Waldmünchen Castle

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Waldmünchen Castle
Minions house, today borderland and Trenck museum
Waldmünchen Castle
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The Castle Waldmünchen is located in the Upper Palatinate town of Waldmünchen in the district of Cham of Bavaria (Schloßhof 1). The castle lies on a spur 50 m above the Schaufelbach and the Stadtbach.

history

The site, first in 1256 as Monacum mentioned and plunges to 1301 under the name Mvenichen the first land register of Viztumamtes Straubing on. The name indicates a monastic foundation. To distinguish between places of the same name, the addition iuxta saltum Bohemorum is found in 1298 or in 1310 before Pehmaerwald . In the vernacular, the addition Geismünchen or Gasmünchen, derived from Geiß , was more common. The medieval history of the area is not fully understood . But it seems to be the case that Waldmünchen was settled from the Walderbach monastery . This is supported by the confirmation of patronage rights for the parish to the monastery in 1265 by Duke Heinrich XIII. from Lower Bavaria . Perhaps the area was under the sovereignty of the Counts of Bogen and came to the Wittelsbach family when they died out in 1242 .

In the 13th century, Wittelsbacher Ministeriale from the Schwarzenburg family ruled here . Reinbotos I. de Swarcenburg reached an agreement with the Regensburg Bishop Albert I in 1256 about the tithe in Monaco and possibly on a pledge of the area to the Schwarzenburgs. Here a Chuno judex de Monaco is named in 1261 and a judge Diemo in 1290 , although it is unclear whether these were appointed by the Schwarzenburgs or the Bavarian duke. Among the Black burgers the oldest parts of the castle, namely the only preserved remnants are likely to keep , have arisen. Parts of the curtain wall also belong to this time. The inner outer bailey also dates back to the 13th century.

The oldest parish church, later located in the outer bailey, was initially outside the castle. This is said to have been founded around 1000, although it is controversial whether the parish was not only founded in 1262 in connection with the division of the Archdean of Cham. This would fit the above-mentioned confirmation of the Walderbach monastery patronage rights from 1265 and the Magdalene patronage . The place was raised to the market in 1301 at the latest, because the name stat ze Muenichen can be found in the first land register of the Viztumamt Straubing . Previously, the place was returned by the Schwarzenburgs to the Wittelsbachers. In 1305 a Rutlandus de Götling is named as captain, judge and caste ciutatis monacensis .

Before 1310, Waldmünchen was handed over by Duke Stefan I of Lower Bavaria to Landgrave Ulrich I von Leuchtenberg for his services for his life. This is documented here as a nurse in 1317 . With the Lower Bavarian division of 1331, the statute to Münichen came to Duke Heinrich XV. the Natternberger . At that time a Ramsperger was in charge of the castle hat . In 1332, Duke Heinrich XV pledged the rule Schwarzenburg-Rötz-Waldmünchen in return for the Falkenstein Castle . Under the Counts of Leuchtenberg, the castle was included in the stone fortifications and expanded to include the outer outer bailey; thus the Magdalenenkirche was also included in the castle area. The wall around the place was built in 1364. In 1404 the Landgraves Albrecht and Johann I von Leuchtenberg sold the rule of Waldmünchen (against the right of redemption) to Anna Kagerin zu Störnstein and her sons Hinczik and Hans Pflug .

During the Hussite Wars , the city and castle were besieged in vain in 1425 and 1426, as the city could be horrified from outside in good time. Nevertheless, there must have been major destruction during this time, because Hinczik Pflug was commissioned by the Counts of Leuchtenberg in 1439 to build larger sums of money on forest churches. Until the death of Hinczik the Younger Plow , Waldmünchen remained in the possession of this family until 1495. This had initiated the sale of the entire rule to Heinrich von Plauen , what his widow Agnes and his sons Hinczik III. , Hans and Sebastian II. 1504 was confirmed. After the Landshut War of Succession , Waldmünchen fell to the Palatinate Wittelsbach family. However, Duke Friedrich II waived the right of redemption from the Landgraves of Leuchtenberg and handed over Waldmünchen to Heinrich von Guttenstein , Heinrich von Plauen's brother-in-law, on January 9, 1505 .

