row of houses on the former Kleine Allee on Luitpoldplatz

  • Luitpoldplatz before 1900

Changes and planning during the "Third Reich"

Over the course of history, the city has repeatedly lost building fabric and new ones have been created. Larger breaches were only made in the “Third Reich” . Even before the bombings of 1945, the city had lost a number of beautiful buildings. The fashionable Friedmann department store, built in 1898, fell victim to the pickaxes of the National Socialists in 1939. Instead, that year, on the corner of Kanalstrasse and Schulstrasse, the Loher department store was built on the site of the Frohsinn company building. Around 1939, the Bürgerresource building on the outer Richard-Wagner-Strasse was also demolished, and since 1828 it has been a social meeting place for merchants and craftsmen.

Not far from there, part of the Mühlkanal disappeared when the House of German Education was built . Analogous to the plans for Berlin (“ World Capital Germania ”) and Linz, the Nazis intended to tear down extensive parts of the city and to rebuild it bombastically. At least the demolition succeeded, albeit indirectly, in the hail of bombs from the Allies.

In April 1945 the city was attacked three times by bombers. The most significant damage in the historic city center occurred in the area around Luitpoldplatz, lower Opernstrasse and Wölfelstrasse. The old castle and numerous houses on the north side of Maximilianstrasse, however, were not destroyed by aerial bombs.

  • Row of houses on the north side of the market square, 1904

  • Hotel Reichs-Adler around 1910, destroyed in April 1945 by a fire started by the National Socialists (today: Reichshof)

  • Layritz House on Luitpoldplatz around 1910, destroyed in a bomb attack in April 1945

  • Reitzenstein-Palais around 1910, destroyed in an air raid in April 1945

A notable episode of that time was the fate of the memorial for the National Socialist movement, which was erected in 1934 on Luitpoldplatz near Alexanderstrasse. The Bayreuth architect Hans Reissinger had designed a 1.23 m high lying swastika made of granite, from the intersection of which a clenched, snake-crushing fist protruded. However, this was misused by the local population as a urinal - and finally, after a "wave from above", it was removed without a sound.

Destruction of historical buildings after 1945

Info point on the house where Max Stirner was born, which was demolished in 1970
Wolfsgasse 1908 - on the right the municipal high school for girls, today's Richard-Wagner-Gymnasium
Successor to the "Turk's House" from the 1970s (business premises 2009-2018 vacant)

At the end of the war, large parts of the city lay in ruins after the bombing of April 5, 8 and 11, 1945. The historic city center got off relatively lightly. When the American soldiers moved in, however, the Nazis burned incriminating documents in the Old Castle. The fire spread to the building and the houses on the north side of the market square. Due to the lack of a fire brigade and the lack of extinguishing water, it could only be contained by blowing up houses at Maximilianstrasse 34 and 36. A significant part of the house front on the north side fell victim to this fire. From 1962 three more of the remaining buildings (Maximilianstrasse 40, 42 and 44 ) were sacrificed to a new department store ( Hertie , now Karstadt ) that opened in October 1963 .

On the opposite side, the historical buildings remained largely intact. In 1970 the 17th century house where the philosopher Max Stirner was born was demolished and replaced by a new building.

After 1945, the ruins of the "Brown House" disappeared at Sternplatz, the facade of which was largely intact. The NSDAP had acquired the large office building of the merchant Pfefferkorn in 1933 and converted it into the seat of the Gauleitung Bayerische Ostmark . In 1955 it was replaced by a new building that left a gap in development on the corner of Opernstrasse.

Further demolitions of historical buildings or their ruins after 1945 (selection):

