Revierwasserlaufanstalt Freiberg

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Revierwasserlaufanstalt Freiberg (RWA), previously Revier-Wasserlaufs-Anstalt or Revierwasserlaufsanstalt , is both a mining historical, listed entity and a dam management of the state dam administration of Saxony . Today it supplies the Freiberg , Chemnitz and Dresden areas with drinking and service water via an approximately 70-kilometer-long system of artificial ditches and roses with eleven artificial ponds . In addition, the larger ponds are used for flood protection .

However, the system was created to supply the Freiberg mining industry with impact water and has been state-organized as the Electoral Stolln and Röschen Administration since 1684 . The major expansion began in 1558 and extended over three centuries until 1882.

The Freiberg Revierwasserlaufanstalt, protected as a technical monument , is part of the Ore Mountains Mining Region UNESCO World Heritage Site .

Purpose and tasks

The main purpose of the RWA is to supply industrial water in the Freiberg area with process water. Transitions from the upper water supply also deliver raw water for drinking water production in the greater Chemnitz and Dresden areas. Six ponds contribute to flood protection in the Freiberger Mulde and Zschopau region . Some ponds are used for fishing and two ponds offer bathing facilities. The mining ponds and their fringes developed a special flora and fauna over the centuries and, as FFH Freiberg mining ponds, contribute to the conservation of rare species.

Originally, however, the systems were primarily used to supply water to the mining industry near Brand-Erbisdorf . They provided impact water for the water wheels that lifted penetrating water out of the mines via water art. The water was not only used in several mines through multiple use but also in Pochwerken , Erzwäschen and metallurgical plants . The ponds primarily had a regulating function in order to compensate for periods of lack and excess of water and to ensure a constant inflow. With the completion of mining the plants eventually served nor the energy in underground caverns power plant Three brothers bay .

Location and description

The catchment area of the RWA extends in the south of Freiberg from the Flöha on the Czech border to the Münzbach in Freiberg. The overall system is divided into an upper and a lower water supply.

The upper water supply has a length of about 47 km and falls from 585 to 505  m above sea level. NN . It has five ponds. It begins at the Rauschenbachtalsperre , which dams the Flöha. Until 1968 the beginning was at the Neuwernsdorfer water divider , a facility that only drained water into the RWA above a certain flow rate. It is now flooded. Instead, a new drainage shaft was built on the Hemmberg near Cämmerswalde, which transfers its water to the upper water supply system.

The water flows first in a south-westerly and then in a north-westerly direction mainly underground in Röschen into the Dittmannsdorfer pond and further into the Dörnthaler pond . Important tributaries in this section are the Cämmerswalder village stream , the Mortelbach , the beer Wiesbachhorn that the shunt dammed the mine pond, and the Haselbach . At the Dörnthal pond there is a drain to the Saidenbach dam , which supplies the Chemnitz area. In the flatter terrain, man-made moat sections predominate, which lead the water past the Obersaidaer pond , which is also adjacent , but which is dammed by the Saidenbach , and to the upper Großhartmannsdorfer pond . From here, water can be discharged into the Lichtenberg dam, which supplies the Dresden area, via a pressure pipe . The conclusion is the Kohlbach-Kunstgraben , from which there is the possibility of tapping water into the lower water supply via the middle Großhartmannsdorfer pond and another gate.

The lower water supply has a length of about 23 km and falls from 530 to 470  m above sea level. NN . It currently has six ponds. It begins at the Zethaubach and runs to the RWA's largest object, the Untere Großhartmannsdorfer Teich , which also takes in several streams and the water of the Middle Großhartmannsdorfer Teich. The water flows over the Müdisdorfer Kunstgraben either into the Rothbach pond or directly into the Hohbirker Kunstgraben . This passes the Konstantinteich , which was previously connected to the Drei-Brüder-Schacht cavern power station and the Rothschönberger Stolln . The water finally flows into the Münzbach. Also Erzengler Pond and hut pond are connected via the Muenzbach and about art trenches with the lower water supply.

Historically, the third department was Muldenwasserversorgungs, which managed two non-contiguous ditch systems: the Rote Graben in the north near Halsbrücke and the Wernergraben in the east of Freiberg near Muldenhütten .

history

prehistory

The basis for the development of the later Revierwasserlaufsanstalt lies in the Freiberg silver mining, which began in 1168. If only the near-surface silver ore deposits of the cementation zone were mined in the first mountain screeching , from 15./16. Century greater depths are unlocked. This led to an increased inflow of ground and crevice water. A flooding of the mines to prevent that needed dewatering intensified and technically developed. In addition, ore processing plants such as Poch- and Hüttenwerke had a continuous need for water, some of which were supplied with the Kuhschacht artificial ditch . With the expansion of silver mining, their number increased. This resulted in the progressive construction of artificial ditches and ponds, initially only by the mine operators.

1558-1851

The systematic expansion of the water management facilities took place on the order of the elector on January 23, 1558 and was headed by Martin Planer . Over the next few decades, existing facilities such as the Untere Großhartmannsdorfer pond were expanded and u. a. the Obere Großhartmannsdorfer Teich , the Rotvorwerksteich , the Zethauer , the Müdisdorfer , the Hohbirker and the Obersaidaer Kunstgraben and Rösche created and thereby penetrated the watershed between Flöha and Freiberg Mulde. The Rote Graben was created in 1614/15.