In October 1509 Heinrich von Guttenstein sold the rule to Elector Ludwig V and his brother Friedrich II. After the transition to the Palatinate , an independent nursing office was set up in Waldmünchen. For this reason, a series of construction measures (farmyard, henchman's house, court mill, vicarage in the area of ​​the outer outer bailey) were initiated in order to meet these new requirements. During the Thirty Years War , Waldmünchen was captured in 1634 and 1641, but not particularly damaged. In the town fire of 1658, the castle and its outbuildings were also affected. On the other hand, in 1703, during the War of the Spanish Succession, the facility was not damaged by the Austrian troops. However, another city fire in 1708 caused great damage again. The reconstruction was carried out quickly and in 1709 the complex seems to be largely intact. During the Austrian War of Succession , the Pandur bishop Franz von der Trenck spared the city in exchange for high contributions. This event has been commemorated since 1950 by the Trenck Festival (always on the 1st time).

In 1765 the nurse Leopold von Schmauß was able to undertake a complete renovation of the entire residential building, including the nursing home. In 1789 Pastor Leiß had the ruins of the Magdalenenkirche torn down and a parish garden set up in its place. In 1799 parts of the complex fell victim to flames again. It was not until 1807 that the complex could be used again, and the south-western wing of the castle was converted into a district judge's apartment in 1816.

Until 1972, the buildings in the inner bailey and the main bailey served different offices ( regional court , district and district office), while the buildings in the outer bailey gradually passed into private hands. The old rectory was last privatized in 1913. Between 1981 and 1983 the entire facility was renovated and converted into a KAB youth center , which has been a youth education center for the Upper Palatinate district since 1995 . The Waldmünchen youth hostel is also located here.

Waldmünchen Castle today

The complex still shows the division into a main castle and two outer castles. The three-storey former henchman's house (Schloßhof 4) has been used as a border and Trenck museum since 2001. The former court mill (Schloßhof 10), a flat gable roof building from the 16th century, is attached to the eastern curtain wall . On the northern part of the outer outer bailey, the buildings of the youth center of the KAB are located. The arched stables of the west wing are partly integrated. The rectory in the west of the courtyard (Pfarrgasse 1) was preserved.

The best preserved part is the inner outer bailey, which is also used today as part of the youth center. The former care lock rises on the access side in the southwest. This part is dominated by a U-shaped three-storey battery tower. Its core dates back to the 15th century, but was expanded in the 17th and 18th centuries and also in 1816. This building has a wall thickness of 4.5 m, is covered with shingles and has three types of mouth . The two-story south-west wing of the care lock adjoins the rear part of the battery tower. A broad gatehouse with a round arched gate and barrel-vaulted rooms on the ground floor was placed in front of this. The inner outer bailey was bounded by a simple curtain wall, the substructure of which is largely preserved today.

The main castle protrudes from the wall ring of the city and outer castle. It was surrounded by an apparently irregular hexagonal beef wall with a gate and a ditch in front. The dominant building, the former two-story nursing home dating from 1786, is used today as a family recreation center. The remains of the former keep from the 13th century with approx. 2 m thick walls are also integrated into the building. This probably fell victim to the city fire of 1708.

literature

  • Bernhard Ernst: Castle building in the southeastern Upper Palatinate from the early Middle Ages to the early modern period, Part II catalog (=  work on the archeology of southern Germany . Volume 16 ). Dr. Faustus, Büchenbach 2001, ISBN 3-933474-20-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Bernhard Ernst, 2001, pp. 337–346.
  2. ↑ Waldmünchen youth education center
  3. ↑ Waldmünchen Youth Hostel .
  4. ↑ Homepage of the Grenzland- und Trenckmuseum Waldmünchen

Web links

Commons : Schloss (Waldmünchen)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 49 ° 22 ′ 45.1 ″  N , 12 ° 42 ′ 32.9 ″  E