  • Layritz House (baroque building from 1753/54, ruin in 1945) on Luitpoldplatz
The building, presumably designed by Johann Rudolf Heinrich Richter , had the most beautiful rococo facade in the city.
  • 1962 Gärtnerhaus from 1830 (first Bayreuth department store), Maximilianstrasse 1 on Sternplatz
  • Maximilianstrasse 45 (Pütterich restaurant), 350 years old
  • 1964 Richard-Wagner-Straße 10/12 (Glas-Stölzel and Café Biedermeier, new building as a Woolworth department store ), two-storey sandstone building
  • 1966 Reitzenstein-Palais (baroque building from 1761, 1945 ruin, single storey still in use) on Luitpoldplatz
The house is considered the most important building by the architect Carl von Gontard , who accompanied the margrave couple Friedrich and Wilhelmine on their trip to Italy in 1754/55. The model was the Palazzo Mancini in Rome from 1662.
  • 1966 House ensemble on the former Altbachplatz
  • March 1967 Tablature and judges' house from 1743
In 1911, the conductor Hans Richter became a citizen of Bayreuth and moved into the rococo- style garden house of the Layritz house on Luitpoldplatz, which he called "on tablature ".
  • 1968 sandstone building from before 1736 with wooden gable wall, Graben 22 (last company Weih)
  • 1969 sandstone building on the corner of Mühltürlein / Graben (last Schießl company)
  • 1970 Brick building from 1900 at the corner of Mühltürlein / Graben (Gasthof zum Schlachthof)
  • 1972 Hotel Schwarzes Roß, a three-storey building with a sandstone facade, Ludwigstrasse 2, since 1973 Schuh Reindl
  • 1972 Baroque house on Dammallee
  • 1972 Priestly houses from the second half of the 16th century at Sophienstrasse 28–30, which the then mayor Hans Walter Wild (“for me they are in the end old sheds”) demolished against the will of the town planning council, who appealed to the preservationists and town historians , prevailed
  • the majority of the houses in Wolfsgasse during the construction of the Wittelsbacherring
  • 1974 the majority of the houses (including a building from 1609) in the street Graben
  • 1974 several buildings (including the only building in the city with visible half-timbering "Eck-Schobert" from 1514) in the area of ​​lower Maximilianstrasse / Kulmbacher Strasse / Erlanger Strasse
  • after 1974 the buildings Richard-Wagner-Straße 4 (with sun room) and 6 (Gasthof Zur Sonne and Bali-Kino)
The house at Richard-Wagner-Strasse 4 was the home of the Jewish writer Hilde Marx , who received the Jean-Paul Prize of the City of Bayreuth in 1929.
At a public meeting in the sun room on March 13, 1848, more than 800 citizens were deprived of their trust in Mayor Erhard Hagen von Hagenfels . Richard and Cosima Wagner stayed in the Gasthof Zur Sonne during their first stay in Bayreuth in April 1871; the banquet took place in the Sonnensaal on May 22, 1872 on the occasion of the laying of the foundation stone of the Richard-Wagner-Festspielhaus .
  • In the mid-1970s, the Türkenhaus at Richard-Wagner-Straße 19, built in 1709, new building by C&A
  • 1979 Infirmary on Erlanger Strasse, built in 1449/50
  • after 1982 Richard-Wagner-Strasse 18, 20 and 22 (the latter now Hofgartenpassage)
  • 1984 Dammallee 7, 1873/74 residence of the Richard Wagner family.
  • from 1992 several houses in the eastern Richard-Wagner-Straße (between Siegfriedstraße and Hohenzollernring)
  • 1996 Richard-Wagner-Straße 42 (now access to the underground car park)
  • 1996 Stenohaus on Kanalstrasse
  • 2002 (Untere) Maximilianstraße 83 (Eichmüller-Haus), built at the beginning of the 18th century
  • 2007 Sparkasse building from 1934 opposite the Spitalkirche

Construction work in the post-war period

Ludwigsbrücke over the Red Main , around 1908
town hall

The most drastic building measure in the 1960s and 1970s was the city center ring, a mostly multi-lane bypass road that was largely rebuilt at the expense of the historical structure and substance. Only the Cosima-Wagner-Straße section was spared demolition measures (exception: corner building Richard-Wagner-Straße 66). The visible course of the Red Main was covered over a large area, the Ludwigsbrücke on today's Annecyplatz was torn down in December 1968. Part of the city wall between Mühltürlein and Kanalstrasse was exposed. Between Wieland-Wagner-Straße and Josephsplatz, a first section of the Hohenzollernring was released as part of the city center ring in July 1968.

The high-rise building of the New Town Hall on the former Altbachplatz is visible from afar. In order to achieve the desired height of 51 meters as the tallest house in the city, it was given an unnecessary mezzanine floor. New commercial and department store buildings were built on the market square, and old buildings had to give way to modern commercial buildings on Richard-Wagner-Strasse. The vacant lot on the site of the Gärtnerhaus (Maximilianstrasse 1) on Sternplatz, which had existed since 1962, was closed in 1992.

