List of parasites in humans
The list of parasites of humans includes parasites that affect humans . The definition of parasite also applies to organisms such as bacteria and fungi , even if they do not belong to the actual (animal) parasites. Many parasites often transmit other parasites, the former being vectors . Infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animal to human or from human to animal are known as zoonoses .
Most of the developmental stages of most parasites are killed by simple pasteurization for a few minutes at 60 ° C, but some can survive even longer freezing at temperatures of minus 20 ° C.
Protista - unicellular parasites
Euglenozoa
- Order Kinetoplastida
- Family Trypanosomatidae (Trypanosomatiden)
- Genus Trypanosoma (trypanosomes), causative agent of trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense , the causative agent of West African sleeping sickness
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense causative agent of East African sleeping sickness
- Trypanosoma cruzi , causing Chagas disease
- Genus Leishmania (Leishmania), causative agent of leishmaniasis
- Leishmania donovani Pathogen causing visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar
- Leishmania tropica , pathogen causing the oriental bump
- Leismania brasiliensis , causative agent of American skin leishmaniasis
- Genus Trypanosoma (trypanosomes), causative agent of trypanosomiasis
- Family Trypanosomatidae (Trypanosomatiden)
Parabasalidea
- Class Trichomonada
- Order Trichomonadida
- Family Trichomonadidae
- Subfamily Trichomonadinae
- Genus Trichomonas
- Trichomonas vaginalis , pathogen of human. Trichomoniasis
- Genus Trichomonas
- Subfamily Trichomonadinae
- Family Monocercomonadidae
- Genus Dientamoeba
- Family Trichomonadidae
- Order Trichomonadida
Diplomonadida group
- Diplomonadida
- Family Hexamitidae
- Subfamily Giardiinae
- Genus Giardia ( Giardia )
- Giardia intestinalis , pathogen of Giardiasis or Lamblia dysentery
- Genus Giardia ( Giardia )
- Subfamily Giardiinae
- Family Hexamitidae
Entamoebidae
- Entamoeba histolytica , pathogen causing amoebic dysentery
Heterolobosis
- Order Schizopyrenida
- Family Vahlkampfiidae
- Genus Naegleria
- Family Vahlkampfiidae
Alveolata
- (no class) Apicomplexa
- Class Coccidia
- Order Eimeriida
- Family Eimeriidae
- Genus Isospora
- Isospora belli , pathogen causing coccidiosis in humans
- Genus Isospora
- Family Sarcocystidae
- Genus Toxoplasma
- Toxoplasma gondii , causative agent of toxoplasmosis
- Genus Sarcocystis
- Sarcocystis suihominis , causative agent of intestinal sarcosporidiosis in humans
- Sarcocystis bovihominis
- Genus Toxoplasma
- Family Eimeriidae
- Order Haemosporida
- Order Eimeriida
- Class Coccidia
-
Ciliophora (ciliates)
- Class Litostomatea
- Subclass Trichostomatia
- Order Vestibuliferida
- Family Balantidiidae
- Genus Balantidium
- Balantidium coli , pathogen causing the balantidial dysentery in humans
- Genus Balantidium
- Family Balantidiidae
- Order Vestibuliferida
- Subclass Trichostomatia
- Class Litostomatea
Metazoa - multicellular parasites
Plathelminthes (strain: flatworms )
- Class Trematoda ( flukes )
- Subclass Digenea
- Superorder Anepitheliocystidia
- Order Echinostomida
- Subordination Echinostomata
- Family Echinostomatidae
- Genus Isthmiophora
- Isthmiophora melis , the causative agent of echinostomiasis
- Genus Echinostoma
- Echinostoma echinatum , the causative agent of echinostomiasis
- Echinostoma cinetorchis
- Genus Isthmiophora
- Fasciolidae family
- Genus Fasciola
- Large liver fluke ( Fasciola hepatica ), causative agent of fasciolosis
- Giant liver fluke (
- Genus Fasciola
- Genus Fasciolopsis
