University in the post-war period (1945–1951)

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Berlin 1947, reconstruction of the university lecture halls

The history of German universities in the post-war period begins in the winter semester 1945/46. In this semester they reopened after the end of the Second World War and the collapse of the National Socialist state . This ends with the revised version of the Occupation Statute , 1951. In the year mentioned, the right to supervise and issue instructions no longer existed, which the Allied university officers had previously held in relation to the self-governing bodies of the universities in the western occupation zones .

From 1945 onwards, teaching took place in university buildings, some of which were destroyed in the war. There was a shortage of textbooks .

Universities were re-established in the French occupation zone and in Berlin in the post-war period: In 1946 the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz was (re-) founded. The Saarland University was established in 1948 . The beginning East-West conflict led to the establishment of the Free University of Berlin in 1948 . A year later, in 1949, the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin was renamed the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin . In 1946 the Technical University of Berlin was founded .

Teachers

In the post-war period, lecturers were subject to the provisions of the denazification procedure with regard to issuing a teaching permit .

The at the History Department of the University of Hamburg and just recently was Adolf Rein example, it has been withdrawn.

Lecturers who had been authorized to teach by the occupying powers faced a small group of lecturers who returned from exile to German universities; they included Ernst Bloch and Curt Bondy .

In the Soviet Occupation Zone (SBZ) , responsibility for denazification measures lay with the German Administration for Popular Education .

Lecturers who had taught in the displaced areas founded the Emergency Association of Displaced University Lecturers in the 1950s to represent their interests. The Göttingen working group was also established by expellees .

Teachers, the 131s , who had become unemployed as a result of the effects of the war, raised the right to continued employment .

The rectors of West German universities exchanged ideas within the Northwest German University Conference .

The content of curricula was discussed in 1951 in Tübingen together with Georg Picht by Professors Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker and Walther Gerlach .

Individual teachers in the post-war period

African Studies : August Blade Lifting ; English Studies : Emil Wolff ; Anthropology : Walter Scheidt ; Classical archeology : Theodor Klauser , Gerhard Kleiner , Eugen von Mercklin ; Architecture : Hans Freese ; Business administration : Curt Eisfeld , Georg Scheller , Hans Seischab ; Botany : Gustav Bredemann ; Chemistry : Paul Harteck , Hans Herloff Inhoffen , Kurt Heyns , Otto Liebknecht , Heinrich Remy , Iwan Stranski ; Ethnology : Franz Termer ; Geography : Albert Kolb , Erich Otremba , Gottfried Pfeifer , Carl Troll ; German studies : Ulrich Pretzel , Benno von Wiese ; History : Hermann Aubin , Max Braubach , Eugen Ewig , Fritz Fischer , Walter Hävernick , Paul Johansen , Walther Lammers , Walter Markov , Hans Rudolph , Gerd Tellenbach , Egmont Zechlin ; Indology : Ludwig Alsdorf , Walther Schubring ; Islamic Studies : Rudi Paret ; Japanese Studies : Herbert Zachert ; Art history : Edwin Redslob , Wolfgang Schöne ; Mechanical engineering : Walter Pflaum ; Mathematics : Wilhelm Blaschke , Max Deuring , Helmut Hasse , Erhard Schmidt , Carl Ludwig Siegel , Ernst Witt ; Mechanics : Walter Kucharski ; Medicine : Karl Heinrich Bauer , Hans Bürger-Prinz , Rudolf Degkwitz , Hans Demme , Erich Fritz , Hans Harmsen , Theodor Heynemann , Hermann Holthusen , Heinz Hungerland , Sigurd Janssen , Arthur Jores , Eduard Keeser , Joseph Kimmig , Georg Ernst Konjetzny , Gustav Korkhaus , Hans Kress von Kressenstein , Fritz Lenz , Albert Lezius , August Lindemann , Alfred Marchionini , Max Meyer , Ernst Georg Nauck , Heinrich Pette , Karl-Heinz Schäfer , Otto Schmidt ; Mineralogy : Hermann Rose ; Musicology : Joseph Schmidt-Görg ; Oriental Studies : Bertold Spuler ; Pedagogy : Erich Feldmann , Wilhelm Flitner , Theodor Litt , Walther Merck , Hans Wenke ; Classical philology : Franz Beckmann , Ulrich Knoche , Wolfgang Schmid , Bruno Snell , Johannes Stroux , Friedrich Zucker ; Philosophy : Oskar Becker , Josef König , Kurt Leese , Heinrich Lützeler , Adolf Meyer-Abich , Georg Misch ; Phonetics : Giulio Panconcelli-Calzia , Otto von Essen ; Physics : Erich Bagge , Rudolf Fleischmann , Pascual Jordan , Wilhelm Lenz , Heinz Raether , Paul Raethjen , Robert Rompe ; Political Science : Siegfried Landshut ; Law : Friedrich Wilhelm Bosch , Hans Dölle , Wilhelm Felgentraeger , Werner Flume , Erich Kaufmann , Rudolf Laun , Leo Raape , Helmut Ridder , Ulrich Scheuner , Erich Schlesinger , Hellmuth von Weber ; Romance studies : Ernst Robert Curtius , Harri Meier , Guy Michaud , Hellmuth Petriconi ; Shipbuilding : Georg Schnadel ; Sinology : Wolfgang Franke , Fritz Jäger ; Urban planning : Edmund Gassner ; Theology : Albert Lang , Joseph Lortz , Ernst Wolf ; Economics : Karl Schiller , Erich Schneider , Paul Senf ; Zoology : Berthold Klatt , Wilhelm Schmidt , Herbert Weidner , Hermann Wurmbach .