Part of the city center has been a pedestrian area since 1985. However, it is still allowed to drive motor vehicles during the day: Ludwigstrasse, Sternplatz and Richard-Wagner-Strasse by car to and from a public underground car park, Marktplatz and Schulstrasse by taxis, Kanzleistrasse, eastern Maximilianstrasse and Opernstrasse by public buses.

Interesting and significant buildings

New castle with margrave fountain

The oldest building in the city is the Stadtkirche on Kirchplatz. The houses opposite Kanzleistraße 11, 13 and 15 are also among the oldest preserved buildings in the city. One of the most beautiful town houses in Bayreuth, the Mohrenapotheke on the lower market square, can be dated back to 1610.

The old castle (today the tax office) and the new castle date from the time of the margraves . The Margravial Opera House , which Margravine Wilhelmine had built between 1744 and 1748, is outstanding . It is one of the few original theaters and operas of the time in Europe. On June 30, 2012, UNESCO declared the baroque building a World Heritage Site .

Storchenhaus in Ludwigstrasse, around 1910

The ensemble of the Margravial Opera House includes u. a. the Hotel Goldener Anker, built in 1753 on Opernstrasse. Its sandstones were donated by Wilhelmine, who wanted an adequate environment for her theater building and had the old craftsmen's houses demolished. From 1945 to 1949 the hotel, which had received the city's first private telephone connection with the number 2, was the local headquarters of the American troops .

The post office building at Kanzleistraße 3, which was closed in 2018, dates back to 1893. Because of him, two houses that housed the Angermann inn and the Weißes Lamm inn were demolished in 1892. The "Angermann" was Richard Wagner's regular pub, who then moved to the Eule restaurant in Kirchgasse.

Between 1759 and 1761, Carl von Gontard built his house (today's Gontard House) between the old castle and the castle terraces and on its west side the Palais d'Adhémar for the Marquis d'Adhémar - later known as a citizen resource, harmony building and Café Metropol. The “Storchenhaus” in Ludwigstrasse was also built in 1758 by Gontard. In the 20th century it was owned by the Jewish couple Josef and Rosette Weinberger, who were deported and murdered by the National Socialists . Friedrich Puchta , a member of the Reichstag, also lived in the Storchenhaus. The “Schwindsuchthäuschen”, which was designed by Joseph Saint-Pierre around 1750 , is the narrowest building in the city on the church square .

  • Gontard House and Palais d'Adhémar, around 1910

  • Post office in Kanzleistraße

  • Mohren pharmacy on the market square, around 1910

  • Consumption house

Churches

City Church

The city ​​church is the oldest church in the city. The three-aisled basilica with two towers in the late Gothic style houses a crypt of the Margraves of Brandenburg-Bayreuth . In its current form, the building dates from 1439. In 1605 the wooden beam ceiling was destroyed in a town fire, in 1621 the towers collapsed in another fire. In 1668 the building received its final shape.

From 1748 to 1750 the hospital church was built in the margrave style. The successor building of a church from the 12th century that has become too small has a pulpit altar .

The castle church from 1758 was the church of the Protestant margraves . After the town was sold to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1810, it became a Catholic parish church in 1812. The margrave couple Friedrich III rests in the aboveground crypt . and Wilhelmine and their daughter Elisabeth Friederike .

Museums

Old Latin school, now a historical museum
The museum, established in 1985, deals with the history and development of the city from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century. It was initially located in the Lüchau-Haus in Kanzleistraße, and from 1876 to 1988 the city fire brigade's guard was housed in the building of the old Latin school from the 16th century.
In 2020, the city's cultural advisor, in coordination with the cultural committee, developed a concept for using the Chamberlain House for a Nazi documentation center in the future . The new location of the Jean Paul Museum is planned to be the house at Friedrichstrasse 5, where Jean Paul lived from 1813 and died in 1825.

Venues

The Margravial Opera House, which reopened in April 2018 after several years of renovation, is available for 30 cultural events a year. According to the Bavarian palace administration, monument preservation criteria are decisive in the award. In addition, the events should "fit the character of the house".

The Bayreuth town hall on Jean-Paul-Platz was closed in 2017; after extensive renovation, it is to be reopened as a cultural center in autumn 2022 under the name “Friedrichsforum”.

