Werner J. Patzelt

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Werner J. Patzelt (2016)

Werner Josef Patzelt (born May 23, 1953 in Passau ) is a retired German political scientist with a focus on comparative political science . From 1991 to 2019 he taught as a professor at the TU Dresden .

Life

academic career

From 1963 to 1972 Patzelt attended the humanistic high school Leopoldinum Passau . After graduating from high school, he served in the Bundeswehr for two years ; later he was promoted to major in the reserve.

From 1974 Patzelt studied political science, sociology and history at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich , the University of Strasbourg and the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and in 1980 he obtained a Magister Artium (MA) from the LMU Munich. He then worked as a research assistant at the University of Passau , where he in 1984 Heinrich Oberreuter with a thesis on the basis of ethnomethodology to Doctor Philosophiae (Dr. phil.) Summa cum laude was awarded his doctorate. After six years of employment as a research assistant , Patzelt completed his habilitation in 1990 with a paper on members of parliament and representation at the University of Passau.

In the following two years he taught as a visiting professor at the University of Salzburg (1990) and at the Technical University of Dresden (1991) before he was appointed founding professor of the Institute for Political Science at the TU Dresden in 1992. Patzelt occupied the chair for political systems and system comparison . He retired in March 2019, and the TU refused a post as senior professor that he had applied for , because Patzelt "was mixing up the scientific and political roles in an inadmissible manner". Patzelt defended himself against this accusation and said that he had not mixed up any roles and only ever advocated the free-democratic basic order. In addition, the university accused him of publicly criticizing the university management and the state minister of science in the debate about the establishment of a university institute and thus violating the principle of moderation. Patzelt also rejected this; he only described facts. In 2000, he turned down an offer at the University of Münster . Patzelt is a liaison professor at the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung . His academic students include a. Jakob Lempp , Martin Thein and Christoph Meißelbach . Eckhard Jesse , who is close to the New Right , spoke of a “school of parliamentarism” around Patzelt.

Patzelt is active in several committees. He is editor of the magazine for parliamentary questions (ZParl) and studies on parliamentarism ( Nomos Verlag ), member of the commission for the history of parliamentarism and political parties , member or co-chair (since 2007) of the IPSA Research Committee of Legislative Specialists ( RCLS), member of the board of trustees of the Saxon State Center for Political Education , member of the Saxon Culture Senate, board member of the HAUS foundation of action 365 and chairman of the scientific advisory board of the German Institute for Material Direct Democracy (DISUD). He is also a member of the German Association for Political Science (and was its IPSA representative for two terms from 2009 to 2014), the German Society for Political Science , the German Association for Parliamentary Issues , the German Association for Political Education and the International Political Science Association (elected member of the Executive Committee 2009–2014, since 2016 appointed member as coordinator of the IPSA summer schools in São Paulo, Mexico City, Singapore, St. Petersburg, Stellenbosch and Tunis). Until the end of the respective term of office, he was also a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarian Research in Dresden and of the Board of Trustees of the German Hygiene Museum in Dresden. As a member of the advisory board of the Hannah Arendt Institute, Patzelt, together with Uwe Backes and Eckhard Jesse and with the support of Matthias Rößler, managed to dismiss director Klaus-Dietmar Henke, which was contrary to the statutes .

Others

Patzelt joined the CDU in 1994 ; previously he did not belong to any party. He is considered to be rather conservative among academics and journalists , but maintains an exchange with representatives from large parts of the political spectrum . He also appeared at PDS events . In an interview with Cicero magazine , he pointed to the current lack of convincing economic politicians and credible conservatives in the Union. For years he warned of the creation of a “representation gap” to the right of the CDU, and in 2004, in a publication published by the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Saxony, together with Eckhard Jesse, he called for “a stronger right-wing orientation of the Saxon CDU [...] to dispute the issues with the NPD to do ”, and later argued when PEGIDA and the AfD emerged.

At the end of March 2017, an arson attack was carried out on his car, presumably in connection with his public statements about PEGIDA and the AfD. Patzelt attributed this to the Antifa.