Students

number

The first social survey by the German Student Union in 1951 spoke of 108,000 students in the Federal Republic of Germany who were matriculated at West German universities. The proportion of women was 17 percent.

Admission

The number of study places was limited in the post-war period. From 1946 onwards, it was primarily school performance that decided on admission to study. At times, war invalids were also given preferential treatment . This applied to the University of Hamburg . Participation in the reconstruction of destroyed university buildings could also have a positive effect on admission to studies.

denazification

The provisions of the denazification procedure were also applied to university applicants. In the western zones in 1946 the youth amnesty absolved those born after January 1, 1919 from political responsibility. From then on, nominal membership in NS organizations no longer had any negative effects on admission to studies for these age groups.

Individual students in the post-war period

Hartmut von Hentig was one of those enrolled in the post-war period .

Advocacy groups

Students set up student representatives in the post-war period . Members of student committees, also known as student councils , were, for example, Ernst-Georg Pantel , Ingeborg Retzlaff , Karl Ludwig Schneider and Hoimar von Ditfurth . In 1949 the Association of German Student Unions was established .

Associations

Various kinds of associations were founded by students . Since 1948 the International Student Union - student movement for supranational federations - has been committed to international understanding and European integration . In 1950 the German Committee of the World University Service was founded. Peter Weinert contributed to this. The organization stands for international educational cooperation.

The Working Group of German Medical Faculties was formed as an organization for medical students . In the interest of continuous improvement of the course itself, the working group of pharmacy students (Agpha) was set up.

The political student associations that were founded included the Liberal Student Union of Germany , the Ring of Christian-Democratic Students and the Ring of Christian-Democratic Students in Bavaria, and the Socialist German Student Union .

The revival of student connections was controversial in the post-war period . The organizations founded included the Coburg Convent , the Collegium Albertinum , the Erlanger Senior Citizens 'Convent and the Weinheim Senior Citizens' Convent as well as the Heidelberg Circle . In the 1950s, the Göttingen scale trial regulated the criminal liability of scale and duels .

As an organization of displaced students, the Association of Displaced German Students existed from 1950 to 1964 .

In the years 1947 to 1973, the Catholic German Student Union existed as an association of Catholic students .