- Fasciolopsis buski , ( giant intestinal gel ), pathogen of fasciolopsiasis , ( Fasciolopsiasis )
- Family Echinostomatidae
- Subordination Echinostomata
- Order Echinostomida
- Order Strigeidida
- Family Schistosomatidae
- Genus Schistosoma ( Pärchenegel )
- Schistosoma haemotobium , pathogen causing urogenital bilharzia
- Schistosoma mansoni , pathogen of intestinal bilharzia
- Schistosoma japonicum , the causative agent of East Asian schistosomiasis
- Schistosoma intercalatum , as well as hybrids with Sch. haemotobium
- Subfamily Bilharziellinae
- Genus Trichobilharzia
- Trichobilharzia szidati , pathogen of schistosomatid dermatitis , ( bath dermatitis )
- Genus Trichobilharzia
- Genus Schistosoma ( Pärchenegel )
- Family Schistosomatidae
- Order Plagiorchiida
- Subordination Plagiorchiata
- Family Dicrocoeliidae
- Genus Dicrocoelium
- Dicrocoelium dendriticum Syn. Dicrocoelium lanceolatum , ( small liver fluke ), causative agent of dicrocoeliosis , rare
- Genus Dicrocoelium
- Family Dicrocoeliidae
- Subordination Troglotremata
- Family Paragonimidae
- Genus Paragonimus (lung fluke - lungworm )
- Paragonimus westermani , causative agent of East Asian paragonimiasis
- Paragonimus africanus , causative agent of African paragonimiasis
- Paragonimus uterobilateralis , causative agent of African paragonimiasis
- Paragonimus kellicotti , New World
- Paragonimus caliensis , South America
- Genus Paragonimus (lung fluke - lungworm )
- Family Paragonimidae
- Subordination Plagiorchiata
- Order Opisthorchiida
- Subordination Opisthorchiata
- Superfamily Opisthorchioidea
- Family Opisthorchoiidae (all types of bile duct parasites )
- Genus Clonorchis
- Clonorchis sinensis ( Chinese liver fluke ), causing clonorchiasis
- Clonorchis viverrini , similar pathogenicity, - / -
- Genus Opisthorchis
- Opisthorchis felineus ( cat liver fluke ), pathogen of opisthorchiasis
- Opisthorchis viverrini , similar, Thailand, - / -
- Genus Clonorchis
- Family Opisthorchoiidae (all types of bile duct parasites )
- Superfamily Opisthorchioidea
- Subordination Opisthorchiata
- Superfamily Opisthorchioidea
- Family Heterophyidae ( dwarf intestinal leeches )
- Genus Heterophyes
- Heterophyes heterophyes
- Heterophyes nocens accidentally in humans
- Genus Metagonimus
- Genus Heterophyes
- Family Heterophyidae ( dwarf intestinal leeches )
- Superfamily Opisthorchioidea
- Subordination paramphistomata
- Family Gastrodiscidae
- Genus Gastrodiscoides
- Family Paramphistomidae
- Genus Paramphistomium
- Family Gastrothylacidae
- Genus Fischoederius
- Family Gastrodiscidae
- Subordination Opisthorchiata
- Superorder Anepitheliocystidia
- Subclass Digenea
- Class: Cestoda ( tapeworms )
- Subclass Eucestoda (true tapeworms)
- Superiority
- Order Pseudophyllidea
- Subordination
- Family Diphyllobothriidae
- Genus Diphyllobothrium
- Diphyllobothrium latum ( fish tapeworm )
- Dipylidium caninum ( cucumber seed tapeworm )
- Spirometra ( sparganosis pathogen)
- Genus Diphyllobothrium
- Taeniidae family
- Genus Taenia
- Taenia crassiceps (similar to echinococcosis )
- Taenia saginata ( human beef tapeworm )
- Taenia solium ( human pork tapeworm , causative agent of cysticercosis )
- Genus Echinococcus
- Echinococcus granulosus ( tripartite dog tapeworm , causative agent of cystic echinococcosis )
- Echinococcus multilocularis ( fox tapeworm , causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis )
- Echinococcus oligarthra
- Echinococcus vogeli , causing polycystic echinococcosis
- Genus Taenia
- Family Diphyllobothriidae
- Subordination
- Order Pseudophyllidea
- Superiority
- Subclass Eucestoda (true tapeworms)
- Family Hymenolepidae
- Genus Hymenolepis
- Hymenolepis nana ( dwarf tapeworm )
- Hymenolepis fraterna (human pathogen?)