The later Reichshof cinema in Maximilianstrasse, which later opened as a concert and movie theater, is reopened for cultural events after being vacant for many years. In the summer of 2018, the building known as the “Reichshof Culture Stage” is to be used for opera performances.

schools

The former Margravial Mint was Bayreuth's first elementary school
  • Grass school
The elementary school named after Johann Baptist Graser (1810 to 1825 district school councilor in Bayreuth) was inaugurated on November 1, 1875 as the "Central School". It had 31 spacious classrooms, improved lighting and central heating, a small botanical garden, a bird collection, a mineral collection and physical apparatus. At the opening, the 1,640 students were divided into 11 boys 'and 13 girls' classes. In 1910, 2,136 children were being taught.
Graser set up his first primary school in Bayreuth in the former Margravial Mint at Münzgasse 9. Up to 80 children crowded into the classrooms, the girls were not allowed to enter the playground in front of the school.
  • Richard Wagner High School
The grammar school has its origins in the Höhere Töchterschule, which began teaching in 1867. It was initially located on the second floor of Kanzleistraße 13, and in 1868 it moved to the kitchen of the New Palace on Glasenappweg. In 1903 it was renamed the Municipal Higher School for Girls, and in 1906 construction began on a new school building on the site of the old hospital that had closed the previous year . The building on Dammallee, which cost 222,737 marks , was inaugurated in September 1908. In 1924 the school was named Städtisches Mädchenlyzeum, at which time a final examination was introduced for the first time (after ten years of attending school). An upper level leading to the Abitur did not exist until the late 1930s. In 1942, female pupils took the Abitur for the first time at the school, now known as the Girls' High School, but by 1944 there were no more upper classes. On April 14, 1945, the US troops occupied the undamaged building as quarters.
At the beginning of the school year 1946/47 it was again available to the school, now called the girls' upper secondary school. In 1964, an extension was opened on the old Wolfsgasse. In 1965 the school became the Richard-Wagner-Gymnasium, in 1971 it was nationalized and in 1976/77 it was also opened for boys.

Bodies of water and wells

Mouth of the Mühlkanal (right) into the "Altbach" west of Schulstrasse, in the background the Graserschule
Herkulesbrunnen in Maximilianstrasse, in the background the Spitalkirche and the former district court

The Red Main , the city's most important flowing water, was largely capped on the northern edge of the city center in the 1970s. Next to the Hohenzollernring and the intersection with Bahnhofstrasse, parking spaces were created above his bed. In front of and behind this area, the river bed, which was once grassy on both sides of a narrow channel, was concreted. To the west of Schulstrasse, one can still guess what it looked like there since it was "tamed" (regulation after the flood disaster in the Neuer Weg district of 1909). On the eastern edge of the city, the Mühlkanal, traceable as early as the 17th century, branches off from the main course and is closer to the city center than the Rote Main itself, also known there as "Altbach". Originally, it was largely open, its first capping took place in 1894 on the lower Opernstraße between the Wölfelstrasse and Luitpoldplatz. At this point it was exposed again in 1998 and is often referred to there in local parlance as the “Canale Grande”. On the other hand, it has disappeared to the west of it, under the House of German Education, built by the National Socialists from 1933 (now the administration building of the E.ON Group). After the canal road has been widened, it only reappears shortly before its mouth.

Most of what can still be seen from the Sendelbach on the southern edge of the city center is hidden on private property. Only sections that are still open can be seen at the Moritzhöfen and Wilhelminenstrasse bridges. Where the dam pond and the surrounding city park once lay, the brook runs underground under the Dammallee.

The medieval extinguishing and sewer system of the Tappert has completely disappeared under the streets . A branch can only be seen in the courtyard garden, there as an ornamental canal. During the renovation of the market square in 2010, remnants of the former canal bed were found, but reactivation as a “town stream” was not possible due to the low location. Instead, a new water-bearing decorative channel was created in front of the northern house front.

Fountain in front of the main courtyard and “Stadtbächlein” on the market square

None of the former draw wells in the city center have survived. The well in front of the town church, which was connected to the first fresh water pipe in the town (old spring yard pipe) from 1611, is occupied. In the 1990s, the infirmary or poorhouse fountain was installed on Bernd-Mayer-Platz north of the town church, which was previously located at the Rotmainhalle and originally at the infirmary (Erlanger Straße 59).

