Islam fascism

Islam fascism , Islamofascism or Islamic fascism is a neologism of Islam and fascism that was established in the second half of the last century and claims similarities in ideology and practice between Islamist movements and European fascism of the 20th century, or to neo-fascist and totalitarian movements of the present. Those who use this term refer to al-Qaeda , Boko Haram , Al-Shabaab , IS , the Taliban , the Muslim Brotherhood , Hamas and Hezbollah as Islamic fascist organizations . Critics of the term see the connection between Islam and fascism as an offensive and incorrect political slogan .

Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Al-Husseini walking through a Bosnian SS division (1943)

Origin of the term

The thesis of the strengthening of “Islamic fascism” became widespread especially after September 11, 2001 , while the term Islamic fascism was already used by Khomeini opponents in March 1979 during the Islamic revolution in Iran . Other authors, such as B. the journalist and columnist William Safire attributed the first use of the term to the British Middle East expert Malise Ruthven . Under the title “The Interpretation of Islam as Language” he wrote on September 8, 1990 in the British daily newspaper The Independent : “[…] There is also the phenomenon of a political problem with regard to the world of Islam. In contrast to the heirs of other non-Western traditions, such as Hinduism , Shintoism, or Buddhism , Muslim societies seem to struggle to institutionalize disagreements in a political way: an authoritarian form of government, if not Islamic fascism, is more the rule than the rule the exception from Morocco to Pakistan ”.

Definition and use of the term

The term is intended to designate a tendency within political Islam that openly sympathizes with fascist ideas or, without reference to them, acts according to a pattern that appears to be equivalent to European fascism.

Proponents of the term see other features of fascist ideology fulfilled, such as the leader cult- like idolization of some Islamic leaders, a martyr ideology that sacrifices the individual to the community, and the need for a " pest of the people " for propaganda purposes, in the case of Al-Qaeda and others Jihadists always portrayed Israel , the USA and “ World Jewry ”, which was already used by the Nazis as a fighting term . Various authors also point to the historically proven direct collaboration between the Nazi regime of the Third Reich and various Muslim organizations and personalities from the Middle East , such as Mohammed Amin al-Husseini , the former Grand Mufti of the city of Jerusalem who died in 1974 . As further elements, u. a. called by Alan Posener , Racism and Anti-Semitism .

The term is used by some intellectuals, e.g. B. in Iranian weblogs to denote totalitarian regimes. The late journalist Christopher Hitchens , who represented atheist and religiously critical positions, liked to refer to Islamic fundamentalism as “fascism” and is often cited as the actual inventor of the term “Islamic fascism”. In a kind of "defense speech" for his use of the term, Hitchens highlighted the similarities between fascist and Salafist ideologies in an October 22, 2007 article for the US magazine Slate :

“[…] The two most obvious points of comparison would be the following: Both ideologies are based on a cult of murderous violence that glorifies death and destruction and despises spiritual life - 'Death to the intellect! Long live death! 'As General Francisco Franco's companion Gonzalo Queipo de Llano had put it so pithily. Both [ideologies] are hostile to modernity - except when it comes to the development of weapons - and both are hopelessly nostalgic about past empires and the lost glory and glory associated with them. Both [ideologies] are obsessed with real and imaginary [suffered] 'humiliations' and [as a consequence] vengeful. Both [ideologies] are chronically infected with the poison of anti-Semitic paranoia - interestingly also with their less pronounced cousin, namely anti-Masonic paranoia. Both [ideologies] tend to cult and worship leaders and emphasize a single true book. Both [ideologies] are committed to sexual oppression - especially the suppression of any sexual 'deviation' - and, in relation to their counterparts, the submission of women and the contempt of all feminine. Both [ideologies] abhor art and literature and regard them as symptoms of degeneracy and decadence. Both [ideologies] burn books and destroy museums and art treasures. [...] "

Islam scholar Bassam Tibi calls Islam fascism another totalitarian ideology that is now spreading after the world has overcome fascism and Stalinism.