“As the first of his guild”, Patzelt called in June 2018 for a coalition of CDU and AfD “so as not to be blackmailed by the parties to the left of the CDU” and because there is “apparently a right-wing majority”. On February 21, 2019, Alexander Mitsch, chairman of the Union of Values , a group of conservative Union politicians, announced that Patzelt had joined.

Patzelt, who is not a corporation himself, has no reservations about corporations . In 2006 he was a keynote speaker at the Burschentag in Eisenach and also spoke several times at festive events of corporations. In the summer semesters 2007 and 2008 as well as in the winter semester 2010/11 he was the patron of the student history lecture series “Füxe, Kneipen und Couleur - Student connections in the past and present”, which took place as part of the Studium generale at the Technical University of Dresden .

Activity as a musician and choir director

Patzelt works as a chamber musician and soloist ( violoncello ) as well as a choir director. From 1978 to 2002 he was the founder and musical director of the Angather Choir and Instrumental Week in Tyrol . Since 1998 he has been director of the annual Dresden choir weekends . He also heads the Schmochtitz Music Week, which he also founded (as part of the courses offered by the Music in Youth Working Group ) near Dresden. In 2013 he was elected chairman of the support forum of the Dresden State Operetta .

Private

Patzelt is Catholic , married and has two children. Patzelt is also a member of SG Dynamo Dresden .

Teaching and research

Werner J. Patzelt's research is mainly concerned with the comparative analysis of political systems, research on parliamentarianism , direct democracy, political communication, the comparative historical analysis of political institutions and evolutionary models in political science. His resulting teaching areas at the TU Dresden include German politics (e.g. the political system or the parties ), comparative government theory (e.g. Western democracies , totalitarian regimes , political elites or political opposition ), parliamentarian research, the direct democracy as well as the methods of the social sciences .

As part of his research, Patzelt took part in several projects funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Fritz Thyssen Foundation , such as the role behavior and understanding of office of Bavarian parliamentarians (1988–1990), members of the new federal states (1991–1993), members of parliament and citizens ( 1994–1997), constituency work and social networking of German parliamentarians (1996–1999), as well as at the Dresden DFG Collaborative Research Centers Institutionality and Historicity (1997–2008) and - until its funding runs out - transcendence and public spirit (2009–2013).

He has taught outside of the German-speaking area at the EPHE in Paris , at the High School of Economics in Moscow and at IPSA summer schools in Stellenbosch, Ankara, Mexico City and St. Petersburg.

Awards

Patzelt in 1985 for his dissertation Basis of Ethnomethodology with the Culture Award Eastern Bavaria honored and received in 1994 for his habilitation deputies and representation the Science Award of the German Bundestag .

Controversy on Pegida

In December 2014, Patzelt expressed himself in the newspaper Junge Freiheit with his personal assessment of the events and actors of the Pegida movement in Dresden.

Along with Hans Vorländer , Dieter Rucht and Franz Walter, Patzelt was one of the first significant scientists to empirically investigate Pegida. Although the results did not differ noticeably from one another, the studies differed in the “political tinting of the interpretations”, as Walter noted, among other things. In particular, Patzelt made a very “opinionated and pointed” presentation. Patzelt's four studies from January 2015, April / May 2015 and January 2016 (face-to-face interviews , quota sample ), which showed relatively high response rates, set themselves apart from other research groups through a “more intensive analysis and commentary” on the results the political scientist and sociologist Armin Pfahl-Traughber . Patzelt's analysis result, “PEGIDA demonstrations are not just a collection of right-wing extremists . Rather, there are [...] a lot of people with a very good education and without social hardship, who have found their political place [...] between the right-wing fringes and the political center ”, was commented critically by Pfahl-Traughber insofar as that there are “very well educated right-wing extremists with good financial security”. Patzelt thought it plausible that the demonstrators wanted to show that they were “after all a part of the 'normal people' […], but not Nazis, who really ought to be excluded.” Pfahl-Traughber could not fully draw the conclusions consequences; he did not want to rule out that the Pegida activists could not also be “right-wing extremists”. He also doubted that Patzelt's division from January 2015 into roughly two-thirds "concerned goodwillers" was at least consistent in terms of development. The self-assessments of Pegida demonstrators, as they were collected in follow-up studies by Patzelt - carried out in April / May 2015 and January 2016 with an extended questionnaire - are rather poor in knowledge, since Patzelt's research group “did not work with the categories of political science or sociological research on extremism " have. In addition, "diffuse [e] and poorly selective [e] categories" were used.