SBZ / GDR

Persecution

In the Soviet Zone / DDR individual students were subject to political persecution, among others Wolfgang Natonek and members of of Herbert Belter led Belter group , which also includes Werner Gumpel , Siegfried Jenkner and Hans-Dieter Scharf belonged. Herbert Belter was executed in Moscow in 1951 . In the same year, the execution of the death sentence against Arno Esch took place in the Soviet Union . Günter Malkowski died in the Soviet capital in 1952 .

Worker's degree

A new way of accessing studies was opened in the Soviet occupation zone for those who did not have a high school diploma: the working class . Workers and peasants faculties arose ; so also at the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald .

See also

literature

  • Karen Bayer, Frank Sparing , Wolfgang Woelk (eds.): Universities and colleges in National Socialism and in the early post-war period , Franz Steiner Verlag , Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-515-08175-5 .
  • Christian George: Studying in ruins. The students of the University of Bonn in the post-war period. V&R unipress , Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-89971-608-5 .
  • Anton F. Guhl: Ways out of the "Third Reich". The denazification of the Hamburg University as an ambivalent post-history of National Socialism. Wallstein Verlag , Göttingen 2019, ISBN 978-3-8353-3468-7 .
  • Manfred Heinemann (Ed.): University officers and the reconstruction of the higher education system in West Germany 1945–1952. Part 1: The British Zone , Verlag August Lax, Hildesheim 1990, ISBN 3-7848-3901-0 .
  • Manfred Heinemann (Ed.): University officers and the reconstruction of the higher education system in West Germany 1945–1952. Part 2: The US Zone. Verlag August Lax, Hildesheim 1990, ISBN 3-7848-3902-9 .
  • Manfred Heinemann (Ed.): University officers and the reconstruction of the higher education system in West Germany 1945–1952. Part 3: The French Zone. Verlag August Lax, Hildesheim 1991, ISBN 3-7848-3903-7 .
  • Manfred Heinemann (Ed.): University officers and the reconstruction of the higher education system in Germany 1945–1949. The Soviet zone of occupation. Akademie Verlag , Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-05-002851-3 .
  • René König: The students at the University of Rostock from 1945/46 - 1952 . Master's thesis in history in Rostock 2005.
  • Waldemar Krönig, Klaus-Dieter Müller: Adaptation, Resistance, Persecution. University and students in the Soviet occupation zone and GDR 1945–1961. Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, Cologne 1994, ISBN 3-8046-8806-3 .
  • Waldemar Krönig, Klaus-Dieter Müller: Post-war semester. Studies in the war and after the war. Franz Steiner Verlag , Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-515-05597-5 ( full text ).
  • Bärbel Maul: Academics in the post-war period. A comparison between the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR. Campus Verlag , Frankfurt am Main 2002, ISBN 978-3-593-37131-3 .
  • Martin Papenbrock (ed.): Art history at the universities in the post-war period . V&R unipress, Göttingen 2006, ISBN 978-3-89971-322-0 .
  • Catharina Trost: The reopening of the universities in the Soviet-occupied zone using the example of the University of Rostock. GRIN Verlag , Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-83290-8 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The Reconstruction of the University of Bonn , accessed on January 17, 2017.
  2. ^ The New Beginning of the University of Bonn after 1945 , accessed on January 17, 2017.
  3. ^ Elke Middendorff: Social surveys of the German Student Union 1951–2012 , accessed on January 17, 2017.
  4. ↑ Uta Krukowska: The students at the University of Hamburg from 1945 to 1950. Phil. Diss. Hamburg 1993, p. 40.
  5. ^ The New Beginning at the University of Bonn after 1945 , accessed on January 17, 2017.
  6. ↑ See Uta Krukowska: Hamburg Post-War Students . Results of an evaluation of matriculation documents from 1945 to 1950. Norderstedt near Hamburg ( Books on Demand ) 2019, ISBN 978-3-7494-8671-7 , pp. 24–30.
  7. ↑ Wolfgang Benz : Democratization through denazification and education ( bpb.de , accessed on August 29, 2019).