List of errors of justice in German case law

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list contains chronologically known cases of errors of justice in German jurisprudence . In addition, controversial cases are listed in which a wrong judgment was not officially confirmed, but the correctness of the judgment was expressed by experts in the public.

Known errors of justice

Until 1950

  • Josef Jakubowski was executed in Mecklenburg in 1926 for a murder he did not commit. The real perpetrator made a confession two years later.
  • Johann Evangelist Lettenbauer was convicted of the murder of his daughter and grandson in 1947 by the Lindau Regional Court . He was then imprisoned for 18 years, initially in a penitentiary for 10 years, then in a sanatorium and nursing home as well as in a retirement home. In March 1965 the case was reopened after a new testimony and investigated against the partly confessed main suspect Manfred Jung. In 1965, Lettenbauer was acquitted of proven innocence in a retrial by the Kempten Regional Court .
  • Hans Burkert was imprisoned for six years after he was sentenced to twelve years in prison by the Weiden district court in 1947 for manslaughter. The main witness was certain to have recognized Burkert in the murder in the moonlight. In 1952, Burkert was acquitted in a retrial. This led to four expert opinions which, due to poor visibility at the scene of the crime and the severely limited ability to see the witness, held it out of the question that his testimony would be reliable. In a psychological report, the witness was also described as self-important, headstrong and implausible. In the main trial, Burkert's defense lawyer had already submitted corresponding evidence requests (expert opinions), which, however, had been rejected by the court.
  • Arthur Meinberg was sentenced to life imprisonment in a circumstantial trial by the Siegen district court in 1950 for murder . In 1968 the execution of the sentence was suspended after his ex-employer hired private detectives to do new research. These had determined a witness who had seen Meinberg two kilometers from the crime scene at the time of the crime. In 1970 Meinberg was subsequently acquitted in a retrial.

1951 to 1980

  • Hans Hetzel was innocent in prison near Offenburg for 14 years for a murder allegedly committed in 1953 before he was acquitted in 1969.
  • In 1958, Maria Rohrbach was sentenced to lifelong imprisonment for the murder of her husband in a circumstantial trial by the Münster district court . In 1961 she was acquitted in a retrial.
  • Adolf Scharnowsky, 1959, charge: murder, Lübeck district court , verdict: life imprisonment, served imprisonment: 14 years and 7 months, subsequently acquitted in a retrial
  • Eva Mariotti was sentenced to life in prison by the Hamburg Regional Court in 1964 for murdering robbery in 1946. However, the Federal Court of Justice overturned the judgment. In another trial, Mariotti was acquitted in 1965.
  • Klaus Peter Löser, from 1965 for 18 years in the closed forensic psychiatry, Marburg . He was constantly being given high doses of psychotropic drugs against his will . The State Welfare Association of Hesse was later sentenced to pay Löser DM 500,000 in compensation for pain and suffering.
  • Holger Gensmer, 1971, allegation: murder and fornication with a child, Hamburg district court , verdict: life imprisonment, served imprisonment: 16 years, subsequently acquitted in a retrial for proven innocence.
  • Vera Stein , bourgeois Waltraud Storck, was detained for years in closed psychiatric institutions for years and treated with psychotropic drugs by decision of various courts (including the Hanseatic Higher Regional Court in Bremen ), without adequate diagnosis and against her will . Normal pubertal behavior and the consequences of a polio infection were misdiagnosed as Hebephrenic Schizophrenia . Her father was the driving force behind the many inpatient forced admissions between 1974 and 1979, even after Stein (Storck) came of age . The European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2005 that their placement violated the European Convention on Human Rights .
  • Otto Becker was sentenced to 12 years and 3 months in prison in the Carmen Kampa murder case in 1975 . After the Federal Court of Justice overturned the judgment, Becker was acquitted by the Bremen Regional Court in 1976 . Later investigations using modern DNA technology revealed in 2011 that the murder was very likely committed by a security guard from Bremen.