A large number of ornamental fountains come from the margrave period in particular:

  • The family fountain on the market square, created in 1708 by Elias Räntz . In order to create space for four lanes in Maximilianstrasse, it was moved to the northern front of the house in 1965, and has been back in its old location since 2010.
  • The Hercules Fountain on the market square, built around 1732.
  • The Margrave Fountain in front of the New Palace, a Baroque fountain system by Elias Räntz from 1699.
  • The Neptune Fountain in the market square from 1755.
  • The amphitrite fountain in the courtyard garden from 1758, in the axis of the ornamental canal. Inspired by the group of figures “Triumphzug des Neptune” in Potsdam , Margravine Wilhelmine wanted to have a corresponding fountain built in the courtyard garden. The central canal of the park was created in order to stage the figures created by the brothers Johann David and Lorenz Wilhelm Räntz. Since Wilhelmine died shortly before the completion of the work, only one of the planned sculptures was installed with Amphitrite . Wilhelmine's daughter Elisabeth Friederike Sophie took some of the other figures to the park of Fantaisie Palace , where they adorn a fountain below the cascade.
  • The obelisk fountain next to the town church from 1788.
  • The orphanage fountain in Ludwigstrasse by the Storchenhaus.

More recently:

  • The Wittelsbacherbrunnen on Opernstrasse opposite the Margravial Opera House was planned in 1908 as a memorial for the aqueduct from the Fichtelgebirge , it commemorates Bayreuth's hundred-year connection with the Wittelsbachers . The foundation stone was laid on June 30, 1910 in the presence of Prince Leopold on the occasion of the city's 100-year membership of the Kingdom of Bavaria . A design by the sculptor Friedrich Lommel was realized , due to repeated changes by the artist, poor building materials and the bankruptcy of the stone supplier, the completion took until the summer of 1914. Because of the upcoming war , instead of King Ludwig III. Prince Alfons to the city's inauguration. It took place during a festival on July 31, 1914 at 11 a.m., one day after the declaration of war.
  • The equestrian fountain on Sternplatz from 1922, designed by Hans Reissinger as a memorial for the Royal Bavarian 6th Chevauleger Regiment stationed in Bayreuth until 1918. It is already the fourth well at this point.
  • The accessible fountain in front of the main courtyard of the Old Palace, built in 2010.

  • Wittelsbacherbrunnen, castle church and castle tower

  • Mühlkanal mutated into the "Canale Grande"

  • Sternplatz with equestrian fountain

  • Infirmary or poorhouse fountain on Bernd-Mayer-Platz

  • Reconstructed shaft well in the hospital courtyard

Parks and other green spaces

Courtyard garden

The city's first public green space was created during the reign of Margrave Friedrich on the Lower Stadtgraben. In 1751 the park around the three-part dam pond was completed, in 1833 the Dammallee is mentioned for the first time. After 1863 the site became a building area, the lake was filled in and the Sendelbach that fed it was channeled underground. In 1865 the Bayreuth gymnastics club built the city's first gymnasium on Dammallee .

On the south-eastern edge of the historic center is the Hofgarten Palace Park, the second largest park in the city after the Hermitage . It is traversed by an elongated decorative canal with islands and three bridges, including two filigree arched bridges with iron railings, from east to west. The island at the inflow of the canal is accessible. The end of the blunt south arm with its round central island no longer corresponds to the historical layout since the 1980s.

In the adjoining park of Haus Wahnfried , Richard Wagner's house , are the graves of Richard and Cosima Wagner and their dog Russ. Several large trees were felled there in mid-March 2012 by the city administration. For this purpose, the tree protection ordinance and the bird protection regulations were disregarded or simply overridden. The development plan for the Richard Wagner Museum was not legally binding at the time, and the financing was not secured.

To the south of the lower opera street, the palace terraces were laid out on the slope to the upper city center. On the nearby Luitpoldplatz, an elongated green area with avenue trees was created in the 18th century.

traffic

Sophienstrasse in the pedestrian zone

The Richard-Wagner-Straße - Maximilianstraße (market) street was the main traffic axis of the city until the 1970s. In the Richard-Wagner-Strasse were in the post-war period , the federal highways 2 , 22 and 85 combined. Bundesstrasse 2 led north from Sternplatz via Opernstrasse, Luitpoldplatz and Ludwigsbrücke. The federal roads 22 and 85 ran across the market and separated at the level of the Spitalkirche (B 22 through the lower Maximilianstrasse, B 85 through the Mühltürlein). In the 1960s, the market was expanded to be “car-friendly”. a. with four lanes and a pedestrian underpass at the level of Schulstrasse.