After the decline of the mining industry caused by the Thirty Years War , the further expansion of the water supply systems was continued at the end of the 17th century. For this was the 1684 of Elector Johann Georg III. established "Electoral Stolln and Röschen Administration zu Freiberg" under the supervision of the Saxon Mining Office responsible for the water supply systems. The expansion of the systems was carried out primarily with the aim of connecting the Flöha in order to use its water for mining in Freiberg. For this purpose u. a. the Obersaidaer Teich , the Dörnthaler Teich and as the last water reservoir the Dittmannsdorfer Teich . The connection with each other is made up of artificial moat sections and florets arranged one after the other . From 1827 to approx. 1863 the remaining 11 km to the Flöha were completed. a. the Mortelbacher Rösche , the Purschensteiner Röschen and the Cämmerswalder Röschen .

1851-1913

With the amendment of the Saxon mining law , the Elector-Johann-Georg-Stolln , the Deep Fürstenstolln , the Thelersberger Stolln , the Alte deep Fürstenstolln , the Dörnthaler Wasserleitung (later Upper Water Supply ), the Young Prince of Saxony Müdisdorf Rösche (later Lower Water Supply ) , the Mortelbacher Rösche , the Muldenwasser supply "with all their accessories on hut houses, mills, watercourses, ponds, florets and tunnel wings, their rights and uses and all of their property" transferred from state property to the "joint property of the Freiberg district". The Freiberg Revier Committee was responsible for the administration and led it from around 1853 under the name "Revier-Wasserlaufs-Anstalt".

In the following decades the RWA experienced extensive expansions, such as B. 1872 through the district-side part of the Rothschönberger Stolln or also not directly connected to the water supply systems like 1873 the powder factory Freiberg (today WECO pyrotechnical factory ). Despite the connection of the Flöha, the last section of the upper water supply could only be put into operation after two decades of legal disputes due to the construction of the Neuwernsdorf water divider in 1882 with a significantly reduced amount. In addition, the price of silver fell more and more as a result of the introduction of the Goldmark , so that Freiberg mining was stopped between 1899 and 1913.

1913 - today

After the end of silver mining, a new use was found in energy generation and cavern power plants were built in the Drei-Brüder-Schacht and in the Konstantinschacht , which supplied electricity between 1915 and 1972. With the commissioning of the Rauschenbach dam , which flooded the Neuwernsdorfer water divider, and about the same time the cavern power plants were decommissioned, the RWA only served the water supply. Connections to the Chemnitz and Dresden water supplies were established via drains, into which water can be fed if required.

Investments

Dams

The RWA now includes 11 ponds that are operated by the State Dam Administration of Saxony .

The dams are earth embankments or homogeneous dams with a clay seal in the core or on the water side. The dams are very wide and have steep slopes . The grass-covered slope on the air side is partially supported by lying stone arches. On the water side , the dams have a stone wall (so-called Tarras wall) to protect against waves. There is a slider for draining the water, the so-called harrow, which is operated by the harrow house with a winch and rod.

Artificial trenches

Dry stone walling of the Zethauer Kunstgraben

The trenches have an upper width of up to 2.2 m and taper down to approx. 1.5 m. Their depth is over 1 m. Roter Graben and Wernergraben are a little wider. The side walls are made of dry masonry , ie quarry stone with clay without lime mortar. The soil consists of solidified clay.

Wood rind covers like here on the Müdisdorf artificial trench protected large parts of the artificial trenches in the past. Today they are largely replaced by concrete slabs.

Originally, large parts of the trenches were covered with wooden rinds . These prevent freezing, leaves and objects from falling in, cattle accidents and keep evaporation losses low. Today the rind cover can only be seen at a few tourist spots, but otherwise replaced by concrete slabs.

A water flow that is as constant as possible is achieved through various hydraulic engineering systems. Water dividers such as the Neuwernsdorfer water divider regulate the amount of inflow of the numerous recorded streams. Contactors , often with attached contactor houses, regulate the flow of water. Excess water can be drained off via floodlights.

See also

Remarks

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Otfried Wagenbreth , Eberhard Wächtler (eds.), A. Becke et al .: Der Freiberg mining. Technical monuments and history . German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig, 1986, pp. 63, 70
  2. ^ Freiberg Revierwasserlaufanstalt. (PDF; 457 kB) Retrieved October 12, 2012 .
  3. ^ " Law on Shelf Mining in the Kingdom of Saxony" of May 22, 1851, § 283
  4. ^ Regulations for the administration of the Revierwasserlaufs-Anstalt zu Freiberg , in: Yearbook for the mountain and hut man to the year 1854, p. 86

literature

  • Herbert Pforr: The Erzgebirge artificial trench system and the water power machines for dewatering and shaft extraction in the historic Freiberg silver mining . In: Ring Deutscher Bergingenieure (Ed.): Mining . No. 11 . Makossa, Gelsenkirchen November 2007, p. 502–505 ( PDF file; 646 kB ( memento of March 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed April 25, 2011]).

Web links

Commons : Revierwasserlaufanstalt Freiberg  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files