The women's rights activist Ayaan Hirsi Ali described in 2007 during an interview with the British newspaper London Evening Standard Islam as "the new fascism" and "a destructive, nihilistic cult of death." In a further interview with the Independent in the same year , she justified her theses with the core message of Islam, which demands the same unconditional submission and sacrifice from a Muslim, up to and including his own death, as, for example, from Mohammed Atta , one of the 11th century assassins . September , the world had been shown. In addition, she sees no difference between Islam and Islamism , since the Prophet Muhammad himself had called for the forcible conquest of other countries in the name of Islam and the killing of people of different faiths and homosexuals .

The German-Egyptian political scientist and prominent Islamic critic Hamed Abdel-Samad underlines the ideological similarities between fascist parties and movements in Europe and certain Islamic organizations in the Middle East and North Africa at the beginning of the 20th century. Abdel-Samad, however, like Ayaan Hirsi Ali, points to fascist elements in so-called "Ur-Islam", in particular the unconditional principle of submission in Islam, various anti-Semitic passages in the Koran and the ethnic cleansing carried out by his followers in the Arabic language under the leadership of Muhammad Peninsula in the 7th century.

It is unclear whether all representatives of the concept of understanding the same under the term Islamofascism: Josef Joffe used the occasion of the terrorist attacks in Madrid on 11 March 2004 at the time the term Islamo-fascism as a description of the ideology of Islamist terrorists, but without him more accurately define. The journalist Hannes Stein commented for Die Welt : “Islamic fundamentalism [...] had European teachers. It is not only rooted in the Koran, but also in the German folk ideology. "

The term Islam fascism was also used by George W. Bush on August 7, 2006 with regard to Hezbollah and the countries that he believes supported it in the Lebanon War in 2006 at a press conference in Crawford : “They are trying to spread their message of jihad. A message that I call totalitarian - Islamic radicalism, Islamic fascism. They try to spread this by attacking those who love freedom. "

Discussion of the term

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The Islamic scholar Sonja Hegasy and the historian René Wildangel describe, among other things, in an article for the Süddeutsche Zeitung , the term Islamic fascism as historically incorrect and as “the last word creation so far in the arms race of antagonisms”, which serves as “a whole religion to defame ”and to create a subliminal social consensus that assigns responsibility for current developments to Muslims or Islam itself. Despite poverty and humiliation “à la Versailles ”, Muslim societies have not slipped into fascism. The anti-Semitism often inherent in fascist ideologies was an import from 19th century Europe. As an example, they cite the Protocols of the Elders of Zion , an anti-Semitic forgery that was translated into Arabic by Arab Christians at the beginning of the 20th century, but which did not attract public attention at the time. The "protocols" were only widely disseminated when the Palestine conflict escalated in the years after 1948 (the founding of the state of Israel) . In addition, the centuries-long hostility towards Jews in Europe does not find a comparable counterpart in Islamic countries, although there are anti-Judaist passages in the Koran, similar to the New Testament.

With regard to Islamism, they claim that the nationalism characteristic of fascist systems was not shared, that National Socialism was condemned early on by leading members of the Muslim Brotherhood , an Islamist group founded in 1928, and that the anti-Western, conservative stance of such groups with a " expressly linked to anti-imperialist stance ”. They quote Muhammad al-Ghazālī , whom they describe as a leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood and a “moderate Islamist thought leader” who spoke of “blind, chauvinist nationalism” with reference to fascist Italy under Mussolini and Nazi Hitler’s Germany, who caused the "division of people into incompatible races".

Hegasy and Wildangel also relativize the importance of the collaboration between the Jerusalem Grand Mufti and SS member Mohammed Amin al-Husseini and the Nazis: In his exile in Berlin, Al-Husseini did not speak for the entire Muslim world, despite claims to the contrary by Nazi propaganda. In addition, the fact that in addition to Husseini's collaboration there was also public criticism of National Socialism is largely unknown. “In Egypt and other countries, including Palestine, Syria and Lebanon, sharp criticism of National Socialism - and of the persecution of Jews in Germany - was expressed, especially in the intellectual milieu.” The refusal of the Moroccan sultan at the time, Mohammed V , to insist was also expressed To give in to the Vichy regime after the deportation of the Jewish citizens is "not present in the memory." According to Hegasy and Wildangel, these points are, according to Hegasy and Wildangel, ignored in the construction of a historical Islamic fascism because they do not fit into the picture.