A detailed overall presentation of Patzelt's overall results has been available since the summer of 2016, based on four demonstration surveys, on months-long observation studies, on analyzes of the speeches held at PEGIDA events over the course of a year, as well as the use of the PEGIDA website and debates between PEGIDA supporters and PEGIDA opponents who were listed on Facebook. All of this makes it possible to check the validity of that criticism.

In January 2015, students from the Institute for Political Science at the TU Dresden accused Patzelt of being “more political actor than scientist in the entire Pegida debate” and not only analyzing Pegida, but sympathizing with her. Twelve scientific employees of the institute then distanced themselves in a public letter from Patzelt's criticism of the anti-Pegida demonstrations. This "misunderstood the central concerns of the demonstrations for cosmopolitanism". The political scientist Oliviero Angeli criticized the fact that Patzelt, who “speaks publicly almost exclusively about the concerns of Pegida supporters, threatens to become their mouthpiece. Political scientists are not full-time Pegida understanders, they have to look at society as a whole ”. Contrary to what Patzelt claims, Pegida demonstrators are also not marginalized; neither are counter-demonstrations "responsible for a worsening of the political atmosphere in Dresden". Many scientists who took part in counter-demonstrations would feel unjustly criticized by Patzelt. Patzelt confirmed that he had been at Pegida Demos for research and commentary purposes since the beginning of December and said he was open to any discussion. However, he was "not running, but [...] observed the mood of the participants". He posted all of those critical statements about his role as an analyst and commentator of PEGIDA on his Facebook page and on his blog wjpatzelt.de and dealt with all the content presented in detailed articles of his own.

Miro Jennerjahn , who sat in the Saxon state parliament as a member of the Greens and is a member of the right-wing extremism commission of his party, held against Patzelt in an essay that this was not a scientific approach and that "parts of the actual demonstration" had been hidden, Patzelt was ultimately acting as "political Actor [with] the title of professor ”.

The political scientists Dirk Jörke and Veith Selk considered the guest article in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (May 2015) by Joachim Klose , state representative of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, and Werner J. Patzelt on the causes of the Pegida phenomenon to be a “sober investigation of the Genesis ”by Pegida. In 2015, Patzelt spoke in the journal for political and European sciences , like the sociologist Karl-Heinz Reuband , of “ gaps in representation” in the political system.

Patzelt also received criticism in 2016 when he used a Goebbels quote in his column “Worried Citizens” in the Sächsische Zeitung to present the admission of refugees as a kind of religious obligation.

Patzelt also spoke up in the context of the demonstrations and riots in Chemnitz in August / September 2018. On September 3rd, together with Heike Diefenbach and Michael Klein, both operators of the pseudoscientific blog Sciencefiles.org, he petitioned the federal government to provide the video evidence for the government's accusation of "hunt" and to use the term " Gathering together ”, which was used by Merkel. The petition is attached as an argumentative diagram "The spiral of lies", whose original background (Joseph Goebbels) was removed after a short time at Patzelt's instigation. Until now, the Sciencefiles.org portal has primarily focused on combating gender sociology. Patzelt went on to explain that he could not see any "chase" himself, at most it was a matter of "pursuit behavior". Patzelt received extensive criticism in the press and from other scholars regarding the petition, which was signed 39,000 times after 2 months, as well as his statements. Patzelt breaks away from scientific neutrality, avails himself of resentments from Pegida and AfD, uses their deliberately indirectly defamatory vocabulary, belittles the attacks on foreigners and practices victim blaming . Patzelt vehemently denies this accusation.