The city center ring brought a noticeable relief in the 1970s. In 1985 Maximilianstraße was designated as a pedestrian area, the central island remained as the central transfer point for the city buses. It was not given up until 25 years later and replaced by the nearby central bus stop (ZOH) on Kanalstrasse. Richard-Wagner-Strasse, the Mühltürlein, the ascending sections of Opernstrasse and Schulstrasse as well as Sophienstrasse and other alleys have also been included in the pedestrian zone.

Industry

Steingraeber house on Friedrichstrasse

In the area of ​​the historic city center, especially on its western and southern edge, there were also industrial companies. The Franka camera factory existed in Jahnstrasse from 1919 to 1967 on the site of the former Merkel vinegar and liqueur factory.

The piano manufacturer Steingraeber & Söhne was founded in Bayreuth in 1852 as the Steingraeber piano factory. It has been based in the historic Steingraeber House (former Liebhardtsches Palais) in Friedrichstrasse since 1871 . The pianos and grand pianos are manufactured in the nearby Dammwäldchen 1 building.

After the dam pond was drained, the Sorge & Specht sugar factory was built in the 1860s on the corner plot of Dammallee zum Dammwäldchen. Its main building served Richard Wagner and his family as a residence in 1873/74 and later as the house of the agricultural trade association. In 1985 it had to make way for a new building, the portico was retained.

The municipal gas works, often just called "Die Gas", was located on Jean-Paul-Strasse south of the Hofgarten. At the Schroll alley 335 (now Jean-Paul-Straße 36) one produced Aktiengesellschaft since 1853, first made of wood, from 1864 from coal , coal gas for street lighting. In 1890, the city acquired the company and built a new plant with two gas tanks on the site , which also supplied residential houses with gas. In 1949, the plant received gas from the railway Bayreuth Hollfeld ago a railway siding . With the conversion to long-distance gas in 1965, self-generation ended, the coking plant and the three tall chimneys were demolished in the following years. The smaller of the two gas containers was dismantled in 1977 and the larger in 1989. The site is still used by the Bayreuth municipal utilities , which erected a new administration building there at the end of the 1960s.