1981 to 1990

  • Gabriele Gottwald , member of the Bundestag, was convicted of insulting in 1984 because she was wrongly accused by a police officer. The policeman confessed his false accusation act in 2008.
  • Michael Mager spent six years in prison for the murder of a pensioner. After hours of interrogation, Mager confessed to the murder in late 1983. A short time later, however, he revoked his confession. In 1995 the real perpetrator, Thomas Rung , finally confessed to the murder of the pensioner in 1983. Mager was subsequently acquitted in 1996 in a retrial by the Berlin Regional Court .
  • Wolfgang J. was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Koblenz Regional Court for allegedly raping and murdering a schoolgirl in 1985. He was in custody for 29 months. A DNA analysis, which he had to fight for himself, then revealed the truth. The testimony that brought him into custody was found to be false. These were an act of revenge by his partner's family after Wolfgang J. had reported her uncle for years of sexual abuse of his partner. J. was acquitted in 1988.
  • Richard Simmons, 1986, charge: rape and murder, Bielefeld district court , verdict: 15 years imprisonment, imprisonment served: 8.5 years. A subsequent DNA analysis showed that he could not have been the culprit. Simmons was subsequently acquitted in 1994 retrial for proven innocence.
  • Bernd Herborth was sentenced to 18 months probation by the Paderborn Regional Court in 1989 for the sexual abuse of his daughter. The basis for this was a credibility report, which the 8-year-old daughter classified as credible. Herborth lost his job as a secondary school teacher and his family. He was acquitted in 1996 on retrial for proven innocence.

1991 to 2000

  • Anton Windhager was innocent in prison for three years and four months as a result of a false testimony by a 13-year-old girl. He was convicted of rape by the Weiden District Court in 1993 . A retrial failed in 1994. Windhager's lawyer accused the investigators and the court of blatant errors. The girl was shown a photo of Windhager before the confrontation . In addition, the appraiser commissioned with a credibility report should have been asked better, especially since she later admitted that the girl could have mistaken the perpetrator. In 1999, Windhager learned that the now adult girl had revoked his earlier statement. It was not Windhager (called Toni) who raped her, but her mother's boyfriend at the time. Because he threatened her with violence if she should tell the truth, she invented "Toni from the neighboring village". Windhager was subsequently acquitted at the end of 2000.
  • In 1995, Adolf S. was sentenced to seven years in prison by the Osnabrück Regional Court on charges of raping his daughter. In 1996, the daughter's uncle, Bernhard M., was sentenced to four and a half years' imprisonment on the same charge. There was no confession, third party testimony or other evidence - just the allegations of an 18-year-old girl who later turned out to be mentally ill. In addition, an expert opinion was ignored by the court, as well as weighty evidence , e.g. B. an intact hymen of the 18-year-olds. After the prison sentence had been served in full, the court reporter Sabine Rückert was able to obtain a retrial. This ended in acquittals for both of them.
  • Donald Stellwag spent eight years in prison for a bank robbery and hostage-taking that he did not commit. An incorrect anthropological comparative report by the expert Cornelius Schott led to his conviction by the Nuremberg-Fürth regional court in 1995 . After serving his imprisonment, the real perpetrator of the bank robbery was caught, who made a confession.
  • Monika Reimann was sentenced to one year imprisonment on probation in 1996 as a result of an incorrect anthropological report by the expert Cornelius Schott . She had been accused of stealing a patient's check card and PIN as a nurse in a Dortmund hospital and thus withdrew 14,400 marks from ATMs at several banks. The proceedings did not end with a retrial, but rather by the prosecution's termination after six years of investigation. After the guilty verdict, Reimann commissioned several other experts who came to the conclusion that there were serious doubts about Schott's pictorial judgment.
  • Dieter Gill spent seven years in prison as a result of a false testimony from his daughter. In 1996 he was sentenced to prison by the Kempten Regional Court for raping his 10-year-old daughter . After having served her full sentence, the daughter had confessed that she had lied about her allegations at the time. In 2013, Gill was subsequently acquitted in a retrial.
  • Christos Orfanidis, 1997, charge: robbery extortion, district court Frankfurt am Main
  • Harry Wörz was convicted of attempted manslaughter of his then wife in 1998 by the Karlsruhe Regional Court . Wörz was imprisoned for 55 months. In 2009 he was acquitted by the Mannheim Regional Court in retrial . Serious investigative errors by the police and public prosecutor's office led to the conviction (1998). The Mannheim Regional Court considered it likely that the woman's lover at the time was the perpetrator. This was a police officer by profession and was apparently deliberately not bothered by his police colleagues during the investigation.
  • Jens Schlegel, 1998, allegation: robbery extortion, Nuremberg-Fürth district court , verdict: 2.5 years imprisonment, imprisonment served: 1.5 years
  • Gerhard B., 1999, allegation: sexual abuse, district court Mosbach , judgment: 3 years imprisonment
  • Artur Tokarczyk, 2000, allegation: commercial tax stealing, Potsdam district court , verdict: 2 years probation, pre-trial detention served: 5 months, subsequently acquitted in 2006 by the Frankfurt (Oder) regional court , material damage incurred: 8 million euros

