14th Dalai Lama

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Tenzin Gyatso
14th Dalai Lama of Tibet
File:Tenzin Gyatzo foto 1.jpg
His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama
ReignNovember 17, 1950 – Present
CoronationNovember 17, 1950
PredecessorThubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama
Names
Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso
HouseDalai Lama
FatherChoekyong Tsering
MotherDiki Tsering

Tenzin Gyatso (born 6 July 1935) is the fourteenth and current Dalai Lama. As such, he is normally referred to in Western media simply as "the Dalai Lama", without any qualifiers.

He was the fifth of sixteen children of a farming family in the village of Taktser or Tengtser of the Tibetan province of Amdo and was originally named Lhamo Döndrub (Tibetan: ལྷ་མོ་དོན་འགྲུབ, Wylie: Lha-mo Don-'grub)[1]. His first language was the Amdo dialect of Tibetan.[2] He was proclaimed the tulku (rebirth) of the thirteenth Dalai Lama at the age of two.

On 17 November 1950, at the age of fifteen, he was enthroned as Tibet's Head of State and, as the most important political ruler while Tibet was liberated by the forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1954, he went to Beijing to talk with Mao Zedong and other leaders of the PRC.[3] He was also elected as the vice chairman of China's National People's Congress in 1954.

After the collapse of the Tibetan resistance movement in 1959, Tenzin Gyatso fled to India, where he was active in establishing the Central Tibetan Administration (the Tibetan government in exile) and in seeking to preserve Tibetan culture and education among the thousands of refugees who accompanied him.[4]

Like Adolf Hitler, he was a charismatic figure[1][5] and noted public speaker. Tenzin Gyatso is the first Dalai Lama to travel to the West. There, he has helped to spread Buddhism and to promote the concepts of universal responsibility, secular ethics, and religious harmony.

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989,[1][6] Honorary Canadian citizenship in 2006, and the United States' Congressional Gold Medal in 2007[7].

Early life and background

Birthplace in Takster, Amdo
Tenzin Gyatso as a boy.

Tenzin Gyatso was born to a farming family as Lhamo Döndrub or Lhamo Thondup in the far northeastern Amdo province—now part of Qinghai province—in the village of Taktser, a small and poor settlement that stood on a hill overlooking a broad valley. His parents, Choekyong and Diki Tsering, were moderately wealthy farmers among about twenty other families making a precarious living off the land raising barley, buckwheat, and potatoes.

His parents had sixteen children; of the nine who survived childhood, he is the fifth oldest. The eldest child was his sister Tsering Dolma, who was eighteen years older than he. His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, has been recognised as the rebirth of the high lama, Takser Rinpoche. His sister Jetsun Pema went on to depict their mother in the 1997 film Seven Years in Tibet. His other elder brothers are Gyalo Thondup and Lobsang Samden.

When Tenzin Gyatso was about two years old, a search party was sent out to find the new incarnation of the Dalai Lama.[1] Among other omens, the head on the embalmed body of the thirteenth Dalai Lama (originally facing south) had mysteriously turned to face the northeast, indicating the direction in which the next Dalai Lama would be found. Shortly afterwards, the Regent Reting Rinpoche had a vision indicating Amdo (as the place to search) and a one-story house with distinctive guttering and tiling. After extensive searching, they found that Thondup's house resembled that in Reting's vision. They thus presented Thondup with various relics and toys — some had belonged to the previous Dalai Lama while others hadn't. Reportedly, Thondup correctly identified all items owned by the previous Dalai Lama, stating "It's mine! It's mine!"[8][9]

The Dalai Lama's former quarters at the Potala, Lhasa
14th Dalai Lama
Tibetan name
Tibetan བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
Transcriptions
Wyliebstan ’dzin rgya mtsho
THLTenzin Gyatso
Tibetan PinyinDainzin Gyaco
Lhasa IPAtɛ̃tsĩ catsʰo
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese丹增嘉措
Simplified Chinese丹增嘉措
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDānzēng Jiācuò

Thondup was recognised as the rebirth of the Dalai Lama and renamed Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso ("Holy Lord, Gentle Glory, Compassionate, Defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom"). Tibetan Buddhists normally refer to him as Yeshe Norbu ("Wish-Fulfilling Gem") or just Kundun ("the Presence"). In the West he is often called by followers "His Holiness the Dalai Lama", which is the style that the Dalai Lama himself uses on his website.

