The Cactaceae

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Title page of the first volume

The Cactaceae is a four-volume work published from June 1919 to December 1923 by the Americans Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose on the systematics of the cactus family . It was subtitled Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family (German: descriptions and illustrations of plants of the cactus family ) and was by Karl Moritz Schumann overall description of the cactus long time authoritative publication on the systematics of the cactus . The authors described 1325 species of the cactus family , which they assigned to 124 genera , some of which were newly described . It was excellently illustrated with 137 full-page plates, 107 of them in color, 1120 black and white photos and line drawings. Much of the color plates and line drawings were made by Mary Emily Eaton .

History of origin

Nathaniel Lord Britton
Joseph Nelson Rose

Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose began their studies of the cactus family in 1904. Originally it was planned to write only a description of the North American cacti. Daniel Trembly MacDougal (1865-1958), director of the Desert Laboratory in Tucson , first convinced Britton and Rose, and in January 1911 also those in charge of the Carnegie Institution for Science , that an overall processing of the plant family was necessary. Work on the project, generously funded by the Carnegie Institution, began on January 15, 1912. Rose was released from his duties as assistant curator at the Smithsonian Institution . He accepted a position as research fellow at the Carnegie Institution. He was supported by his two assistants William Reed Fitch and Paul George Russell (1889–1963). Britton, director of the New York Botanical Garden , worked on the project on a fee basis. Robert Statham Williams (1859–1945) was responsible for selecting the plants to be illustrated.

Visiting collections and herbaria in Europe

Joseph Nelson Rose's first task was to travel to Europe in early 1912 to visit the herbaria and plant collections there, since almost all of the older first descriptions of the cacti were made by European authors. He paid particular attention to the type specimens stored in the herbaria and the comparison of the initial descriptions with the plants cultivated in the collections of the botanical gardens .

In London , he went to the Kew Botanical Garden and consulted the collections of the Natural History Museum and the Linnean Society of London . During his visit to the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris, he was particularly interested in the art Pereskia bleo found by Alexander von Humboldt . In Italy, Rose was a guest at the Hanbury Botanical Garden , which was looked after by Alwin Berger , and visited smaller collections in Rome , Naples , Venice and Florence . In Germany rose initially sought in Munich under the direction of Ludwig Radlkofer standing Botanical Museum and of Karl Goebel on supervised Botanical Garden. Further travel took him to Berlin to of Adolf Engler escort Botanical Garden in Berlin-Dahlem and by Ignatz Urban supervised collection of the West Indies -derived plants. In Halle an der Saale he obtained information from Leopold Quehl (1849–1922) and his mammillaria collection. In Erfurt Rose visited the horticultural companies Haage & Schmidt and Haage Jr. His last stop in Germany was the Darmstadt Botanical Garden, under the direction of Joseph Anton Purpus (1860–1932) . On the way back he consulted the private collection of Frans de Laet (1866–1928) in Antwerp .

Botanical excursions

Britton and Rose's duties also included studying cacti in their natural habitats in both parts of America . In early 1913 she made her first trip to the West Indies . There Britton collected in the company of his wife Elizabeth Gertrude Britton (1858-1934) and Delia West Marble and John Adolph Shafer (1863-1918) on Saint Thomas and other islands belonging to the American Virgin Islands. From March to April 1913 he continued his research in Puerto Rico and then on Curaçao . Rose, accompanied by his two assistants William Reed Fitch and Paul George Russell, also stopped at Saint Thomas. He collected on Saint Croix , St. Kitts , Antigua , and Hispaniola . Britton continued his studies in Puerto Rico in 1914 and 1915. In 1914, Britton explored the entire southwest coast and the offshore islands Desecheo , Mona and Caja de Muertos . He was assisted by John Francis Cowell (1852-1915) and Stewardson Brown (1867-1921).

Rose explored some cactus areas in South America in the years up to 1916 . After short stays in Jamaica and Panama, he went to the west coast of South America in 1914, where he collected in central and southern Peru , central Bolivia , and northern and central Chile . In Santiago de Chile Rose examined some of Rudolph Amandus Philippis ' type species and received some rare species from the local botanical garden through Johannes Söhrens († 1934). In 1915, Rose scoured the east coast of South America with Paul G. Russell. In Brazil he mainly explored Bahia and the area around Rio de Janeiro . There Rose met Leo Zehntner (1864–1961) and Albert Löfgren (1854–1918). In Argentina , the city of Mendoza and the province of Cordoba formed the focus of his activity. During this stay he met Carlos Luis Spegazzini , Cristóbal Mariá Hicken (1875-1933) and Carlos Samuel Reed (1888-1949) know.