2001 to 2005

  • Kazim Görgülü is the father concerned in a family law dispute in Saxony-Anhalt . Between 2001 and 2008 he was denied parental custody of his son due to incorrect application of the law. The case caused a stir because decisions by the Wittenberg District Court in favor of Görgülü were repeatedly overturned by the Naumburg Higher Regional Court . The European Court of Human Rights declared a decision by the Higher Regional Court of Naumburg to be incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights ; further decisions by the Higher Regional Court of Naumburg were overturned by the Federal Constitutional Court. Ultimately, the judges of the Naumburg Higher Regional Court involved were even because of violation of the law accused.
  • In 2002, Thomas Ewers was sentenced to six years and eight months in prison by the Dortmund Regional Court for allegedly raping his ex-girlfriend . Shortly after serving the full term, the alleged victim admitted to having fabricated the crime.
  • In 2002, Günther Kaufmann was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment by the Munich Regional Court I , based on a false confession, for serious extortion and extortion resulting in death . With the confession he wanted to protect his sick wife, who had instigated three men to do the crime. After the real perpetrators were convicted, Kaufmann was released. In 2005 he was acquitted in a retrial.
  • In 2002, Horst Arnold was sentenced to five years imprisonment for raping a work colleague by the Darmstadt Regional Court . The basis of the conviction was the statement of the alleged victim Heidi K., which later turned out to be fictitious. After Heidi K. later attracted attention many times through absurd stories, in 2011 he was acquitted in a retrial. Arnold had already served the full sentence by this time. A few months after his acquittal, Arnold died of a heart attack. Heidi K. was sentenced to five and a half years in prison in 2013 for deprivation of liberty.
  • Case from Waldshut-Tiengen , 2003, allegation: sexual abuse of daughter, district court Konstanz , verdict: 3.5 years imprisonment, served imprisonment: 2 years
  • Ralf Witte was sentenced to a long prison term by the Hanover Regional Court in 2004 , based on statements made by 15-year-old Jennifer that he and her father were supposed to have raped her. Due to a number of discrepancies and after the alleged victim, who is said to suffer from borderline syndrome , later put further unbelievable stories on the record, a retrial was initiated. This ended with an acquittal after the public prosecutor's office kept their new findings about Jennifer to themselves for years and Witte had already served five years of his imprisonment.
  • Norbert Kuss was imprisoned for 683 days as a result of a false statement by his foster daughter and as a result of an incorrect credibility report. In 2004 he was sentenced to three years in prison by the Saarbrücken regional court for multiple sexual abuse of his foster daughter. In 2013, Kuss was subsequently acquitted in a retrial on the basis of a new credibility report, which came to the conclusion that the original report had serious methodological deficiencies and that the foster daughter's descriptions were not to be regarded as experience-oriented.
  • Ulvi Kulaç was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Hof Regional Court in 2004 for the murder of nine-year-old Peggy Knobloch and was admitted to a closed psychiatric ward because of incapacity . There was no corpse or other traces of the murder. In addition, there were considerable inconsistencies in the chronological sequence in relation to the statements of other witnesses. The conviction was based solely on a confession that the mentally handicapped Kulaç made after hours of interrogation, but later revoked. There is no sound recording of the confession; it was just based on an investigator's memory log. In 2014, the Bayreuth regional court overturned Ulvi Kulaç's conviction from 2004.
  • Herbert Becker was in prison for seven and a half years as a result of a false testimony from his daughter. He had been sentenced to imprisonment in 2004 by the Halle Regional Court for raping his daughter. The court relied on their own expertise and the information provided by the doctors and waived a psychological assessment of the daughter. Only when the daughter accused other men of rape in the following years and the allegations became more and more absurd did the public prosecutor's office examine her. The psychologist in charge diagnosed the daughter with a personality disorder in 2009 . However, it was only when Johann Schwenn became aware of the case and enforced the reopening of the proceedings that Becker was subsequently acquitted in 2012.
  • Thilo H., 2004, charge: rape, district court Frankfurt (Oder) , serving prison term: 3 years; He was acquitted in a retrial in 2008 by the Potsdam Regional Court after the alleged victim admitted to having fabricated the story and the charge.
  • Gregor H., 2004, charge: jointly attempted murder and attempted serious arson, Potsdam Regional Court , verdict: 8 years imprisonment, served imprisonment: 4 years
  • Wolfgang Schwertz, 2005, charge: murder, district court Kiel , judgment: life imprisonment, served imprisonment: 3.5 years
  • Monika de Montgazon was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Berlin Regional Court in 2005 for the murder of her father by willful arson. The main cause of the miscarriage of justice was an incorrect fire report by the Berlin State Criminal Police Office . Monika de Montgazon was imprisoned for two and a half years and was acquitted in 2008 after a successful appeal at the new main hearing.
  • Hermine Rupp : Rudolf Rupp disappeared in October 2001 without a trace. In May 2005 the Ingolstadt district court sentenced his wife Hermine and the fiancé of one of the daughters to eight and a half years in prison for manslaughter . Under dubious circumstances they had confessed to having killed Rupp, dismembered and then fed them to the animals living on their farm. They had revoked this confession before the trial began. In March 2009 the Mercedes car Rupps was found with his body in the Danube . This proved that large parts of the findings made by the court were wrong. Nevertheless, the judiciary refused to accept a resumption for a long time. In February 2011, the retrial ended with an acquittal. The convicts had already served their sentences in full.