Fonts (selection)

Monographs

  • Introduction to social science statistics. Oldenbourg, Munich / Vienna 1985, ISBN 3-486-20036-4 .
  • Social science research logic. Introduction. Oldenbourg, Munich / Vienna 1986, ISBN 3-486-20297-9 .
  • Basics of ethnomethodology. Theory, empiricism and political science benefits of a sociology of everyday life. Fink, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-7705-2444-6 (zugl. Diss., Univ. Passau, 1984).
  • Youth in the Bavarian Forest. Profile of a Generation (=  Regional Research . Volume 1). Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, Passau 1992, ISBN 3-927575-07-0 .
  • Introduction to Political Science. Outline of the subject and orientation during the course. Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, Passau 1992 (7th edition 2013), ISBN 3-927575-97-6 .
  • MPs and Representation. Understanding of office and constituency work. Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, Passau 1993, ISBN 3-927575-31-3 .
  • MPs and their occupation. Interviews, surveys, analyzes. With a foreword by Rita Süssmuth . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-05-002413-5 .
  • with Gerlinde Back: Agape. Sense and form of an ecumenical lay liturgy. Action 365 publishing house , Frankfurt am Main 2014, ISBN 978-3-941290-29-7 .
  • MPs and their occupation. Of true prejudices and false prejudices (=  essentials ). Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-658-05449-6 .

Editorships

  • Parliaments and their symbolism. Program and examples of institutional analysis. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 2001, ISBN 3-531-13530-9 .
  • with Roland Schirmer: The People's Chamber of the GDR. Socialist parliamentarism in theory and practice. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 2002, ISBN 3-531-13609-7 .
  • Parliaments and their functions. Institutional Mechanisms and Institutional Learning in Comparison. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-531-13837-5 .
  • with Everhard Holtmann : Battle of the Powers? Government Parliamentary Control - Governmental Parliamentary Control. Theory and empiricism. Edited on behalf of the “System of Government and Government in the Federal Republic of Germany” section of the German Association for Political Science, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-8100-4035-5 .
  • Parliaments and their power. Categories and case studies of institutional analysis (=  studies on parliamentarianism . Volume 2). Nomos, Baden-Baden 2005, ISBN 3-8329-1588-5 .
  • with Martin Sebaldt , Uwe Kranenpohl : Res publica semper reformanda. Science and political education in the service of the common good. Festschrift for Heinrich Oberreuter on his 65th birthday . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-531-15393-3 .
  • Evolutionary institutionalism. Theory and empirical studies on evolution, institutionality and historicity (=  political science theory . Volume 3). Ergon-Verlag, Würzburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-89913-554-1 .
  • with Everhard Holtmann: Do governments actually lead? On the practice of governmental action. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-531-15229-5 .
  • with Stephan Dreischer: Parliaments and their time. Time structures as power potentials (=  studies on parliamentarianism . Volume 10). Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009, ISBN 978-3-8329-4200-7 .
  • Parliaments and their evolution. Research context and case studies (=  studies on parliamentarianism . Volume 11). Nomos, Baden-Baden 2012, ISBN 978-3-8329-4276-2 .
  • The feasibility of political order. Transcendence and Construction (=  Politics Edition . Volume 8). Transcript, Bielefeld 2013, ISBN 978-3-8376-2247-8 .
  • with Joachim Klose: PEGIDA. Warning signals from Dresden (=  Social Coherence Studies . Volume 3). Thelem, Dresden 2016, ISBN 978-3-945363-44-7 .

Articles in collective works

  • Theory of Evolution as Theory of History. A new approach to historical institutional research. In: Jochen Oehler (ed.): The human being - evolution, nature and culture. Contributions to our view of man today. Springer, Heidelberg a. a. 2010, pp. 175-212.

literature

  • Otmar Jung : Direct Democracy as a Challenge to Representative Democracy: A discussion with Werner J. Patzelt. In: German Studies Review . Volume 25, No. 2, 2002, pp. 285-304.