On June 11, 1941, Hitler explicitly ordered in directive 32 : “Preparations for the time after Barbarossa ” that the Arab freedom movement should be used for German war aims in the Middle East. His regional generals Hellmuth Felmy and Walter Warlimont fought in 1955 after their early liberation from the war crimes prison Landsberg an insider argument about why their implementation of Hitler's directive had failed; in particular the ideological factor, i.e. Islam, was controversial; Putschist Grobba also took part in the debate. Gerhard Höpp has presented the broad ideas of all those involved, i.e. from NS offices, NS scientists from all conceivable disciplines and the Arab Islamic fascists in detail from the sources.

“The National Socialist movement of Greater Germany has written the fight against world Jewry on its flag since its inception . She has therefore always followed the struggle of the freedom-loving Arabs, especially in Palestine against the Jewish invaders, with special sympathy. The knowledge of this enemy and the common struggle against him form the solid basis of the natural alliance between the National Socialist Greater Germany and the freedom-loving Mohammedans of the whole world. With this in mind, on the anniversary of the unfortunate Balfour Declaration , I would like to convey my warmest greetings and wishes for the successful implementation of your fight until the final victory .

Those who - like Matthias Küntzel  , the author of the book Djihad und Judenhass , which has been translated into several languages - represent the thesis that anti-Semitism in the Islamic world is more a cause than a consequence of the Middle East conflict, create a 'construct,' according to Hegasy and Wildangel whose impact should not be underestimated '. "However, Küntzel also criticized the term" Islamo-Fascism ", while at the same time pointing to ideological similarities between Islamism and National Socialism, which he saw mainly in the central role that anti-Semitism played in both movements.

The also historically oriented work by Jeffrey Herf Nazi Propaganda for the Arab world from 2009 deals with an Arab reception of fascism as follows: During the war and afterwards, the Muslim Brotherhood had a common basis for Nazism, fascism and Islam, which is particularly relevant I showed the joint radio broadcasts by exiled Islamists and Nazis from Berlin on the stations "Voice of Free Arabism" and "Berlin in Arabic". Your magazine Al Ikhwan Al Muslimin published the programmatic article “The Jews and Communism” in February 1948, which spread the Nazi thesis of Jewish Bolshevism. The defeat of the National Socialists in 1945 was simply not noticed. Herf sees a second reason to speak of the continued existence of Nazi ideas in Egypt historically in the employment of Nazi propagandist Johann von Leers in Cairo's state institutions (“Information Department”) in the 1950s through a targeted decision by Gamal Abdel Nasser . Nasser's view of the Jews, that of his official publications and those in some other Arab countries did not differ from that of the National Socialists: He wanted to promote views and ways of thinking about Israel and the Jews, whose roots lay in Nazi ideology and propaganda.

The German oriental studies of the time strove for an extensive synthesis of Islam and National Socialism, which culminated in the production of writings that Hitler partly as a forerunner (knight, servant, “knight”) in the sense of Islamic eschatology , partly as “light of the prophet “(That is, Muhammad's). In the broadcasts and pamphlets destined for Arabia, which were edited by the Mufti or by Raschid Ali al-Gailani , the coming of Hitler points to the soon-awaited prophet; How far one can go with such theological statements occupied the Foreign Office , Propaganda Ministry, RSHA and inclined Orientalists for months . Such protagonists, who, due to their age, held the chairs for Oriental Studies, Religious Studies and the like well into the post-war period. Occupied, and thus the direction of such sciences as the perception of Islam and the Orient for decades, are z. B. Otto Rössler and Sigrid Hunke .

The historian Moshe Zuckermann describes the term Islamic fascism as an "outrageous expression" and "empty talk". “Islamist fundamentalism has nothing to do with fascism, if you look at the analyzes of fascism that were carried out in the 1960s. If we understand fascism, which formed in a certain epoch in Italy, Hungary, Spain, and later as National Socialism in Germany in a radicalized special form, then this represents something completely different from the movements of radicalized Islam. Islam is complete other moments and has completely different objectives. They have nothing to do with each other. You have to empty the concept of fascism in terms of content in order to be able to identify superficial similarities. "

He points out that fascism “tended to be non-religious or anti-religious,” while Islamic fundamentalism was theocratic . The primacy of the state plays "rather a subordinate role" in Islamic fundamentalism than in fascism. The “monolithic national comrade ” that existed under National Socialism is also missing here , and the notion of community ( umma ) in Islam is very different from what the term “ national community ” suggests. Zuckermann therefore believes that the term “Islamofascism” is used more polemically than analytically.