2006 to 2010

  • Gustl mollath was seven and a half years in accordance with § 63  of the Criminal Code in forensic accommodated because he 2006 by the Landgericht Nürnberg-Fürth acquitted in a criminal trial due to debt inability of the charge of multiple bodily injury and property damage due to an assumed common danger but his placement was arranged in psychiatry. After the Penal Enforcement Chamber of the Bayreuth Regional Court and the Bamberg Higher Regional Court had confirmed this briefing for six years, numerous doubts arose in 2011 about the allegations and the rule of law of the proceedings. In 2014, it was found in a retrial that Mollath had committed one of the three offenses he was accused of, but the assumption of a public danger and the briefing were unlawful and disproportionate.
  • Holger Hellblau was imprisoned for five years. In 2006 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for murder by the Neuruppin District Court because he is said to have stabbed his wife's lover in his sleep. In 2010, he was subsequently acquitted in a retrial following new evidence and DNA analysis .
  • Klaus Dieter Overbeck was sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment by the Göttingen regional court on charges of rape . This judgment was overturned in the revision and it was finally acquitted

Since 2011

  • Matthias G. was imprisoned for almost two years because he is said to have forced his daughter to have sex for years. Initially, he was sentenced to twelve years in prison by the Kempten Regional Court in 2012 . After the Federal Court of Justice overturned this judgment, he was acquitted in a second trial.
  • Clinton de Klerk spent almost two years in custody for alleged counterfeiting of coins and had already been sentenced to imprisonment by the Frankfurt am Main district court before the appellate court at the Federal Court of Justice revealed that there was no criminal offense at all.
  • The 26-year-old Syrian Amed A. was imprisoned for more than two months because he was mistaken for an African from Mali. It was only after a cell fire on September 17, 2018 , which resulted in his death, that it became known that he had been wrongly detained. In addition, it turned out that he could have been released for a payment of 285 euros, which he had probably not been told.
  • Michael Perez had been in psychiatry for many years since 2007 due to questionable reports and court decisions, and since June 16, 2015 even under more severe conditions. His sister Bianka Perez wrote a critical book about it, which also contains information on the similar case of Holger Zierd. He was only released on November 19, 2018 after 10 years in the closed psychiatry.