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Herbert Popp: Bayreuth - newly discovered , p. 91.
  2. ^ Rainer Trübsbach : History of the City of Bayreuth. 1194-1994 . Druckhaus Bayreuth, Bayreuth 1993, ISBN 3-922808-35-2 , p. 24 .
  3. ↑ Karl Müssel: Bayreuth in eight centuries . 1st edition. Gondrom, Bindlach 1993, ISBN 3-8112-0809-8 , p. 40 .
  4. ↑ The permanent castle becomes permanent again in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from 18./19. August 2018, p. 11.
  5. ↑ Karl Müssel, op. Cit. , P. 45.
  6. ↑ Will of Poswik, Herbert Conrad: Bayreuth . Druckhaus Bayreuth, Bayreuth 1974, p. 7 .
  7. ↑ Herbert Popp: Bayreuth - newly discovered , p. 25.
  8. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth as it was , p. 19.
  9. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth as it was , p. 50.
  10. ^ Herbert Popp: Bayreuth - newly discovered , p. 101.
  11. ^ A touch of Rothenburg ob der Tauber in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from 10./11. June 2017, p. 14.
  12. ↑ New ideas for the Gassenviertel in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from July 14, 2015, p. 11.
  13. ↑ Kurt Herterich: From Bayreuth Castle Tower to Festival Hill , p. 36.
  14. ↑ Kurt Herterich: In the historic Bayreuth , p. 30.
  15. ↑ Karl Müssel, op. Cit. , P. 174.
  16. ↑ Arno Kröniger : Bareith - where you look! 1st edition. Akron, Bayreuth 2007, ISBN 3-9808215-4-4 , pp. 13 .
  17. ↑ a b Bernd Mayer : Bayreuth as it was. Flash lights from the city's history 1850–1950 . 2nd Edition. Gondrom, Bayreuth 1981, p. 26 .
  18. ^ Rainer Trübsbach: History of the City of Bayreuth , p. 151.
  19. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth as it was , p. 121.
  20. ↑ A stair joke in history. How the Bayreuthers "peed away" a Nazi memorial in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from 28./29. December 2019, p. 12.
  21. ↑ The C&A house is sold in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from 19./20. September 2015, p. 13.
  22. ^ Final spurt at the ex-vacancy in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from 17./18. November 2018, p. 13.
  23. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 118.
  24. ↑ Kurt Herterich: Im eastern Bayreuth , p. 36/37.
  25. ↑ a b Arno Kröniger: Bareith - where you look! , P. 68.
  26. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth - The last 50 years , p. 154.
  27. ^ Kurt Herterich: Im eastern Bayreuth , p. 46.
  28. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 117.
  29. ↑ 50 years ago: New urban building on Luitpoldplatz in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of December 17, 2018, p. 10.
  30. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 109.
  31. ↑ Bernd Mayer: "An idyll that nobody wanted" in the Heimatkurier des Nordbayerischer Kurier, 3/2004, p. 20.
  32. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 15.
  33. ↑ a b Kurt Herterich: Ein Bayreuther Straßenreieck , pp. 93/94.
  34. ↑ Kurt Herterich: Ein Bayreuther Straßenreieck , p. 91.
  35. ↑ Arno Kröniger: Bareith is copper! , P. 31.
  36. ↑ Arno Kröniger: Bareith - where you look! , P. 104.
  37. ↑ Company history at schuh-reindl.com
  38. ↑ a b Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 128.
  39. ↑ a b Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 126.
  40. ↑ Kurt Herterich: Im eastern Bayreuth , pp. 44/45.
  41. ↑ Heaviness and soap bubbles in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of August 21, 2018, p. 10.
  42. ↑ Karl Müssel: Bayreuth in eight centuries , S. 151st
  43. ^ W. Bronnenmeyer: Richard Wagner. Citizens in Bayreuth . Ellwanger, Bayreuth 1983, p. 32 .
  44. ^ W. Bronnenmeyer: Richard Wagner. Citizens in Bayreuth , p. 51.
  45. ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives: house was demolished in favor of the mentioned fashion house )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.mainwelle.fm
  46. ↑ Rosa and Volker carbon home: Bayreuth from AZ , S. 108th
  47. ↑ Kurt Herterich: Im eastern Bayreuth , p. 50/51.
  48. ^ Eva-Maria Bast, Heike Thissen: Bayreuth Secrets , p. 56 ff.
  49. ^ Kurt Herterich: Im eastern Bayreuth , p. 90 ff.
  50. ^ Kurt Herterich: Im eastern Bayreuth , pp. 74-77.
  51. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 158.
  52. ↑ Bernd Mayer: "Two gate pillars tell the history of the city" in the Heimatkurier des Nordbayerischer Kurier, 1/2005, p. 7.
  53. ↑ see: www.youtube.com
  54. ↑ 50 years ago. Last car over Ludwigsbrücke in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from December 6, 2018, p. 12.
  55. ↑ 50 years ago in: Nordbayerischer Kurier, July 25, 2018, p. 12.
  56. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 127.
  57. ↑ Stephan-H. Fuchs: Bayreuth Chronicle 1992 . 1st edition. Gondrom, Bindlach 1992, ISBN 3-8112-0793-8 , p. 72 .