- Hymenolepis diminuta , rarely
- Genus Hymenolepis
- Family Hymenolepidae
Platyzoa / flatworms (strain: scratch worms )
- Class Archiacanthocephala
- Order Oligacanthorhynchida
- Family Moniliformidae
- Genus Moniliformis
- Moniliformis moniliformis , a potential intestinal parasite in humans
- Genus Moniliformis
- Family Oligacanthorhynchidae
- Genus Macracanthorhynchus
- Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus ( giant scratcher ), causative agent of macracanthorhynchosis in pigs and a potential intestinal parasite in humans
- Genus Macracanthorhynchus
- Family Moniliformidae
- Order Oligacanthorhynchida
Nematoda (tribe: roundworms )
- Class Secernentea
- Order Rhabditida
- Subordination Rhabditina
- Family Strongyloididae
- Subordination Rhabditina
- Order Rhabditida
- Subordination Strongylina
- Family Ancylostomatidae
- Ancylostoma duodenale ( hookworm ), anemia caused by blood lossand extensive destruction of the intestinal villi
- Necator americanus ( hookworm ), anemia caused by blood loss,and extensive destruction of the intestinal villi
- Ancylostoma braziliense , causing the larva migrans cutanea
- Ancylostoma caninum , causing the larva migrans cutanea
- Family Ancylostomatidae
- Subordination Strongylina
- Subordination Ascaridina
- Family Oxyuridae
- Subordination Ascaridina
- Ascarididae family
- Ascaris ( roundworms , ascarids)
- Ascaris lumbricoides ( roundworm )
- Ascaris suum ( pig roundworm )
- Baylisascaris procyonis ( raccoon roundworm )
- Toxocara canis , causing the larva migrans visceralis
- Ascarididae family
- Family Anisakidae
- Anisakis marina , pathogen causing anisakiasis , ( herring worm disease )
- Family Anisakidae
- Family Dioctophymidae
- Dioctophyma renale , the kidney worm.
- Family Dioctophymidae
- Order Spirurida
- Subordination Camellalina
- Superfamily Dracunculoidea
- Dracunculus medinensis ( medina worm ), causative agent of Dracontiasis
- Superfamily Dracunculoidea
- Subordination Camellalina
- Order Spirurida
- Subordination to Spirurina
- Superfamily Filarioidea , filariae , pathogen causing filariasis
- Filariidae family
- Wuchereria bancrofti , pathogen of lymphatic filariasis , ( elephantiasis )
- Brugia malayi , pathogen of lymphatic filariasis, ( elephantiasis )
- Brugia timori
- Loa loa (vector: genus Chrysops ), causative agent of the Cameroon bump
- Dipetalonema ozzardi
- Dipetalonema perstans Syn .: Acanthocheilonema perstans
- Dirofilaria immitis , causative agent of heartworm disease , rarely b. human
- Dirofilaria repens (dog skin worm), causative agent of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans
- Filariidae family
- Superfamily Filarioidea , filariae , pathogen causing filariasis
- Subordination to Spirurina
- Family Onchocercidae
- Onchocerca volvulus , causative agent of onchocerciasis , river blindness
- Family Onchocercidae
- Class adenophorea
- Order Enoplida
- Submission to Dorylaimina
- Family Trichuridae
- Family Trichinellidae
- Trichinella spiralis , causative agent of trichinella
- Suborder Dioctophymina
- Family Dioctophymatidae
- Dioctophyme renale ( giant kidney worm ), rare
- Family Dioctophymatidae
- Submission to Dorylaimina
- Order Enoplida
Nematomorpha (tribe: string worms )
In rare cases, string worms can also attack humans, who are then false hosts; they have been found particularly in the intestines and urethra, but do not appear to cause any damage.