Possible further errors of justice

In any case, a judicial error in the legal sense exists if the flawedness of a final judgment is established in a retrial. The legal hurdles for a retrial in Germany are very high, so on average there is only one retrial in every 8900th case. Therefore, in addition to the judicially recognized miscarriage of justice cases, cases are discussed in public in which there are doubts about the actual guilt of the convicted person, but in which there has not yet been a retrial. Similarly, cases are often discussed in public in which there was no conviction in the end, but the accused was exposed to pre-trial detention and it later turned out that the accused was innocent from the start or that there are at least considerable doubts about the allegations. In addition, cases are intensively discussed in public in which serious misconduct by the judiciary and investigative authorities appears possible. The following cases, among others, gained particular prominence in this context:

  • Albert Ziethen spent 20 years in prison until his death. He was sentenced to death by the Elberfeld Regional Court in 1884 for the murder of his wife. The sentence was then commuted to life imprisonment. Although four years later the apprentice working at the barber shop in Ziethen confessed to the murder, there was no retrial. The Elberfeld Regional Court had decided to do so, but this decision was overturned by the Cologne Higher Regional Court . Three further requests for readmission failed in 1893, 1897 and 1900.
  • Vera Brühne was sentenced in 1962, together with co-defendant Johann Ferbach, to life imprisonment in prison by the Munich II district court for joint double murder. After eighteen years in prison, she was pardoned in 1979 by Prime Minister Franz Josef Strauss and released from prison. The weekly newspaper Die Zeit wrote about the verdict in 2001: "... Vera Brühne - whether murderess or not - should never have been convicted on the basis of such unilateral and unclean investigations."
  • Franz-Josef Sträter was imprisoned for 20 years and six months for the murder of a young woman, which he allegedly committed in 1983 in the Sauerland . The judgment was given by the Arnsberg Regional Court as a result of a confession during his police interrogation, which Strater immediately revoked. Sträter always protested his innocence throughout the entire prison term. In an expert opinion, the criminal scientist Thomas Müller held Sträter innocent because it was clear to him that another murder in the Sauerland was committed by the same perpetrator. At the time of the second murder, however, Strater was already in custody. The Düsseldorf criminalist Stephan Harbort came to the same conclusion as Müller . Sträter's confession shows some inconsistencies. According to Sträter, this only came about under massive pressure. There were also numerous investigative mishaps and failures. An application for a retrial was rejected by the court.
  • Monika Weimar was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Fulda regional court in 1988 for the murder of her two daughters. In 1997 she was acquitted in a retrial. After an appeal by the public prosecutor's office against this acquittal, another trial took place in which she was sentenced again to life imprisonment in 1999 by the Frankfurt am Main regional court . Weimar was released from prison in 2006 after a total of 15 years in prison.
  • In the so-called Montessori trial from 1992, Rainer Möllers was accused of having sexually abused 55 children in hundreds of cases as an educator in two kindergartens. The Münster Regional Court acquitted him after two and a half years of trial. Möllers was in custody for 26 months. The trigger for this criminal case was the eagerness of the feminist counseling center Zartbitter Coesfeld and the suggestive questioning of children that it carried out for years .
  • In the Worms trials between 1993 and 1997, 25 people from Worms and the surrounding area were charged with mass child abuse in an alleged porno ring at the Mainz Regional Court . The accused sat for several years in detention . The three trials ended in 1996 and 1997 with acquittals for all 25 defendants. The verdict reads: “There never was mass abuse in Worms” and “We have to apologize to all the accused, for whom a long path of suffering is coming to an end.” The charges were triggered by the excessive eagerness of the Wildwasser Worms association.