Britton investigated in 1916, accompanied by Percy Wilson (1879-1944), the cactus areas of the provinces of Havana and Matanzas and the Isla de la Juventud in Cuba . Rose and his wife studied in October and November 1916 in Curaçao and Venezuela , especially the areas around La Guaira and Puerto Cabello .

In 1918 Rose and his son George Rose undertook one last research trip to Ecuador on behalf of the United States Department of Agriculture , the Gray Herbarium , Harvard University and the New York Botanical Garden . The research started by Rose in Mexico could not be continued due to the uncertain situation caused by the Mexican Revolution .

plant

The Cactaceae was published in four volumes from June 1919 to December 1923. The first volume was published on June 21, 1919 and contained 36 plates and 302 illustrations in the text. In it the two tribes Pereskieae and Opuntieae were treated. With the publication of the second volume on September 9, 1920, the work was continued. The volume contained 40 plates and 305 other illustrations. In it the treatment of the tribe Cereeae was started with the sub-tribus Cereanae and Hylocereana. The third volume followed on October 12, 1922, which was illustrated with 24 large-format panels and 250 other images and dealt with the sub-tribus Echinocereanae, Echinocactanae and Cactanae. It concluded with the publication of the fourth volume on December 24, 1923, which comprised 37 additional plates and 263 illustrations and contained the remaining sub-tribus Coryphanthanae, Epipyllanae and Rhipsalidanae.

Most of the illustrations were done by Mary Emily Eaton . Others came from Louis Charles Christopher Krieger (1873-1940), the Japanese Kako Morita (1870-1931), AA Newton, Deborah Griscom Passmore (1840-1911) and Miss EI Schutt. The color plates were printed by A. Hoen & Co.

Systematics

Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose divided the 124 genera they accepted with 1325 species into the three tribe Pereskieae, Opuntieae and Cereeae. They basically followed the view of Karl Moritz Schumann , who classified the family in his 1897 work Complete Description of Cacti in the now generally recognized subfamilies Pereskioideae , Opuntioideae and Cereoideae (today Cactoideae ). Britton and Rose raised several of the revision of the genus Cereus, which was carried out in Alwin Bergers in 1905, to the rank of a genus. In addition, they described numerous new genera. The tribe Cereeae divided them into eight sub-tribus.

The first color plate of the work shows a flowering branch and the fruits of Pereskia pereskia as well as a leafy branch and the fruits of Pereskia sacharosa .
  • Tribe Pereskieae
  • Tribe Opuntieae
    • Pereskiopsis
    • Quiabentia
    • Pterocactus
    • Nopalea
    • Tacinga
    • Maihuenia
    • Opuntia
      • Subgenus Cylindropuntia
        • divided into the series Ramosissimae , Leptocaules , Thurberianae , Echinocarpae , Bigelovianae , Imbricatae , Fulgidae , Vestitae , Clavarioides , Salmianae , Subulatae , Miquelianae , Clavatae
      • Subgenus Tephrocactus
        • divided into the series Weberianae , Floccosae , Glomeratae , Pentlandianae
      • Subgenus Platyopuntia
        • divided into the series pumilae , Curassavicae , Aurantiacae , Pisciformes , Tunae , basilar , Inamoeneae , Tortispinae , Sulphureae , strigiles , Setispinae , Phaecanthae , Elatiores , Elatae , Scheerianae , Dillenianae , Macdougalianae , tomentosae , Leucotrichae , Orbiculatae , Ficus indicae , Streptacanthae , Robustae , Polyacanthae , Stenopetalae , Palmadorae , Spinossimae , Brasilienses , Ammophilae , Chaffeyanae
    • Grusonia
Plate 33 from Volume 2 shows Selenicereus grandiflorus .
Table 2 from Volume 3 with Echinocereus coccineus , Echinocereus chloranthus , Echinocereus viridiflorus and Echinocereus maritimus .

proof

literature

General

  • Alwin Berger: Review: The Cactaceae . In: Botanical Gazette . Volume 77, Number 4, 1924, pp. 454-458, JSTOR 2469745 .
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton: Cactus studies in the West Indies . In: Journal of the New York Botanical Garden . Volume 14, number 161, 1913, pp. 99-109. (online) .
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton: Botanical Exploration in Porto Rico and Islands Adjacent . In: Journal of the New York Botanical Garden . Volume 15, Number 173, 1914, pp. 95-103, (online) .
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton: Further Botanical Exploration of Porto Rico . In: Journal of the New York Botanical Garden . Volume 16, Number 186, 1915, pp. 103-112, (online) .
  • Richard S. Cowan, Frans A. Stafleu: Rose and Britton: From Brittonrosea to Cassia . In: Brittonia . Volume 33, Number 3, pp. 285-293, doi : 10.2307 / 2806417 .
  • Gordon Douglas Rowley : A History of Succulent Plants . Strawberry Press, 1997, ISBN 0-912647-16-0 , pp. 274-278.
  • Inés Sastre-DJ, Eugenio Santiago-Valentín: Botanical Explorations of Puerto Rico by NL Britton and EG Britton: Their Significance in Plant Conservation, Horticulture, and Education . In: Brittonia . Volume 48, Number 3, 1996, pp. 322-336, JSTOR 2807793 .