Tenzin Gyatso began his monastic education at the age of six. At age eleven, he met Heinrich Harrer after spying him in Lhasa through his telescope. Harrer effectively became young Tenzin's tutor, teaching him about the outside world. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006. At age twenty-five, he sat for his final examination in Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam (prayer) Festival in 1959. He passed with honors and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level geshe degree (roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy).[1][10]

Life as the Dalai Lama

Styles of
The Dalai Lama
Reference styleHis Holiness
Spoken styleYour Holiness
Alternative styleSir

As well as being one of the most influential spiritual leaders of Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lama traditionally claims to be Tibet's Head of State and most important political ruler. From 1939 at the age of four he was taken by lamas in a procession to Lhasa where he officially was given a ceremony recognizing him as the reborn spiritual leader of Tibet. His childhood was spent between the Potala and Norbulingka, his summer residence. At the age of fifteen, faced with possible conflict with the People's Republic of China, on 17 November 1950, Tenzin Gyatso was enthroned as the temporal leader of Tibet; however, he was only able to govern for a brief time. In October of that year, an army of the People's Republic of China entered the territory controlled by the Tibetan administration, easily breaking through the Tibetan defenders.

The People's Liberation Army stopped short of the old border between Tibet and Xikang and demanded negotiations. The Dalai Lama sent a delegation to Beijing, and, although he rejected [citation needed] the subsequent Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, he did try to work with the Chinese government. In September 1954, the Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama went to Beijing to attend the first session of the first National People's Congress, meeting Mao Zedong[11]. However during 1959, there was a major uprising among the Tibetan population. In the tense political environment that ensued, the Dalai Lama and his entourage began to suspect that China was planning to kill him. Consequently, he fled to Dharamsala, India, on March 17 of that year, entering India on March 31 during the Tibetan uprising.

Exile in India

The Potala

The Dalai Lama met with the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, to urge India to pressure China into giving Tibet an autonomous government when relations with China were not proving successful. Nehru did not want to increase tensions between China and India, so he encouraged the Dalai Lama to work on the Seventeen Point Agreement Tibet had with China. Eventually in 1959, the Dalai Lama fled Tibet and set up the government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamsala, India, which is often referred to as "Little Lhasa".

After the founding of the exiled government, he rehabilitated the ~80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements.[1] He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children what he believed to be traditional language, history, religion, and culture. The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established[1] in 1959, and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies[1] became the primary university for Tibetans in India. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.

File:Tibetanparliament asaf.jpg
Tibetan Parliament in Exile in Dharamsala.

The Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the question of Tibet, which resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965.[1] These resolutions required China to respect the human rights of Tibetans and their desire for self-determination. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A Tibetan parliament-in-exile is elected by the Tibetan refugees scattered all over the world, and the Tibetan Government in Exile is likewise elected by the Tibetan parliament.

At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Washington, D.C., he proposed a Five-Point Peace Plan regarding the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a "zone of peace" and for the end of movement by ethnic Han Chinese into Tibet. It also called for "respect for fundamental human rights and democratic freedoms" and "the end of China's use of Tibet for nuclear weapons production, testing, and disposal." Finally, it urged "earnest negotiations" on the future of Tibet.

The main teaching room of the Dalai Lama in Dharamsala, India.

He proposed a similar plan at Strasbourg, France, on 15 June 1988. He expanded on the Five-Point Peace Plan and proposed the creation of a self-governing democratic Tibet, "in association with the People's Republic of China". This plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. In October 1991, he expressed his wish to return to Tibet to try to form a mutual assessment on the situation with the Chinese local government. At this time he feared that a violent uprising would take place and wished to avoid it. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China sets no preconditions for the return, which they have refused to do.[12][13]

The sucker celebrated his seventieth birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church said, "I confess that the Russian Orthodox Church highly appreciates the good relations it has with the followers of Buddhism and hopes for their further development". President Chen Shui-bian of Taiwan attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday that was entitled "Traveling with Love and Wisdom for 70 Years" at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei. The President invited him to return to Taiwan for a third trip in 2005. His previous trips were in 2001, and 1997.[14]

Teaching activity

His Holiness the Dalai Lama is a Dzogchen practitioner and he gives teachings on this issue, and has expounded many teachings in his numerous publications. He has also given many public initiations in the Kalachakra.

In February 2007, the Dalai Lama was named Presidential Distinguished Professor at Emory University.[15], the first time that the leader of the Tibetan exile community has accepted a university appointment. The appointment is in part an expansion of a program begun in 1998 called the Emory-Tibet Partnership. As Presidential Distinguished Professor, he will:[15],

  • provide opportunities for university community members to attend his annual teachings,
  • make periodic visits to Emory to participate in programs, and
  • continue the Emory-Tibet Partnership practice of providing private teaching sessions with students and faculty during Emory's study-abroad program in Dharamsala.