The Middle East historian Wolfgang G. Schwanitz contradicted the statement of the author Hamed Abdel-Samad on the web portal explicit.net that today's Islamism is “Islamic fascism”. This false analysis of Islamism as a mixed ideology with totalitarian strands is ahistorical. In addition, the term “Islamic fascism” is far too Roman and unsuitable for Islamic countries, where not a few people barely understand Western concepts of state, nation and citizenship, but rather through their religions, tribes and the relative unity of state power and mosque define. In addition, the term "Islam fascism", which is to be rejected, is not a self-term used by Islamists. Finally, this term removes other totalitarian movements such as National Socialism and Communism from the overall picture, which in the 20th century shaped the Near and Middle East much more than Italian fascism from 1919 to 1945.

Representative of the term

• Hamed Abdel-Samad . In: Islamic Fascism: An Analysis . 2014, ISBN 978-3-426-27627-3
• Paul Berman . In: Terror and Liberalism. WW Norton, 2003, ISBN 0-393-05775-5
• George W. Bush , American Republican Party politician and the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009
• Daniel Cohn-Bendit , German - French publicist and politician from Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen and Europe Écologie-Les Verts , used the term in an interview with taz, Die Tageszeitung
• Akbar Gandji , Iranian journalist, writer and sociologist
• Stephan Grigat , German political scientist and journalist
• Ayaan Hirsi Ali
• Christopher Hitchens
• Josef Joffe , editor of Die Zeit , used the term in his newspaper and in the Tagesspiegel .
• Necla Kelek , member of the Giordano Bruno Foundation
• Maryam Rajavi , President of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (in exile in Paris), calls Islamic fundamentalists "religious fascists"
• Ali Sina (pseudonym)
• Ibn Warraq (pseudonym)
• Leon de Winter , Dutch writer and filmmaker

See also

• Eberhard von Stohrer , AA diplomat, largely equated NS and Islam ("Islam program")