Reports to the Carnegie Institution

  • Nathaniel Lord Britton, Joseph Nelson Rose: Studies of the Cactaceae . In: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year book No. 22 . Washington 1923, p. 288.
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton, Joseph Nelson Rose: Studies of the Cactaceae . In: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year book No. 21 . Washington 1922, p. 358, (online) .
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton, Joseph Nelson Rose: Studies of the Cactaceae . In: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year book No. 20 . Washington 1921, pp. 381-382, (online) .
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton, Joseph Nelson Rose: Report on Cactus Investigation . In: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year book No. 16 . Washington 1917, p. 98, (online) .
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton, Joseph Nelson Rose: Relationships and Distribution of the Cactaceae . In: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year book No. 15 . Washington 1916, pp. 85-86, (online) .
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton, Joseph Nelson Rose: Relationships and Distribution of the Cactaceae . In: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year book No. 14 . Washington 1915, pp. 102-103, (online) .
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton, Joseph Nelson Rose: The Relationships and Distribution of the Cactaceae . In: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year book No. 13 . Washington 1914, pp. 103-104, (online) .
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton, Joseph Nelson Rose: The Relationships and Distribution of the Cactaceae . In: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year book No. 12 . Washington 1913, p. 87, (online) .
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton, Joseph Nelson Rose: The Relationships and Distribution of the Cactaceae . In: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year book No. 11 . Washington 1912, pp. 67-68, (online) .

Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants

  • Joseph Nelson Rose: Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants . In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium . Volume 5, Part 3, 1897, pp. 109-144, (online) .
  • Joseph Nelson Rose: Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants - No. 2 . In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium . Volume 5, Part 4, 1899, pp. 145-200, (online) .
  • Joseph Nelson Rose: Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants No. 3 . In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium . Volume 8, Part 1, 1903, pp. 1-55, (online) .
  • Joseph Nelson Rose: Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants No. 4 . In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium . Volume 8, Part 4, 1905, pp. 281-340, (online) .
  • Joseph Nelson Rose: Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants - No. 5. In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium . Volume 10, 1906, pp. 79-132, (online) .
  • Joseph Nelson Rose: Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants - No. 6. In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium . Volume 12, Part 7, 1909, pp. 259-302, (online) .
  • Joseph Nelson Rose: Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants - No. 7. In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium . Volume 13, Part 9, 1911, pp. 291-312, (online) .
  • Joseph Nelson Rose: Notes On Useful Plants of Mexico . In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium . Volume 8, Part 4, 1905, pp. 209-259, (online) .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The Cactaceae . Volume 1, p. 4.
  2. ^ Nathaniel Lord Britton: Cactus studies in the West Indies . Pp. 99 and 108
  3. ↑ Inés Sastre-DJ, Eugenio Santiago-Valentín: Botanical Explorations of Puerto Rico by NL Britton and EG Britton: Their Significance in Plant Conservation, Horticulture, and Education . P. 329
  4. ^ Nathaniel Lord Britton: Botanical Exploration in Porto Rico and Islands Adjacent . Pp. 95/96 and 103.
  5. ^ Nathaniel Lord Britton: Further Botanical Exploration of Porto Rico . P. 103.
  6. ↑ The Cactaceae . Volume 1, pp. 4-6.
  7. ↑ a b c d The Cactaceae . (accessed July 3, 2011).
  8. ^ Beat Ernst Leuenberger: Pereskia, Maihuenia, and Blossfeldia — Taxonomic History, Updates, and Notes . In: Haseltonia . Volume 14, 2008, p. 57, doi : 10.2985 / 1070-0048-14.1.54
  9. ^ Alwin Berger: A Systematic Revision of the Genus Cereus . In: Missouri Botanical Garden Annual Report . 1905, pp. 57-86, JSTOR: 2400072 .
  10. ^ Edward F. Anderson : The great cactus lexicon . Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4573-1 , p. 54-55 .

Web links

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