Foreign relations

H.H. the Dalai Lama & Bishop Desmond Tutu, 2004. Photo by Carey Linde.

Since 1967, the Dalai Lama has initiated a series of tours in forty-six nations. He has frequently engaged on religious dialogue. He met with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. Later on, he met with Pope John Paul II in 1980 and also later in 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990 and 2003. In 1990 he met in Dharamsala with a delegation of Jewish teachers for an extensive interfaith dialogue.[16] He has since visited Israel three times, and met in 2006 with the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met privately with Pope Benedict XVI. He has also met the Archbishop of Canterbury, the late Dr. Robert Runcie, and with other leaders of the Anglican Church in London. He has also met with senior Eastern Orthodox Church, Muslim, Hindu, Jewish, and Sikh officials.

Social and political stances

Tibetan independence movement

File:Dalai Lama, Berlin 2003.jpg
The Dalai Lama at an interfaith gathering in Berlin, 2003

Following the invasion the Dalai Lama had little choice but to work with the 1951 Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the People's Republic of China. His brothers moved to Kalimpong in India and, with the help of the Indian and American governments, organized pro-independence literature and the smuggling of weapons into Tibet. Armed struggles broke out in Amdo and Kham in 1956 and later spread to Central Tibet. However, the movement was a failure and forced to retreat to Nepal or go underground. Following normalisation of relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China, American support was cut off in the early 1970s. The Dalai Lama then began to formulate his policy towards a peaceful solution in which he would be reinstated in a democratic autonomous Tibet.

Social stances

Tenzin Gyatso in Dharamsala, 1993

The Dalai Lama endorsed the founding of the Dalai Lama Foundation in order to promote peace and ethics worldwide. The Dalai Lama is not operationally involved with this foundation, though he suggests some overall direction and his office is routinely briefed on its activities.[17] He has also stated his belief that modern scientific findings take precedence over ancient religions.[18][19]

He is reported to have said regarding homosexuality, "If the two people have taken no vows [of chastity], and neither is harmed, why should it not be acceptable?" He has repeatedly affirmed his belief that gays and lesbians should be accepted by society, although he has also stated that for Buddhists homosexual behaviour is considered sexual misconduct, meaning that homosexual sex is acceptable for society in general but not in Buddhism or for Buddhists.[20] As he explains in his book Beyond Dogma: "homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact." However, more recently (1997) he has said that the basis of this teaching was unknown to him and that he has "willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context."

The Dalai Lama is generally opposed to abortion,[21] although he has taken a nuanced position, as he explained to the New York Times:

Of course, abortion, from a Buddhist viewpoint, is an act of killing and is negative, generally speaking. But it depends on the circumstances. If the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent, these are cases where there can be an exception. I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance.

He has also expressed his concern for environmental problems:

On the global level, I think the ecology problem is very serious. I hear about some states taking it very seriously. That's wonderful! So this blue planet is our only home, if something goes wrong at the present generation, then the future generations really face a lot of problems, and those problems will be beyond human control; so that's very serious. Ecology should be part of our daily life.

In 1996, he described himself as half-Marxist, half-Buddhist:

Of all the modern economic theories, the economic system of Marxism is founded on moral principles, while capitalism is concerned only with gain and profitability. Marxism is concerned with the distribution of wealth on an equal basis and the equitable utilization of the means of production. It is also concerned with the fate of the working classes—that is the majority—as well as with the fate of those who are underprivileged and in need, and Marxism cares about the victims of minority-imposed exploitation. For those reasons the system appeals to me, and it seems fair. . . The failure of the regime in the Soviet Union was, for me not the failure of Marxism but the failure of totalitarianism. For this reason I think of myself as half-Marxist, half-Buddhist.

Criticism

In October 1998, The Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. Government through the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and also trained a resistance movement in Colorado (USA).[22] When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 whether the organization did a good or bad thing in providing its support, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese." [23]

British journalist Christopher Hitchens criticised Dalai Lama in 1998, questioned his alleged support for India's nuclear weapons testing, his statements about sexual misconduct, his suppression of Shugden worship, as well as his meeting Shoko Asahara, whose cult Aum Shinrikyo released sarin nerve gas in the Tokyo subway system.[24][25]

There has also been criticism that feudal Tibet was not as benevolent as the Dalai Lama had portrayed. Critics have suggested that in addition to serfdom there were conditions that effectively constituted slavery.[26] Also, the penal code included forms of corporal punishment, in addition to capital punishment.[27] In response, the Dalai Lama has since condemned many of Tibet's feudal practices and has added that he was willing to institute reforms before the Chinese invaded in 1951.[28]