  58. ^ Herbert Popp: Bayreuth - newly discovered , p. 95.
  59. ↑ Kurt Herterich: In the heart of Bayreuth , p. 136.
  60. ^ A hotel - a family in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of October 30, 2018, p. 9.
  61. ↑ The post goes to: Nordbayerischer Kurier from June 30th / 1st. July 2018, p. 11.
  62. ^ End of a restructuring case at br.de, accessed on July 4, 2018
  63. ↑ Norbert Aas: The Evangelical Reformed Congregation in Bayreuth and National Socialism (PDF), p. 23.
  64. ^ History at Gesellschaft Harmonie eV Bayreuth 1803
  65. ↑ Kurt Herterich: From Bayreuth Castle Tower to Festival Hill , p. 18.
  66. ↑ Eva-Maria Bast, Heike Thissen: Bayreuth Secrets . 1st edition. Bast Medien Service, Überlingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-9816796-1-8 , p. 65 f .
  67. ↑ Eva-Maria Bast, Heike Thissen: Bayreuth Secrets . 1st edition. Bast Medien Service, Überlingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-9816796-1-8 , p. 116 ff .
  68. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 173.
  69. ↑ Eva-Maria Bast, Heike Thissen: Bayreuth Secrets , p. 102 ff.
  70. ↑ Stephan-H. Fuchs: Bayreuth Chronicle 1992 . 1st edition. Gondrom, Bindlach 1992, ISBN 3-8112-0793-8 , p. 49 .
  71. ↑ Bayreuth faces history in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from June 24, 2020, p. 9.
  72. ↑ 1.5 million euros for the old coin in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from 5./6. January 2019, p. 11.
  73. ^ A b Reichshof instead of opera house in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from April 19, 2018, p. 11.
  74. ↑ Renovation and conversion of the town hall into a modern cultural center at bayreuth.de, accessed on April 19, 2018
  75. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 48.
  76. ^ Rainer Trübsbach: History of the City of Bayreuth. 1194-1994 . Druckhaus Bayreuth, Bayreuth 1993, ISBN 3-922808-35-2 , p. 220 .
  77. ↑ Karl Müssel: Bayreuth in eight centuries . 1st edition. Gondrom, Bindlach 1993, ISBN 3-8112-0809-8 , p. 148 .
  78. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth in the twentieth century , p. 23.
  79. ^ School management of the Richard-Wagner-Gymnasium: 125 years Richard-Wagner-Gymnasium , p. 22 ff.
  80. ↑ Kurt Herterich: From Bayreuth Castle Tower to Festival Hill , pp. 82–84.
  81. ^ Herbert Popp: Bayreuth - newly discovered , p. 24.
  82. ↑ Kurt Herterich: From Bayreuth Castle Tower to Festival Hill , p. 25.
  83. ↑ www.bayreuth.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.bayreuth.de  
  84. ↑ Kurt Herterich: From Bayreuth Castle Tower to Festival Hill , p. 49.
  85. ↑ www.bayreuth1320.de: Stadtarchäologie
  86. ↑ Kurt Herterich: Durchs Südwestliche Bayreuth , p. 124.
  87. ↑ www.historisches-franken.de ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.historisches-franken.de
  88. ↑ 50 years ago in Nordbayerischer Kurier of February 10, 2015, p. 10.
  89. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from April 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.historisches-franken.de
  90. ↑ Kurt Herterich: In the east of Bayreuth , p. 12.
  91. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Mysterious Bayreuth , p. 36.
  92. ^ Eva-Maria Bast, Heike Thissen: Bayreuth Secrets , p. 46 ff.
  93. ↑ Kurt Herterich: In the historic Bayreuth , p. 26.
  94. ^ Schwarz picture books: Bayreuth , Hans Schwarz Verlag Bayreuth, 5th edition, p. 19.
  95. ^ The last festival of old Bayreuth in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of July 22, 2015, p. 15.
  96. ↑ A festival over seven days in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from July 26, 2019, p. 16.
  97. ↑ Kurt Herterich: Im eastern Bayreuth , p. 34 f.
  98. ↑ Eva-Maria Bast, Heike Thissen: Bayreuth Secrets , p. 42 ff.
  99. ↑ Test run for a new well ( Memento from September 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). At: nordbayerischer-kurier.de from November 10, 2010, accessed on February 10, 2015.
  100. ↑ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth's first communal green area in the home courier of the North Bavarian Courier, 1/2005, p. 4.
  101. ^ Herbert Popp: Bayreuth - newly discovered , p. 95.
  102. ↑ Kurt Herterich: Through southwest Bayreuth . Ellwanger, Bayreuth 2001, ISBN 3-925361-39-1 , p. 68 .
  103. ↑ Arno Kröniger : Bareith - where you look! 1st edition. Akron, Bayreuth 2007, ISBN 3-9808215-4-4 , pp. 62 f .
  104. ↑ Kurt Herterich: In the southeast of Bayreuth . Ellwanger, Bayreuth 2000, ISBN 3-925361-38-3 , p. 51 ff .
  105. ^ Stadtwerke Bayreuth. Our history at stadtwerke-bayreuth.de, accessed on September 7, 2015
  106. ↑ 75 years of Stadtwerke Bayreuth in: Our Stadtwerke, customer magazine of BEW and BVB, issue 2/2014, p. 11.