  • Andreas Kühn is the convicted perpetrator in the so-called gorilla mask bank robbery case. In 2001 he was sentenced to 13 years in prison by the Stuttgart Regional Court . The judgment is based u. a. on an anthropological comparative report based on the recordings from a surveillance camera and on further evidence. In a new anthropological comparative report commissioned by the former employer Kühns, the expert stated that the perpetrator of the bank robberies was almost certainly not identical to Andreas Kühn. In the report, 17 differences between the two profiles were found, such as the hairline, lower jaw, ears and the like. a. Among them was a mole on the offender's ear. However, Kühn has no mole there. A retrial application was rejected by the court.
  • Peter Böttcher, 2007, allegation: rape, Halle (Saale)
  • Kim Jung, 2008, charge: robbery and dangerous bodily harm, Essen district court , verdict: 5.5 years imprisonment, served imprisonment: 3.5 years
  • In 2008, Benedikt Toth was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Munich District Court I for the murder of his aunt Charlotte Böhringer. The court also determined the gravity of the guilt . The citizens' initiative ProBence is calling for a retrial because of inconsistencies. The family of Benedict Toth has 250,000 euro reward for new evidence in the murder case awarded .
  • Jost Mayer, 2009, charge: rape, Stuttgart , 77 days in custody
  • Fritz Kerler, 2010, charge: arson and attempted tenfold murder, Beratzhausen , 70 days in custody
  • Andreas Darsow is the convicted perpetrator in the so-called double murder of Babenhausen case. In 2011 he was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Darmstadt Regional Court in a circumstantial trial for murder . Some observers are calling for a retrial in this case, citing inconsistencies . To this end, a citizens' initiative called “Monte Christo” was founded in 2011 .
  • Manfred Genditzki was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Munich II regional court in 2012 because he drowned Lieselotte K., whom he was looking after, in her bathtub. After the BGH overturned the judgment due to a procedural error and referred it back to another chamber, this chamber also confirmed the conviction. The defense attorneys and most of the trial observers had firmly expected an acquittal. A murder weapon was neither identified nor found. Genditzki himself has always maintained his innocence to this day. The trial has been portrayed as a miscarriage of justice in multiple media. The criminalist and profiler Axel Petermann also expressed considerable doubts about Genditzki's perpetration.
  • Ilona Haslbauer spent seven and a half years in forensic psychiatry against her will because she is said to have rammed a neighbor with a shopping cart . The instruction in the execution of measures by the regional court of Regensburg and in particular the duration of this deprivation of liberty were criticized as completely disproportionate to the charge. Furthermore, there had been contradicting reports which Haslbauer regarded as fully culpable on the one hand and not culpable on the other as a result of a paranoid system of thought. In 2014 Haslbauer was released from forensic psychiatry.
  • Werner Mazurek was sentenced in 2011 by the BGH to life imprisonment for the murder of Ursula Herrmann . The procedure, which was supposed to close the almost 30-year-old case, was based solely on circumstantial evidence, of which the confession of a deceased person, withdrawn within 24 hours, and a tape recording were essential. Werner Mazurek denies his guilt to this day. The victim's brother also doubts the guilt and has initiated civil proceedings against the convicted person in order to have the circumstances of the case re-clarified.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ We meet in heaven ; in: Der Spiegel , issue 51/1950 from December 20, 1950
  2. ↑ Murder in the moonlight rewound ; in: Oberpfalznetz.de from May 31, 2011
  3. ↑ Convicted innocent ; in: Hamburger Abendblatt of October 17, 1961
  4. ↑ Shining blood - after 20 years: Meinberg was acquitted ; in: The time of May 8, 1970
  5. ↑ Your death will be hard ; in: Der Spiegel issue 18/1970 of April 27, 1970
  6. ↑ A woman brought Arthur Meinberg back to life ; in: Hamburger Abendblatt from May 2, 1970