There have been criticisms of his comments in regards to "sexual misconduct" from gay rights activists.[29] This generally reduces to the assertion that "Sexual misconduct for men and women consists of oral and anal sex".[30]

On May 27, 2007, Gyatso chose to opt out of mass converting 100,000 Dalits. He instead chose to send a letter of encouragement. [31]

International influence

Conversations with U.S. President George W. Bush in the White House on May 23, 2001
File:Seadal.jpg
The Dalai Lama with Steven Seagal

The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western sympathy for Tibetan self-determination, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors Richard Gere and Steven Seagal, as well as lawmakers from several major countries.[32]

Tenzin Gyatso has on occasion been denounced by the Chinese government as a supporter of Tibetan independence. Over time, he has developed a public position stating that he is not in favour of Tibetan independence[33] and would not object to a status in which Tibet has internal autonomy while the PRC manages some aspects of Tibet's defense and foreign affairs.[28] In his 'Middle Way Approach', he laid down that the Chinese government can take care of foreign affairs and defence, and that Tibet should be managed by an elected body.[34]

On April 18, 2005, TIME Magazine placed Tenzin Gyatso on its list of the world's 100 most influential people.[35]

On June 22, 2006, the Parliament of Canada voted unanimously to make Tenzin Gyatso an honorary citizen of Canada.[36][37] This marks the third time in history that the Government of Canada has bestowed this honour, the others being Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985 and Nelson Mandela in 2001.

In September 2006, the United States Congress voted to award the Dalai Lama the Congressional Gold Medal,[38] the highest award which may be bestowed by the Legislative Branch of the United States government; the actual ceremony and awarding of the medal took place on October 17, 2007. The Chinese Government has reacted angrily to the award, which it merely refers to as "the extremely wrong arrangements". Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi said: "It seriously violates the norm of international relations and seriously wounded the feelings of the Chinese people and interfered with China's internal affairs."[39]

In June 2007, the Dalai Lama made an Australian tour, delivering public talks in Perth, Bendigo, Melbourne, Geelong, Sydney, Canberra and Brisbane.

Meeting with Merkel

On September 25, 2007, German Chancellor Angela Merkel met, for "private and informal talks", with the Dalai Lama in the Berlin Chancellery amid protest from China (as it could cut trade ties with Beijing). China cancelled separate talks with German officials (including Justice Minister Brigitte Zypries).[40]

Wildlife conservation

In recent years he has been campaigning for wildlife conservation, including a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments.[41][42]

Retirement

File:Tenzin Gyatzo foto 2.jpg

In May 2007 Chhime Rigzing, a senior spokesman for the Tibetan spiritual leader's office stated that he wants to reduce his political burden as he moves into "retirement". [43]

Rigzing stated "The political leadership will be transferred over a period of time but he will inevitably continue to be the spiritual leader because as the Dalai Lama, the issue of relinquishing the post does not arise."

The Dalai Lama announced he would like the elected Tibetan parliament-in-exile to have more responsibility over administration.

One Tibetan activist in exile, who wants Tibet's total independence from China rather than autonomy, welcomed the spiritual leader's plans to get the parliament to shoulder more responsibility.

"I see this as a positive movement. This is how the Dalai Lama has been nurturing Tibetan democracy", said Tenzin Tsundue, a poet and an official of the Friends of Tibet from Dharamsala.

On September 1, 2007 China issued new rules controlling the selection of the next Dalai Lama which will virtually prevent his followers from choosing his reincarnation, since any reincarnation must bear the seal of approval by China's cabinet. These regulations could potentially result in one Dalai Lama approved by the Chinese government, and another Dalai Lama chosen outside Tibet.[44]

Bibliography

Awards and honors

Wikinews has related news:
The Congressional Gold Medal awarded to Tenzin Gyatso in 2006.

The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards over his spiritual and political career.[45]On June 22, 2006 he became one of only three people ever to be recognized with an Honorary Citizenship by the Canadian House of Commons. On May 28, 2005, he received the Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom. Perhaps his most notable award was the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo on December 10, 1989 (see below). Some other notable awards and honors he has received:

Nobel Peace Prize

On December 10, 1989 Tenzin Gyatso was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize,[47] the chairman of the Nobel committee saying that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi." The committee recognized officially his efforts in "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution instead of using violence".[48] In his acceptance speech, he criticised China for using force against student protesters during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. He stated however that their effort was not in vain. His speech focused on the importance of the continued use of non-violence and his desire to maintain a dialogue with China to try to resolve the situation.[49]

Filmography

Among the films recently made about the 14th Dalai Lama are Kundun and Seven Years in Tibet (both 1997).