Web links

Commons : Werner J. Patzelt  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ TU Dresden : Emeritus
  2. ^ RND , Daniela Vates: TU Dresden separates from political professor and CDU advisor Patzelt . In: Dresdner Latest News . 19th January 2019.
  3. ^ "Inadmissible mixing": Uni separates from AfD expert and CDU advisor Patzelt. Focus Online , January 19, 2019, accessed January 21, 2019 .
  4. Eckhard Jesse : Instructive analyzes of parliaments and their power. In: Journal for Parliamentary Issues . Volume 38, No. 1, 2007, pp. 211-214, here p. 214.
  5. Ulrich von Hehl : "A German Affair"? Observations on the course of the conflict at the Hannah Arendt Institute for Research on Totalitarianism. In: Manfred Hetting , Uwe Schirmer , Susanne Schötz (eds.): Figures and structures. Historical essays for Hartmut Zwahr on his 65th birthday. Munich 2002, pp. 120-139, here p. 136.
  6. ^ Klaus-Dietmar Henke: Interest and knowledge. A lesson in concentrated crisis regulation in the humanities using the example of the Dresden Hannah Arendt Institute 1999–2002. In: Journal of History. 51 vol., 2003, pp. 205-236.
  7. "About the person" on Patzelt's personal blog
  8. Gottfried Dominik: A matter of the Saxons? Whoever rules in Dresden must also come from Saxony? Event of the local association Blasewitz / Striesen with Prof. Dr. Werner J. Patzelt. In: The Dresden Union . No. 2 , 2008, p. 21 ( cdu-dresden.de [PDF; 1.9 MB ; accessed on February 29, 2012]).
  9. ^ Rainer Kasselt: The long shadow. In: Saxon newspaper . April 23, 2004, p. 10; Patrick Guyton: Drums for the CSU . In: Südwest Presse . March 13, 2013, p. 3; Uwe Backes , Eckhard Jesse : Editorial. In the S. (Ed.): Yearbook Extremism & Democracy , 19th year (2007), Nomos, Baden-Baden 2008, ISBN 978-3-8329-3168-1 , pp. 7-10, here p. 9.
  10. ^ Michael Bartsch : Dresden political scientist Patzelt for a consistent way out of the bad reputation of parliamentarism. In: Leipziger Volkszeitung . January 6, 2004, p. 4.
  11. Werner J. Patzelt: Merkel's presidential heyday will not return ( memento of September 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). In: Cicero . July 29, 2010.
  12. ^ NiP editorial collective: The NPD in the Saxon state parliament. Analysis and background 2008 . Edited by the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung Sachsen, Dresden 2008, p. 68, weitermachen.de (PDF).
  13. The CDU is guilty of the emergence of the AfD. NZZ interview January 28, 2019 (nzz.ch)
  14. PEGIDA - and how a car caught fire - etc. pp - patzelts politics. Retrieved January 22, 2018 (German).
  15. ^ First professor of politics for the CDU coalition with the AfD. Retrieved October 26, 2018 (German).
  16. How does Kretschmer intend to continue to govern in the future? Retrieved October 26, 2018 (German).
  17. Maaßen joins the conservative union group. In: Spiegel Online. February 21, 2019, accessed the same day.
  18. a b Ralf Prescher: For guidance. In the S. (Ed.): Füxe, Kneipen and Couleur. Student associations in the past and present . Volume 1, akadpress, Essen 2011, ISBN 978-3-939413-19-6 , pp. 3-4; Werner J. Patzelt: As an introduction: Student associations in the past and present. In: Ralf Prescher (Ed.): Füxe, Kneipen und Couleur. Student associations in the past and present . Volume 1, akadpress, Essen 2011, ISBN 978-3-939413-19-6 , p. 9 ff.
  19. Rita Specht: We were not invited. Boys' day with debates on tuition fees, football and a panel discussion. In: Thüringische Landeszeitung . June 8, 2006, p. ZAEI108; Jensen Zlotowicz: Better educate about patriotism Boys' Day with a ceremony and speech at the Wartburg. In: Thüringische Landeszeitung . June 10, 2006, p. ZAEI310.
  20. ^ Schmochtitz Music Week Dresden Choir Weekend. Retrieved January 22, 2018 .