  7. ↑ traces in the grain ; in: Der Spiegel , issue 18/1973 of April 30, 1973
  8. ↑ The criminal justice system is at best misled ; in Der Spiegel , issue 11/1976 of March 8, 1976
  9. ↑ Adolf Scharnowsky asserts: "Only the murderer knows that I am innocent" ; in: Hamburger Abendblatt of May 6, 1975
  10. ↑ Klaus-Peter Löser is now going to court ; in: Zeit Online from June 8, 1990
  11. ↑ Towards nonsense ; in: Focus of July 24, 1995
  12. ↑ 3245 days of forced placement in the Marburg psychiatry ; in: Deutsche Welle , TV magazine "Boulevard Germany"
  13. ↑ Tell us: Why did you do it? ; in Der Spiegel , issue 53/1987 of December 28, 1987
  14. ↑ growling of approval ; in: Der Spiegel , issue 17/1987 of April 20, 1987
  15. ↑ The judge who pronounced "lifelong" ; in: Hamburger Abendblatt dated December 9, 1987
  16. ↑ On the careless handling of the confession ; in: Zeit Online from April 10, 1987
  17. ↑ Südwestdeutsche Zeitung of June 11, 2003
  18. ↑ Südwestdeutsche Zeitung of September 5, 2003
  19. ↑ How Richard Simmons Fights for His Innocence ; in: Welt am Sonntag on February 17, 2002
  20. ↑ British eight and a half years innocent in prison - a botched life ; in: Hamburger Abendblatt from February 25, 1994
  21. ^ Lippische Landeszeitung dated February 26, 2002
  22. ↑ Miscarriage of Justice - Long Tour of Suffering ; in: Focus from April 1, 1996
  23. ↑ Innocent behind bars ; in: Welt am Sonntag from April 14, 2002
  24. ^ Image on Sunday April 14, 2002, page 16
  25. ↑ Innocent in prison for over three years . ( Memento of the original from June 4, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Oberpfalznet.de of April 17, 2002 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / m.oberpfalznetz.de
  26. ↑ I guess it was him ; in: Der Spiegel , issue 21/2000 of May 22, 2000
  27. ↑ Dangerous Witnesses ; in: Bild der Wissenschaft from January 1, 2003
  28. ↑ Jens Schlegel at Kerner ; in: ZDF , Johannes B. Kerner (TV broadcast) from November 9, 2009
  29. ^ Maischberger on miscarriage of justice: right extremes and their victims ; in: Spiegel Online from May 28, 2008
  30. ^ ZDF talk show: Justice victim sat next to his judge ; in: northern Bavaria. de of April 16, 2009
  31. ↑ Between Us - Life Stories ; in: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk , broadcast on October 18, 2008
  32. ^ Justice victim Schlegel at Maischberger: No excuse ; in: ZDF , Menschen bei Maischberger , broadcast on May 27, 2008
  33. ↑ You have been wronged ; in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of March 28, 2003
  34. ↑ Stuttgarter Zeitung of April 3, 2003
  35. ^ Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 29, 2003
  36. ^ Badische Zeitung of April 2, 2003
  37. ^ Justice posse in Brandenburg: Artur T.'s missing treasure ; in: Spiegel Online from June 12, 2012
  38. ↑ Thomas Darnstädt : The judge and his victim: When the justice is wrong , ISBN 978-3-492-05558-1 , pp. 282-290
  39. ↑ Sexual Abuse of Daughter: Just a Big Miscarriage of Justice? ; in: Südkurier of May 5, 2009
  40. ↑ Daughter revokes her statement ; in: Badische Zeitung of May 5, 2009
  41. ↑ Family father innocent for two years in prison ; in: schwäbische.de on May 27, 2009
  42. ↑ Alleged abuse: father was innocently detained for two years ; in: Spiegel Online from May 26, 2009
  43. ↑ Thomas Darnstädt : The judge and his victim: When justice is wrong , ISBN 978-3-492-05558-1 , page 142
  44. ↑ Thomas Darnstädt : The judge and his victim: When justice is wrong , ISBN 978-3-492-05558-1 , page 141
  45. ↑ 26-year-old innocent in prison for years ; in: Märkische online newspaper from October 1, 2009
  46. ^ Judicial error: 4 years innocent in jail ; in: Berliner Kurier of December 22, 2008
  47. ↑ Soft boiled long enough ; in: Der Spiegel , issue 6/2010 from February 8, 2010
  48. ↑ Spectacular fallacies ; in: Der Spiegel , issue 21/2014 from May 19, 2014
  49. ↑ Barbara Keller: Is that what a murderer looks like? , ISBN 978-3-86813-006-5 , page 137
  50. ↑ murder without motive ; in: berlinkriminell.de, full documentation of the procedure from 2004–2008 and obituary
  51. ↑ www.augsburger-allgemeine.de: For lack of evidence
  52. ↑ 5 years innocent in jail ; in: Bild newspaper from October 1, 2010
  53. ↑ Under suspicion: what leads to the criminal? , in: ARD , Menschen bei Maischberger , broadcast on February 14, 2011