literature

• Hamed Abdel-Samad : Islamic Fascism: An Analysis . Droemer, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-426-27627-3 .
• Dirk Ansorge (Ed.): Anti-Semitism in Europe and in the Arab world. Causes and interrelationships of a complex phenomenon. Bonifatius, Paderborn 2006, ISBN 3-89710-363-X
• Wolfgang Benz , Juliane Wetzel (ed.): Anti-Semitism and radical Islamism. Series: Antisemitism, History and Structures, 4th Klartext, Essen 2007 ISBN 3-89861-714-9
  • Review: Achim Saupe European dimensions of Islamist anti-Semitism.
  • Review: Susanne Wein, collective review . Contemporary history (after 1945), anti-Semitism
• Extreme right and Islam. Focus issue The Right Edge , No. 107, 2007
• Malte Gebert, Carmen Matussek: "... even if they left our country." The adaptation of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion in the Arab world. In: Yearbook for Research on Antisemitism , 18. Metropol, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-940938-53-4 , pp. 67-88
• Jeffrey Herf : Hitler's jihad. National Socialist Radio Propaganda for North Africa and the Middle East. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , 2010, H. 2, April, pp. 259–286
• Matthias Küntzel : Jihad and hatred of Jews . Ça ira Verlag , Freiburg 2002
  • dsb .: From Zeesen to Beirut. National Socialism and Anti-Semitism in the Arab World. In: Doron Rabinovici , Ulrich Speck, Nathan Sznaider (eds.): New anti-Semitism? A global debate. Frankfurt 2005.
• David Motadel : For prophets and leaders. The Islamic World and the Third Reich . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2017, ISBN 978-3-608-98105-6 .
• Thomas Schmidinger : On the Islamization of Anti-Semitism (PDF) in: Documentation Archive of Austrian Resistance (Ed.): Yearbook 2008, Vienna a. a. 2008, pp. 103-139.
• Barry Rubin, Wolfgang G. Schwanitz: Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Yale University Press, New Haven & London 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-14090-3
• Bernhard Schmid : The war and the critics . The reality in the Middle East as a projection surface for anti-Germans, anti-imperialists, anti-Semites and others. Unrast, Münster 2006, ISBN 978-3-89771-029-0
• Wolfgang G. Schwanitz : Islam in Europe, revolts in the Middle East. Islamism and genocide from Wilhelm II and Enver Pascha to Hitler and al-Husaini to Arafat, Usama Bin Ladin and Ahmadinejad as well as conversations with Bernard Lewis . Trafo-Wissenschaftsverlag Weist, Berlin 2013, 2014, 2nd edition, ISBN 978-3-86464-018-6
  • dsb. Ed .: Germany and the Middle East 1871–1945. Markus Wiener, Princeton 2004, ISBN 1-55876-298-1 & ISBN 1-55876-299-X , p. 16f.
• Jasmin Waibl-Stockner: “The Jews are our misfortune!” Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories and their anchoring in politics and society. Lit, Münster 2009 ISBN 978-3-643-50019-9 (= political science , volume 157, also a dissertation at the University of Innsbruck from 2007)
• Volker Weiss : Brothers in the demon. The NPD and the Islamists like to demonstrate unity in their hatred of “World Jewry” and the USA , Frankfurter Rundschau April 26, 2007
• Willi Winkler : The "shadow man". From Goebbels to Carlos. The mysterious life of François Genoud . Rowohlt, Reinbek 2011; ISBN 978-3-87134-626-2 (G. was a major protagonist)
  • Execution review: Ivo Bozic, From the Third Reich to the Third World. in jungle. Supplement to Jungle World # 4, January 27, 2011, p. 6f.
• Michael Whine: An unholy alliance. International links between right-wing extremism and Islamism. in Thomas Greven & Thomas Grumke (eds.): Globalized right-wing extremism? The extremist right in the era of globalization. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2006, pp. 181–199, ISBN 978-3-531-14514-3
• Klaus Holz: From a cloudy source . Right-wing ideologues and Islamist anti-Semites are planning a joint conference in Tehran. That is not surprising. Their hatred of Jews has a common origin in: Die Zeit , No. 6/2006
• Umberto Eco : Ur-fascism. In: Die Zeit , No. 28/1995; Original text Ecos, with 14 criteria, translation by Meinhard Büning, slightly shortened by the editorial team
• Phillip Landgrebe: Arab Muslims and National Socialism and the holdings of the International Tracing Service (ITS) . In: Learning from the story of July 31, 2017

Web links

Wiktionary: Islam fascism  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• Islam, Middle East and Fascism . newenglishreview.org (English)
• "Islam Fascism". Term and critical discussion . (PDF; 94 kB), Scientific Services of the German Bundestag, December 16, 2005
• Marcus Hammerschmitt : The Unequal Twins - Is Islamism a Variety of Fascism? Telepolis , November 25, 2005
• Katha Pollitt: Wrong War, Wrong Word . In: The Nation , September 11, 2006.
• Matthias Küntzel: Islamism and National Socialism. Is there a connection? (PDF; 658 kB) 2005, lecture at the FES ; also as print: ISBN 3-89892-510-2
• Götz Nordbruch: The Socio-historical Background of Holocaust Denial in Arab Countries . Reactions to Roger Garaudy 's “The Founding Myths of Israeli Politics”. (English), with many notes and references
• Gerhard Höpp: The Koran as a Secret Reich Matter . (PDF; 2 MB) Hitler as Redeemer
• Sonja Hegasy: Arabs and Nazi Germany: Collaborators and Adversaries . December 2010