Annelida (tribe: annelids )
- Class Hirudinea ( leeches )
Pentastomida (subclass: tongue worms )
- Armillifer armillatus , causing the African pentastomiasis
- Linguatula multiannulata , rare
- Linguatula serrata
Arachnida (class: arachnids )
- Order Acari ( mites )
- Subordination prostigmata
- Family Demodicidae (hair follicle mites)
- Genus Demodicidae ( hair follicle mites )
- Genus Pyroglyphideae
- Dermatophagoides ( house dust mites ) (not an actual parasite, listed for the sake of completeness)
- Genus Trombiculidae ( running mites )
- Neotrombicula autumnalis ( autumn grass mite ), causative agent of trombidiosis (harvest scabies)
- Genus Sarcoptidae
- Sarcoptes scabiei ( itch mite ), causative agent of scabies
- Trixacarus caviae , human as false host, "pseudo-scratch"
- Notoedres cati , human being as a false host, "pseudo-scratch"
- Genus Psoroptidae
- Otodectes cynotis , human as a false host, "pseudo-scabies"
- Family Demodicidae (hair follicle mites)
- Subordination prostigmata
- Parasitiformes superordinate
- Order Ixodida ( ticks ), carrier of early summer meningoencephalitis , borreliosis , Q fever , Babesia , tularemia , Omsk hemorrhagic fever , Boutonneuse fever , Crimean-Congo fever , Kyasanur Forest disease , rickettsioses , typhus , relapse fever , Texas Fever , Bartonella , Chlamydia pneum. and about 50 other diseases worldwide.
- Family Nuttalliellidae
- Family Argasidae ( leather ticks )
- Family Ixodidae ( shield ticks )
Insecta (class: insects )
- Subclass: Pterygota ( flying insects )
Siphonaptera ( fleas )
- Order Siphonaptera (fleas)
- Superfamily Pulicoidea
- Family Pulicidae
- Genus Xenopsylla
- Genus Pulex
- Pulex irritans ( human flea ), occasionally transmits typhus and bubonic plague by mechanical means , as an intermediate host for various types of tapeworms as well as their carriers [e.g. B. Dipylidium caninum ( Dipylidum caninum )].
- Genus Ctenocephalides
- Family Tungidae (sand fleas)
- Genus Tunga
- Tunga penetrans (sandfly), carriers of Tungose and tetanus
- Genus Tunga
- Family Pulicidae
- Superfamily Pulicoidea
Phthiraptera ( animal lice )
- Okay animal lice
- Family Pediculidae ( human lice )
- Genus: Pthirus
- Phthirus pubis ( pubic louse )
- Genus: Pthirus
-
- Pediculus humanus ( human louse )
- Subspecies Pediculus humanus capitus ( head louse ), transmits under poor hygienic conditions via contact infection or smear infection with the excrement of the louse spotted fever ( typhus , lice fever ), ( Rickettsia , Rickettsia prowazecki ), Wolhynian fever ( five-day fever ) ( Rochlimaea quintana ), lice relapse (various Borrelia including Borrelia recurrentis ) and Scrub Typhus ( Rickettsia tsutsagamushi ).
- Subspecies Pediculus humanus humanus ( clothes louse ), transmits typhus ( typhus , lice fever ) ( Rickettsia , Rickettsia prowazekii ), lice relapsing fever (various Borrelia, including Borrelia recurrentis ) and Wolhynian fever via contact infection or smear infection with the excrement of the louse under poor hygienic conditions ( Five-day fever ) ( Rochlimaea quintana ).
-
Hemiptera ( Schnabelkerfe )
- Order Hemiptera (Schnabelkerfe)
- Subordination Heteroptera ( bedbugs )
- Partial order Cimicomorpha
- Superfamily Cimicoidea
- Family Cimicidae ( flat bugs , also bed bugs)
- Genus Cimex
- Cimex lectularius ( common bed bug ), mechanically transmits hepatitis B.