  54. ^ Rheinsberg: After Holger Hellblau's acquittal, his daughters and the search for the real perpetrator are important ; in: Märkische online newspaper from October 22, 2010
  55. ↑ a b Defamed and convicted: innocent in prison ; in: ARD , Panorama (Magazin) , broadcast on January 23, 2014.
  56. ^ Daughter's rape allegation: Father acquitted after two years in prison ; in: Spiegel Online from March 7, 2014
  57. ↑ Father acquitted of allegation of rape ; in: Süddeutsche Zeitung of March 7, 2014
  58. ↑ Daughter not raped - Kempten: acquittal after almost two years in prison ; in: Abendzeitung München from March 7, 2014
  59. ↑ a b Innocent behind bars - locked away and checked off ; in: 3sat TV documentary from June 2, 2015
  60. ↑ "Coin forger" innocent ; in: Bild newspaper of September 27, 2013
  61. ^ Fidelius Schmid: Victims of mistake could have left prison for 285 euros ; in: Spiegel online, November 2, 2018
  62. ↑ Thomas Diehl: The case of Michael Perez: Lost in psychiatry. SWR, June 25, 2018, accessed on August 1, 2019 .
  63. ↑ Bianka Perez: The Black List: Nazi Paragraph 63 StGB - locked away and sprayed away . 1st edition. underDog Verlag Olaf Junge, Hamburg 2017, ISBN 978-3-9814257-0-3 .
  64. ↑ Wolfgang Bartels: Michael Perez back with parents. Allgemeine Zeitung, November 21, 2018, accessed on August 1, 2019 .
  65. ↑ zeit.de: Lies that one likes to believe - In the German judiciary, too, the more precisely false accusations are held to be true, the more precisely they correspond to the expectations of those who are lying.
  66. ↑ Excerpt from the book "In the name of error!" Misjudgments in murder trials by Hans-Dieter Otto
  67. ↑ Excerpt from the book "Kriminalfälle" by Paul Lindau
  68. ↑ Who killed Johanna Schenuit? ; in: Der Spiegel , issue 25/2000, June 19, 2000
  69. ↑ 20 years innocent in jail? The Franz-Josef Sträter case ( Memento of the original from May 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; in: Stern TV , December 10, 2003 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stern.de
  70. ↑ Hope for the Second Trial ; in: Welt am Sonntag , December 7, 2003
  71. ↑ Innocent in jail for 17 years? ; in: Berliner Zeitung of January 13, 2001
  72. ↑ The apparatus that never goes wrong ; in: taz.de from January 6, 2004
  73. ↑ Innocent in custody - I'm not called Kachelmann ; in: Stuttgarter Zeitung of November 9, 2011
  74. ↑ TV documentary "Innocent in prison" ; in: SWR - Südwestrundfunk from October 19, 2009
  75. ↑ Hope for Andreas Kühn after nine years in prison ; in: Esslinger Zeitung from July 25, 2009
  76. ↑ Image of a surveillance camera to prove innocence ; in: Schwäbisches Tagblatt from November 12, 2009
  77. ↑ Innocent behind bars - How difficult it is for victims of justice in Germany ; in: Report Mainz from October 26, 2009
  78. ↑ Full text of the decision of the OLG Stuttgart of July 18, 2012, Az. 2 Ws 273/11
  79. ↑ After the release, first to the steak house ; in: Esslinger Zeitung of April 28, 2012
  80. ↑ In case of doubt for the accused - victims of justice in Germany: The Andreas Kühn case ; in: Südwestrundfunk from January 18, 2012
  81. ↑ Summary of the TV program "Panorama" from January 23, 2014
  82. ↑ Unter Uns - Stories from Life , TV broadcast on February 14, 2014.
  83. ↑ Convicted policeman is at large again ; in: Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung of December 12, 2014
  84. ↑ Internet portal by Kim Jung ( Memento of the original from July 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot /erechtigkeit-fuer-kim.de
  85. ^ Miscarriage of justice: innocent in Stammheim ; in: Spiegel Online from June 1, 2011
  86. ↑ Investigation errors and their consequences ; in: Mittelbayerische Zeitung of July 16, 2013
  87. ↑ Werner Mazurek has been imprisoned for ten years - for an act that he does not want to have committed ; in: Stern Online, February 8, 2018
  88. ↑ Case still puzzling: Was the wrong perpetrator convicted for the death of Ursula Herrmann? ; in: Stern Online September 5, 2018
  89. ^ Information on the kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann Justice for Werner Mazurek * ; Online information from Dipl.-Phys. Bernd Haider, September 5, 2018
  90. ^ The doubts in the Herrmann case persist ; in: Süddeutsche Zeitung, August 2, 2018
  91. ↑ Case of Ursula Herrmann: Will the proceedings be reopened? ; in: BR - Bayerischer Rundfunk, controversy from July 16, 2015