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Hans-Peter Drögemüller: Iranisches Tagebuch. 5 years of revolution . Hamburg 1983
2. ^ William Safire : Language: Islamofascism, anyone? In: The New York Times , October 1, 2006, nytimes.com
3. ↑ here translated into German according to: Malise Ruthven: Construing Islam as a language . In: The Independent , September 8, 1990.
4. ↑ Laurence W. Britt: Fascism Anyone? In: Free Inquiry Magazine , Volume 23, Number 2, Spring 2003 issue, secularhumanism.org
5. ↑ David G. Dalin, John F. Rothmann: Icon of Evil - Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam . New York 2008
6. ↑ Christopher Hitchens: In enemy territory . ( September 30, 2007 memento on the Internet Archive ) The Independent , September 22, 2004
7. ↑ Christopher Hitchens: Defending the term 'Islamofascism' . In: Slate Magazine , October 22, 2007, slate.com
8. ↑ Ayaan Hirsi Ali - Enlightened intolerance . economist.com/blogs, April 16, 2014, The Economist
9. ^ Johann Hari: Ayaan Hirsi Ali: My life under a fatwa . In: The Independent , November 27, 2007, independent.co.uk
10. ↑ Hamed Abdel-Samad: The Islamic Fascism . Munich 2014, p. 29 ff.
11. ↑ Hamed Abdel-Samad: The Islamic Fascism . Munich 2014, p. 60.
12. ↑ Hamed Abdel-Samad: The Islamic Fascism . Munich 2014, p. 66 f.
13. ↑ ^{a b} Josef Joffe : The offensive of the Islamo-fascism appeasement is no answer. The Spaniards are drawing the wrong lesson from the Madrid attacks . In: Die Zeit , No. 13/2004
14. ↑ Hannes Stein : Viva la muerte . In: Die Welt , March 16, 2004
15. ^ President Bush and Secretary of State Rice Discuss the Middle East Crisis , Press Release, whitehouse.gov / Office of the Press Secretary, Aug. 7, 2006
16. ↑ Online ( Memento of the original from July 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
17. ^ Sources in Art. Felmy, Weblinks
18. ↑ zmo.de (PDF; 2 MB)
19. ↑ Sonja Hegasy, René Wildangel: Des Führer Mufti - The term Islamo-Fascism is historically incorrect . ( Memento from January 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Süddeutsche Zeitung, 8./9. May 2004
20. ^ Matthias Küntzel: Islamism, Fascism and NS . March 2005
21. ↑ Jeffrey Herf: Nazi Propaganda for the Arab world , 2009, pp. 251, 265 f. Prop. Translated from d. Engl. - Herf has the theses Wildangels from 2004 & 2007 according to references and the Lit.verz. noted without going into the content
22. ↑ in Höppner, Weblinks, p. 19, note 63, the "fable" against the Jews with Hitler as the Koranic redeemer figure in full length. Erwin Rommel is rhum, the lance, against the Jews
23. ↑ Gerhard Hanloser : "Islamist fundamentalism has nothing to do with fascism" . Telepolis , August 24, 2006; Interview with Moshe Zuckermann
24. ↑ Hamas and "Islamic Fascism" , web version 8-2014 (PDF; 336 kB)
25. ↑ Bush: Beginning of a Struggle Against "Islamic Fascism"
26. ↑ Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Andreas Fanzidah, Peter Unfried: “We have to overcome fear”. Daniel Cohn-Bendit on terror in Paris - The politician speaks about the "Bataclan generation" and the right strategy in the fight against the terrorist militia "Islamic State". In: taz.de. November 22, 2015, accessed November 22, 2015 . 
27. ↑ Christopher Hitchens: In enemy territory ( Memento from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
28. ↑ Islamofascism - Defense of a Term , Die Welt October 27, 2007
29. ↑ Your families, our families
30. ↑ The religious fascists who rule my country
31. ↑ Henryk M. Broder : Sometimes we only have the choice between disaster and catastrophe . Spiegel Online , August 1, 2005; Interview with L. de Winter.
32. ↑ Summary as well as 14 representative NS original broadcasts from the Mufti- Sender in Zeesen ; Back translation from English; see Herfs name article
33. ↑ Ibn Warraq gives a lecture and summarizes Umberto Eco's so-called Ur-Fascism, which Eco sees realized in particular in Islamism in the wake of Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi . Islam also rejects modernism; he is hostile to reason, including critical thinking, he fears contradictions, he defends himself against "intruders"; and all of this, although the manner of exclusion in Islam is based on religion and not on race. In the original: “ Islam also rejects modernism, is hostile to reason, critical thought, fears disagreement, and is terrified of 'intruders,' though Islam's form of exclusion is based on religion and not race. "Propr. Trans.