  21. jungefreiheit.de
  22. ^ A b c Lars Geiges , Stine Marg , Franz Walter : Pegida. The dirty side of civil society? Transcript, Bielefeld 2015, ISBN 978-3-8376-3192-0 , p. 65.
  23. ^ Hans Vorländer , Maik Herold , Steven Schäller : PEGIDA - Development, Composition and Interpretation of an Outrage Movement . Springer, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-10981-3 , p. 56.
  24. Armin Pfahl-Traughber : Pegida as a new protest movement from the “right”. In: Uwe Backes , Alexander Gallus , Eckhard Jesse (eds.): Yearbook Extremism & Democracy , Volume 27 (2015), Nomos, Baden-Baden 2015, ISBN 978-3-8487-2522-9 , pp. 154–171 , here p. 160.
  25. a b Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Pegida as a new protest movement from the “right”. In: Uwe Backes , Alexander Gallus , Eckhard Jesse (Eds.): Yearbook Extremism & Democracy , Volume 27 (2015), Nomos, Baden-Baden 2015, pp. 154–171, here pp. 163 f.
  26. Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Pegida as a new protest movement from the “right”. In: Uwe Backes , Alexander Gallus , Eckhard Jesse (eds.): Yearbook Extremism & Democracy , Volume 27 (2015), Nomos, Baden-Baden 2015, pp. 154–171, here p. 169.
  27. ^ Hans Vorländer , Maik Herold , Steven Schäller : PEGIDA - Development, Composition and Interpretation of an Outrage Movement . Springer, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-10981-3 , p. 55.
  28. Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Pegida as a new protest movement from the “right”. In: Uwe Backes , Alexander Gallus , Eckhard Jesse (eds.): Jahrbuch Extremismus & Demokratie , Volume 27 (2015), Nomos, Baden-Baden 2015, pp. 154–171, here p. 170.
  29. Oliviero Angeli , Mark Arenhövel , Rico Behrens u. a .: Who is responsible for the deterioration in the social climate in Dresden? Comment on statements about demonstrations critical of Pegida in Dresden . theorieblog.de, accessed on January 29, 2015.
  30. Nike Laurenz: TU Dresden: Colleagues distance themselves from "Pegida understanders" Patzelt . In: Spiegel Online . January 29, 2015.
  31. Miro Jennerjahn : Saxony as the place of origin of the ethnic-racist movement PEGIDA. In: Stephan Braun , Alexander Geisler, Martin Gerster (eds.): Strategies of the extreme right: Backgrounds - Analyzes - Answers. 2nd, updated and expanded edition. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-658-01983-9 , pp. 533-558, here pp. 549 f.
  32. Dirk Jörke , Veith Selk: The helpless anti-populism. In: Leviathan - Berlin journal for social science . Volume 43, No. 4, 2015, pp. 484-500, here p. 485.
  33. Eckhard Jesse : How dangerous is extremism? Dangers posed by extremists, dangers posed by democrats for the democratic constitutional state. In the S. (Ed.): How dangerous is extremism? Dangers through extremism, dangers in dealing with extremism (=  magazine for political science. Special issue 2015 / I). Nomos, Baden-Baden, ISBN 978-3-8487-1126-0 , pp. 7–34, here p. 26.
  34. Bastian Brandau: "Worried Citizens" - Political scientist Patzelt because of Goebbels quote in the criticism. In: Deutschlandfunk. September 21, 2016, accessed April 1, 2019 (German).
  35. Patrick Bahners: Werner Patzelts Petition: Hermeneutics of Suspicion. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. September 15, 2018, accessed April 1, 2019 .
  36. Heike Diefenbach, Michael Klein, Werner J. Patzelt: "Ms. Federal Chancellor, please substantiate your claims!" In: Change.org. Retrieved April 1, 2019 .
  37. Peter Kümmel: You just hurried behind! In: ZEIT Online. September 19, 2018, accessed April 1, 2019 .
  38. Sascha Lobo: Provocation instead of discussion: The roll-out of the conservatives. In: Spiegel Online. September 19, 2018, accessed April 1, 2019 .