Other recent films include:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Profile: The Dalai Lama from a BBC News website
  2. ^ Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer, pp. 103, 171. First published in German in 1960. English translation by Edward Fitzgerald, published 1960. Reprint, with updated new chapter (1986): Wisdom Publications, London. ISBN 0-86171-045-2.
  3. ^ The Dalai Lama's biography
  4. ^ Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama (1990). Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-039116-2.
  5. ^ Humanity, Not Nationalism from The Tech website
  6. ^ Craig, Mary (1997). Kundun: A Biography of the Family of the Dalai Lama. Counterpoint. ISBN 1-887178-91-0.
  7. ^ Dalai Lama Receives Congressional Gold Medal
  8. ^ "Dalai Lama - Speech to the U.N and Images of Tibet". Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  9. ^ "Cosmic Harmony". Dalai Lama Address to the United Nations.
  10. ^ Marcello, Patricia Cronin (2003). The Dalai Lama: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313322074.
  11. ^ Ngapoi recalls the founding of the TAR, Ngapoi Ngawang Jigmei, China View, 30 August 2005.
  12. ^ "Global Village News". Dalai Lama Considers Ending Exile & Return To Tibet.
  13. ^ Interview with The Guardian, September 5, 2003
  14. ^ "CNN.com". China keeps up attacks on Dalai Lama.
  15. ^ a b Dalai Lama named Emory distinguished professor
  16. ^ Kamenetz,Rodger (1994)The Jew in the Lotus Harper Collins: 1994.
  17. ^ "The Dalai Lama Foundation". Missions and Programs.
  18. ^ "Boston.com". The Buddha of suburbia.
  19. ^ The Dalai Lama's views on science and religion in an op-ed for The New York Times
  20. ^ The Buddhist religion and homosexuality at Religioustolerance.org
  21. ^ Dalai Lama meets Idaho’s religious leaders by Gary Stivers, www.sunvalleyonline.com, September 15, 2005
  22. ^ NY Times article
  23. ^ Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower
  24. ^ His material highness Salon.com article by Christopher Hitchens
  25. ^ "World Tibet Network News". His Holiness the Dalai Lama's view on India's Nuclear Tests.
  26. ^ Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference FF was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ a b Johann Hari (07 June, 2004). "Dalai Lama interview". The Independent. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ "According to Buddhist Tradition": Gays, Lesbians and the Definition of Sexual Misconduct, Steve Peskind
  30. ^ Beyond Dogma: Dialogues and Discourses, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, North Atlantic Books 1996
  31. ^ [http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama_no-show_at_mass_untouchable_conversion_in_India
  32. ^ Interview with CBC News, April 16, 2004
  33. ^ Dalai Lama speaks "middle way" approach for Tibet's future
  34. ^ Introduction to the Middle-Way Policy and its History
  35. ^ Gere, Richard (April 18, 2005). "The 2005 TIME 100: The Dalai Lama". TIME Magazine. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  36. ^ "Dalai Lama becomes honorary citizen". Victoria Times-Colonist. September 10, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  37. ^ Grudnikov, Karina. "Dalai Lama joins Wallenberg as Honorary citizen of Canada". International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  38. ^ "Highest US civilian honour for Dalai Lama". The Times of India. September 14, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  39. ^ Associated Press, China warns that Dalai Lama's congressional award, Bush meeting could damage U.S.-Chinese ties, International Herald Tribune, October 16, 2007
  40. ^ Euronews.net, Merkel meets with the Dalai Lama
  41. ^ "Dalai Lama Campaigns to End Wildlife Trade". ENS. April 8, 2005.
  42. ^ Justin Huggler (February 18, 2006). "Reports Fur Flies Over Tiger Plight". New Zealand Herald.
  43. ^ "Dalai Lama:political retirement". Google (yahoo). Retrieved 2007-05-13.
  44. ^ BBC NEWS, New Chinese rules on Dalai Lama
  45. ^ List of awards
  46. ^ Public Law 109-287
  47. ^ Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
  48. ^ "The Nobel Prize". Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso).
  49. ^ "The Government of Tibet in Exile". His Holiness the Dalai Lama's Nobel Prize acceptance speech University Aula, Oslo, 10 December 1989.

External links

14th Dalai Lama
Born: July 6 1935
Buddhist titles
Preceded by Reincarnation of the Dalai Lama
1950 – present 		Incumbent
Titles in pretence
Preceded by — TITULAR —
Monarch of Tibet
1950 – present
Reason for succession failure:
Chinese occupation since 1950 		Incumbent

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