- Cimex hemipterus ( tropical bed bug ), transmits hepatitis B mechanically
- Genus Cimex
- Family Anthocoridae ( flower bugs )
- Anthocoris nemorum , can suck blood on direct contact
- Family Cimicidae ( flat bugs , also bed bugs)
- Superfamily Reduvioidea
- Reduviidae family ( predatory bugs )
- Subfamily Triatominae , transmit Chagas disease
- Superfamily Cimicoidea
- Partial order Cimicomorpha
- Subordination Heteroptera ( bedbugs )
Lepidoptera ( butterflies )
The following genera and species can transmit various pathogens by mechanical means:
Blood-sucking butterflies
- Order Lepidoptera (butterflies)
- Subordination Glossata
- Superfamily Noctuoidea
- Family Noctuidae ( Owl Butterfly )
- Subfamily Calpinae
- Family Noctuidae ( Owl Butterfly )
- Superfamily Noctuoidea
- Subordination Glossata
Tear-drinking butterflies
Diptera ( two-winged )
- Order Diptera (two-winged)
- Suborder: Nematocera ( mosquitoes )
- The Culicidae family ( mosquitoes ) transmit many tropical diseases
- Genus Anopheles (fever mosquitoes), carriers of malaria , filariasis , O'nyong-nyong fever and various viruses (arboviruses)
- Genus Stegomyia
- Stegomyia aegypti ( yellow fever mosquito ), carrier of Chikungunya virus , Ross River virus , yellow fever virus , dengue virus (1-4), California encephalitis virus , Rift Valley fever virus
- Stegomyia albopicta , carrier of Chikungunya virus and dengue virus
- Genus Aedes , carrier of Chikungunya virus , Ross River virus , yellow fever virus , dengue virus (1-4), California encephalitis virus , Rift Valley fever virus
- Genus Culex
- Genus Mansonia
- The Culicidae family ( mosquitoes ) transmit many tropical diseases
- Suborder: Nematocera ( mosquitoes )
- Partial order Culicomorpha ( mosquito-like )
- Superfamily Chironomoidea
- Family Simuliidae ( black flies ), carriers of onchocerciasis
- Family Ceratopogonidae ( midges )
- Genus Culicoides , carrier of the Filaria Dipetalonema perstans with mostly benign disease in humans
- Family Psychodidae ( butterfly mosquitoes )
- Subfamily Phlebotominae ( sand flies ), transmit leishmanias
- Genus Phlebotomus (Eurasia)
- Genus Sergentomyia
- Subfamily Phlebotominae ( sand flies ), transmit leishmanias
- Superfamily Chironomoidea
- Partial order Culicomorpha ( mosquito-like )
- Suborder Brachycera ( flying )
- Family Tabanidae ( horseflies ) transmit mechanically a. a. Weil's disease , anthrax, and tularemia
- Subfamily Chrysopinae
- Genus Chrysops , (biological) carrier of Loa loa , causing the Cameroon bump
- Subfamily Chrysopinae
- Family Muscidae ( True Flies )
- Subfamily Muscinae
- Genus Musca
- Musca domestica ( housefly ), carrier of various infectious diseases such as dysentery , typhus , cholera , salmonellosis , polio , foot and mouth disease and the like. a. ( Parasite d. M.?, Listed for the sake of completeness)
- Genus Musca
- Subfamily Stomoxydinae ( biting flies )
- Subfamily Muscinae
- Family Glossinidae ( tongue flies )
- Genus Glossina ( tsetse flies ), vector of sleeping sickness
- Family Calliphoridae ( blowflies ) mechanical transmission of various pathogens
- Genus Lucilia
- Lucilia sericata ( gold fly ), see also maggot therapy
- Genus Cordylobia (Cordylobiae)
- Cordylobia anthropophaga ( Tumbu Fly ), Dermatomyiasis
- Genus Calliphora
- Calliphora erythrocephala ( blue blowfly )
- Genus Cochliomyia
- Genus Lucilia
- Family Oestridae ( botfly )
- Subfamily Oestrinae ( Nasendasseln )
- Genus Oestrus
- Oestrus ovis ( sheep fly fly ), causative agent of ophtalmomyiasis
- Genus Rhinoestrus
- Rhinoestrus purpureus , ( horse bug fly ), causative agent of ophtalmomyiasis
- Genus Oestrus
- Subfamily Hypoderminae ( Hautdasseln )
- Genus Hypoderma , causing myiasis
- Hypoderma lineatum (small bovine bass fly)
- Genus Hypoderma , causing myiasis
- Subfamily Cephenemyiinae ( pharynx / pharynx brakes)
- Genus Cephenemyia
- Cephenemyia trompe , also Cephenomyia trompe ( reindeer fly fly )
- Genus Gedoelstia , causing ophtalmomyiasis
- Genus Cephenemyia
- Subfamily Gasterophilinae ( Gastendasseln / Gastric brakes)
- Subfamily Oestrinae ( Nasendasseln )
- Family Cuterebridae
- Subfamily Cuterebrinae
- Genus Dermatobia
- Dermatobia hominis ( American botfly )
- Genus Dermatobia
- Subfamily Cuterebrinae
- Family Hippoboscidae ( louse flies )
- Subfamily Hippoboscinae
- Family Tabanidae ( horseflies ) transmit mechanically a. a. Weil's disease , anthrax, and tularemia
- Suborder Brachycera ( flying )
Collembola ( springtails )
In rare cases, people have been reported to be infected with springtails. The extent to which parasitism is present here is largely unclear.
Cyclostomata ( round mouths )
- Class Petromyzontida
- Order Petromyzontiformes ( lampreys )
- Family Petromyzontidae
- Order Petromyzontiformes ( lampreys )
Osteichthyes ( bony fish )
- Order: Catfish (Siluriformes)
- Superfamily: Loricarioidea
- Family: Trichomycteridae ( loach catfish )
- Subfamily Vandelliinae ( urethral catfish )
- Genus Tridensimilis
- Tridensimilis brevis
- Genus Vandellia
- Vandellia cirrhosa ( Candiru )
- Genus Tridensimilis
- Subfamily Vandelliinae ( urethral catfish )
- Family: Trichomycteridae ( loach catfish )
- Superfamily: Loricarioidea
Mammalia ( mammals )
- Desmodus rotundus ( common vampire ), potential carrier of rabies and other diseases
See also
- Marine parasites of humans
- Systematics of the animal kingdom , systematics of Diptera , Blood-sucking insects , repellent , insecticide , mosquito net
- Virus infection , route of infection , infectiology , vectors , zoonosis
Remarks
- ↑ bacteria and fungi are due to their medical significance, and also their partially only optional parasitism in the fields of bacteriology and Mycology within the microbiology treated, which (for the study of the disease-causing pathogenic ) micro-organisms to the branch of medical microbiology has formed (within which it in turn the branch of human medical microbiology).
- ^ Systematics for the time being according to: Johannes Dönges : Parasitology - with special consideration of human pathogenic forms. 2. revised and extended edition, Thieme, Stuttgart / New York 1988, ISBN 3-13-579902-6 .
- ^ Systematics of the Protista according to: David J. Patterson: The Diversity of Eukaryotes . In: The American Naturalist. Volume 154, Supplement 4, October 1999, ISSN 0003-0147 , pp. 96-124, doi : 10.1086 / 303287 (= Laura A Katz: Evolutionary relationships among eukaryotes: a symposium. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1999).
- ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) - Taxonomy Browser: Eukaryota . last accessed April 16, 2015.
- ↑ s. a. Toxocaridae (English WP)
- ↑ inbio.ac.cr
- ^ WP: en Gnathostoma spinigerum
- ↑ AA Hartmann: [Pulicosis Caused by Ctenocephalides canis]. In: The dermatologist; Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allied Fields. Volume 33, Number 11, November 1982, pp. 616-617, PMID 7152907 .
- ↑ collembola.org
literature
- Gerhard Piekarski : Medical Parasitology in Plates. Bayer AG, 1962, OCLC 3305112 .
- PubMed , med. Database
- Steve Frank: Immunology and Evolution of Infectious Disease. Princeton University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-691-09595-7 . (engl.)
- William Albert Riley, Oskar Augustus Johannsen: Handbook of Medical Entomology. New York 1915. (Project Gutenberg)
- Horst Aspöck (Ed.): Sick through arthropods - arthropods as pathogens and carriers of diseases in humans. (= Denisia. Volume 30). Linz 2010, OCLC 697264205 .
- Richard Lucius, Brigitte Loos-Frank: Biology of Parasites (= Springer textbook. ). 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-37707-8 .
- Marianne Abele-Horn: Antimicrobial Therapy. Decision support for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. With the collaboration of Werner Heinz, Hartwig Klinker, Johann Schurz and August Stich, 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Peter Wiehl, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-927219-14-4 , S 289-295 ( infections caused by parasites. Frequent parasitoses ).
Web links
- German Society for Tropical Medicine and International Health V. http://www.dtg.org/
- Travel medicine
- Possible effects of climate change on the spread of pathogens primarily relevant to human medicine via animal vectors and on the important human parasites in Germany ( PDF , 3.5 MB)
- in English: