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Major League Baseball
Current season, competition or edition:; 2008 Major League Baseball season
Sport	Baseball
Founded	1876
CEO	Bud Selig
No. of teams	30
Country	United States; Canada
Most recent; champion(s)	Boston Red Sox
Most titles	New York Yankees (26)
TV partner(s)	FOX, ESPN, and TBS
Official website	MLB.com

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Major League Baseball (MLB) is the highest level of play in North American professional baseball. It is composed of 30 teams. Most of the MLB players are users of banned substances(i.e. steriods)and still fight like little girls. More specifically, Major League Baseball refers to the organization that operates the National League and the American League, by means of a joint organizational structure that has existed between them since 1903. Each season consists of 162 games, which generally begins on the first Sunday in April and ends on the first Sunday in October, with the playoffs played in October and sometimes in early November. The same rules and regulations are played between the two leagues with one exception: the American League operates under the Designated Hitter Rule, while the National League does not. Utilization of the DH Rule in Interleague play, the All-Star and World Series games are determined by the home team's league rules. In 2000, two leagues were officially disbanded as separate legal entities with all rights and functions consolidated in the commissioner's office.^[4] MLB effectively operates as a single league and as such it constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues of North America.

MLB is controlled by the Major League Baseball Constitution that has undergone several incarnations since 1876 with the most recent revisions being made in 2005. Under the direction of Commissioner of Baseball (currently Bud Selig), Major League Baseball hires and maintains the sport's umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, and television contracts. As is the case for most North American sports leagues, the "closed shop" aspect of MLB effectively prevents the yearly promotion and relegation of teams into and out of the Major League by virtue of their performance. Private enterprises is mostly funded by Major league Baseball, but also partially funded directly by public taxes. Major League Baseball maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of minor league baseball. This is due in large part to a 1922 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Federal Baseball Club v. National League, which held that baseball is not interstate commerce and therefore not subject to federal antitrust law. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years.^[5]^[6]

The production/multimedia wing of MLB is New York-based MLB Advanced Media, which oversees MLB.com and all 30 of the individual teams' websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the League itself, but it is indeed under the same ownership group and revenue-sharing plan. MLB Productions is a similarly-structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media.

League organization

Major League Baseball is divided into two leagues, the American League, with fourteen teams, and the National League, with sixteen teams. Each league is further subdivided into three divisions, labeled East, Central, and West. The uneven balance of teams prevents the need for interleague games (which two fifteen team leagues would have), except for certain designated times of the year.

Though historically separate leagues, distinction has all but disappeared over time. In 1903, the two leagues began to meet in an end-of-year championship series called the World Series. In 1920, the formerly weak National Commission, which was created to manage relationships between the two leagues, was replaced with an all powerful Commissioner of Baseball, who had the power to make decisions for all professional baseball unilaterally. The two leagues remained distinct, in as far as playing schedule, except for the annual All-Star Game and the World Series, until 1997 when regular season Interleague play began. In 2000, the American and National Leagues were desolved as legal entities, and Major League Baseball became a singular league de jure, though it had operated as a de facto single entity for many years.

History of Major League Baseball

Rise of Major League Baseball

In 1870, a schism developed between professional and amateur ballplayers. The NABBP split into two groups. The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was formed in 1871.^[7] It is considered by some to have been the first major league. Its amateur counterpart disappeared after only a few years.

The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs, which still exists, was established in 1876 after the National Association proved ineffective. The emphasis was now on "clubs" rather than "players". Clubs now had the ability to enforce player contracts, preventing players from jumping to higher-paying clubs. Clubs in turn were required to play their full schedule of games, rather than forfeiting scheduled games once out of the running for the league championship, as happened frequently under the National Association. A concerted effort was made to reduce the amount of gambling on games which was leaving the validity of results in doubt.

The early years of the National League were tumultuous, with threats from rival leagues and a rebellion by players against the hated "reserve clause", which restricted the free movement of players between clubs. Competitive leagues formed regularly, and also disbanded regularly. The most successful was the American Association (1881–1891), sometimes called the "beer and whiskey league" for its tolerance of the sale of alcoholic beverages to spectators. For several years, the National League and American Association champions met in a postseason championship series—the first attempt at a World Series.

The Union Association survived for only one season (1884), as did the Players League (1890).^[8]^[9] Both leagues are considered major leagues by many baseball researchers because of the perceived high caliber of play (for a brief time anyway) and the number of star players featured. However, some researchers have disputed the major league status of the Union Association, pointing out that franchises came and went and contending that the St. Louis club, which was deliberately "stacked" by the league's president (who owned that club), was the only club that was anywhere close to major league caliber.^[10]

In fact, there were dozens of leagues, large and small, at this time. What made the National League "major" was its dominant position in the major cities, particularly New York City, the edgy, emotional nerve center of baseball. The large cities offered baseball teams national media distribution systems and fan bases that could generate revenues enabling teams to hire the best players in the country.

The resulting bidding war for players led to widespread contract-breaking and legal disputes. One of the most famous involved star second baseman Napoleon Lajoie, who in 1901 went across town in Philadelphia from the National League Phillies to the American League Athletics. Barred by a court injunction from playing baseball in the state of Pennsylvania the next year, Lajoie was traded to the Cleveland team, where he played and managed for many years.^[11]

The war between the American and National caused shock waves throughout the baseball world. At a meeting at the Leland Hotel in Chicago in 1901, the other baseball leagues negotiated a plan to maintain their independence. On September 5, 1901 Patrick T. Powers, president of the Eastern League announced the formation of the second National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, the NABPL or "NA" for short.^[12]

Ban Johnson had other designs for the NA. While the NA continues to this day, he saw it as a tool to end threats from smaller rivals who might some day want to expand in other territories and threaten his league's dominance.

After 1902 both leagues and the NABPL signed a new National Agreement. The new agreement tied independent contracts to the reserve-clause national league contracts. Baseball players were a commodity, like cars. $5,000 bought your arm or your bat, and if you didn't like it, find someplace that would hire you. It set up a rough classification system for independent leagues that regulated the dollar value of contracts, the forerunner of the system refined by Rickey and used today.^[13]

It also gave the NA great power. Many independents walked away from the 1901 meeting. The deal with the NA punished those other indies who had not joined the NA and submitted to the will of the 'majors.' The NA also agreed to the deal to prevent more pilfering of players with little or no compensation for the players' development. Several leagues, seeing the writing on the wall, eventually joined the NA, which grew in size over the next several years.

Dead ball era

At this time the games tended to be low scoring, dominated by such pitchers as Walter Johnson, Cy Young, Christy Mathewson, and Grover Cleveland Alexander to the extent that the period 1900–1919 is commonly called the "dead ball era". The term also accurately describes the condition of the baseball itself. Baseballs cost three dollars apiece, a hefty sum at the time, equaling approximately 65 inflation adjusted US dollars as of 2005; club owners were therefore reluctant to spend much money on new balls if not necessary. It was not unusual for a single baseball to last an entire game. By the end of the game, the ball would be dark with grass, mud, and tobacco juice, and it would be misshapen and lumpy from contact with the bat. Balls were only replaced if they were hit into the crowd and lost, and many clubs employed security guards expressly for the purpose of retrieving balls hit into the stands—a practice unthinkable today.

As a consequence, home runs were rare, and the "inside game" dominated—singles, bunts, stolen bases, the hit-and-run play, and other tactics dominated the strategies of the time.^[14] Hitting methods like the Baltimore Chop were put into use to increase the number of infield singles.^[15]

The foul strike rule was a major rule change that, in just a few years, sent baseball from a high-scoring game to one where scoring any runs became a struggle. Prior to this rule, foul balls were not counted as strikes: thus a batter could foul off a countless number of pitches with no strikes counted against him. This gave an enormous advantage to the batter. In 1901, the National League adopted the foul strike rule, and the American League followed suit in 1903.

Major leagues move west

Walter O'Malley is considered by baseball experts to be "perhaps the most influential owner of baseball's early expansion era."^[16] Following the 1957 Major League Baseball season, he moved the Dodgers to Los Angeles, and New York's Dodgers fans felt betrayed.^[17] O'Malley was also influential in getting the rival New York Giants to move west to become the San Francisco Giants. He needed another team to go with him, for had he moved out west alone, the St. Louis Cardinals—1,600 mi (2,575.0 km) away—^[18]^[19] would have been the closest National League team. The joint move would make West Coast road trips more economical for visiting teams.^[20] O'Malley invited San Francisco Mayor George Christopher to New York to meet with Giants owner Horace Stoneham.^[20] Stoneham was considering moving the Giants to Minnesota,^[21] but he was convinced to join O'Malley on the West Coast at the end of the 1957 campaign. Since the meetings occurred during the 1957 season and against the wishes of Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick, there was media gamesmanship.^[22] When O'Malley moved the Dodgers from Brooklyn the story transcended the world of sport and he found himself on the cover of Time.^[23] The cover art for the issue was created by sports cartoonist Willard Mullin,^[24] long noted for his caricature of the "Brooklyn Bum" that personified the team. The dual moves broke the hearts of New York's National League fans but ultimately were successful for both franchises – and for Major League Baseball as a whole.^[17] In fact, the move was an immediate success as well since the Dodgers set a major league single-game attendance record in their first home appearance with 78,672 fans.^[20] In the years following the move of the New York clubs, Major League Baseball expanded to include three other California based teams, as well as two in Texas and one each in Minnesota, Seattle, Colorado, and Arizona. In addition, the Philadelphia Athletics moved to Template:City-state and eventually to Template:City-state.

Pitching dominance and rules changes

By the late 1960s, the balance between pitching and hitting had swung in favor of the pitchers. In 1968 Carl Yastrzemski won the American League batting title with an average of just .301, the lowest in history.^[25]

That same year, Detroit Tigers pitcher Denny McLain won 31 games — making him the first pitcher to win 30 games in a season since Dizzy Dean.^[26] St. Louis Cardinals starting pitcher Bob Gibson achieved an equally remarkable feat by allowing an ERA of just 1.12.^[27]

In 1973 the American League, which had been suffering from much lower attendance than the National League, made a move to increase scoring even further by initiating the designated hitter rule.^[28]

Power Age

Routinely in the early 2000s, baseball players reach 40 and 50 home runs in a season, a feat that was considered rare even in the 1980s. Many modern baseball theorists believe that the need of pitchers to combat the rise in power could lead to a pitching revolution at some point in the future. New pitches, such as the infamous gyroball, could swing the balance of power back to the defensive side. However, the gyroball is still something of a phantom pitch--the only pitchers allegedly able to throw it are Daisuke Matsuzaka of the Boston Red Sox and a college pitcher named Joey Niezer. However, during the 2006 World Baseball Classic, Matsuzaka admitted that though he has tried to throw the gyroball, he cannot do so on a consistent basis.^[29] A pitching revolution would not be unprecedented--several pitches have changed the game of baseball in the past, including the slider in the 50's and 60's and the split-fingered fastball in the 70's to 90's. Since the 1990s, the changeup has made a resurgence, being thrown masterfully by pitchers such as Trevor Hoffman, Greg Maddux, Tom Glavine, and Johan Santana.^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]

Major League Baseball uniforms

A baseball uniform is a type of uniform worn by baseball players, and sometimes by non-playing personnel, such as managers and coaches. It is worn to indicate the person's role in the game and, through use of logos and colors, to identify the two teams and officials.^[34]

The New York Knickerbockers were the first baseball team to use uniforms, taking the field on April 4, 1849 in pants made of blue wool, white flannel shirts and straw hats.^[35]^[36]^[37]^[35]^[38] The practice of wearing a uniform soon spread, and by 1900, all Major League teams had adopted them. By 1882, most uniforms included stockings, which covered the leg, from foot to knee and had different colors that reflected the different baseball positions.^[39] In the late 1880s, the Detroit Wolverines and Washington Nationals of the National League and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms of the American Association were the first to utilise striped uniforms.^[40]^[35]

A baseball team and their uniforms in the 1870s.

Caps, or other types of headgear with eyeshades, have been a part of baseball uniforms from the beginning.^[41]^[42] Baseball teams often wore full-brimmed straw hats or no cap at all since there was no official rule regarding headgear.^[43] Completing the baseball uniform are cleats and stockings, both of which have also been around for a long time.

By the end of the 19th century, teams began the practice of wearing one of two different uniforms, one when they played in their own baseball stadium and a different one when they played on the road. It became common to wear white at home and one of gray, solid dark blue, or black on the road. An early examples of this is the Brooklyn Superbas, who started to use a blue pattern for their road uniforms in 1907.

Season Structure

Spring Training

In Major League Baseball, spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season. Spring training allows new players to audition for roster and position spots, and gives existing team players practice time prior to competitive play. Spring training has always attracted fan attention, drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play, and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many college students.

Spring training typically lasts almost two months, starting in mid February and running until just before the season opening day (and often right at the end of spring training, some teams will play spring training games on the same day other teams have opening day of the season), traditionally the first week of April. Pitchers and catchers report to spring training first because pitchers benefit from a longer training period due to the exhaustive nature of the position. A week or two later, the position players arrive and team practice begins.

All-Star Game

Early July marks the midway point of the season, during which a three day break is taken when the Major League Baseball All-Star Game is staged. The All-Star game pits players from the NL, headed up by the manager of the previous NL World Series team, against players from the AL, similarly managed, in an exhibition game. Since 1989, the designated hitter rule is used when the game is played in an AL ballpark; formerly no designated hitters played in the All-Star game. The 2002 contest ended in an 11-inning tie because both teams were out of pitchers, a result which proved highly unpopular with the fans. As a result, for a two-year trial in 2003 and 2004, the league which won the game received the benefit of home-field advantage in the World Series (four of the seven games taking place at their home park). That practice has since been extended indefinitely, since it has become popular with fans. The practice has upset purists over the previous format of the two leagues alternating home-field advantage for the World Series (especially considering that the NL has not won since 1996, thus they have not had home-field advantage in the World Series since 2001). The Boston Red Sox and Chicago White Sox took some advantage of the rule in 2004 and 2005 respectively, as each team started the Series with two home victories, giving them good momentum for a sweep (the Red Sox doing it again in 2007). However, the rule did not help the Yankees in 2003, as they lost the Series to Florida in 6 games, or the Detroit Tigers in 2006, as they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in 5 games.^[44]^[45]

The first All-Star Game was held as part of the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois, and was the brainchild of Arch Ward, then sports editor for The Chicago Tribune.^[46] Initially intended to be a one-time event, its great success resulted in making the game an annual one. Ward's contribution was recognized by Major League Baseball in 1962 with the creation of the "Arch Ward Trophy", given to the All-Star Game's most valuable player each year.^[47]

Since 1970, the eight position players for each team who take the field initially have been voted into the game by fans.^[48] The fan voting had been cancelled since 1957 as a result of the Cincinnati ballot-box-stuffing scandal (a local newspaper had printed pre-voted ballots for fans to send in, resulting in seven of the eight positions going to Cincinnati players). The league overruled the vote, adding St. Louis' Stan Musial and Milwaukee's Henry Aaron to the team, and fan voting was eliminated until the 1970 season. In more recent years, internet voting has been allowed.

From the first All-Star Game, players have worn their respective team uniforms rather than wearing uniforms made specifically for the game, with one exception: In the first game, the National League players wore uniforms made for the game, with the lettering "National League" across the front of the shirt. ^[49] ^[50]

Post-season

**Total World Series Championships**
Rank	Team	Titles
1st	New York Yankees	26
2nd	St. Louis Cardinals	10
3rd	Oakland Athletics	9
4th	Boston Red Sox	7
5th	Los Angeles Dodgers	6
T-6th	Cincinnati Reds	5
T-6th	Pittsburgh Pirates	5
T-6th	San Francisco Giants	5
9th	Detroit Tigers	4
T-10th	Atlanta Braves	3
T-10th	Baltimore Orioles	3
T-10th	Chicago White Sox	3
T-10th	Minnesota Twins	3
T-14th	Toronto Blue Jays	2
T-14th	New York Mets	2
T-14th	Cleveland Indians	2
T-14th	Florida Marlins	2
T-14th	Chicago Cubs	2
T-19th	Arizona Diamondbacks	1
T-19th	Kansas City Royals	1
T-19th	Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim	1
T-19th	Philadelphia Phillies	1
Further information: [[: World Series]]

When the regular season ends after the first Sunday in October (or the last Sunday in September), eight teams enter the post-season playoffs. Six teams are division champions; the remaining two "wild-card" spots are filled by the team in each league that has the best record but is not a division champion (best second-place team). Three rounds of series of games are played to determine the champion:

American League Division Series and National League Division Series, each a best-of-five game series;
American League Championship Series and National League Championship Series, each a best-of-seven game series played between the surviving teams from the ALDS and NLDS; and
World Series, a best-of-seven game series played between the champions of each league.

The division winners are seeded 1-3 based on record. The wild-card team is the 4 seed, regardless of its record. The matchup for the first round of the playoffs is usually 1 seed vs. 4 seed and 2 seed vs. 3 seed, unless the wild-card team is from the same division as the 1 seed, in which case the matchup is 1 seed vs. 3 seed and 2 seed vs. 4 seed, as teams from the same division cannot meet in the 1st round. In the first and second round of the playoffs, the better seeded team has home-field advantage, regardless of record.^[51]

File:1903 world series crowd.jpg

Crowd outside Huntington Avenue Grounds before a game during the 1903 World Series

The team belonging to the league that won the mid-season All-Star Game receives home-field advantage in the World Series.

As all playoff series are split between the two teams' home fields, "home field advantage" does not play a significant role unless the series goes to its maximum number of games, in which case the final game takes place at the field of the team holding the advantage.^[52]

MLB steroid policy

Over most of the course of Major League Baseball, steroid testing was never a major issue. However, after the BALCO steroid scandal, which involved allegations that top baseball players had used illegal performance-enhancing drugs, Major League Baseball finally decided to issue harsher penalties for steroid users. The policy, which was accepted by Major League Baseball players and owners, was issued at the start of the 2005 season and went as follows:

A first positive test resulted in a suspension of 10 games, a second positive test resulted in a suspension of 30 games, the third positive test resulted in a suspension of 60 games, the fourth positive test resulted in a suspension of one full year, and a fifth positive test resulted in a penalty at the commissioner’s discretion. Players were tested at least once per year, with the chance that several players could be tested many times per year.^[54]

A former Senate Majority Leader, federal prosecutor, and ex-chairman of The Walt Disney Company, George Mitchell was appointed by Commissioner of Baseball Bud Selig on March 30, 2006^[55] to investigate the use of performance-enhancing drugs in MLB.^[56] Mitchell was appointed during a time of controversy over the 2006 book Game of Shadows by San Francisco Chronicle investigative reporters Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada, which chronicles alleged extensive use of performance enhancers, including several different types of steroids and growth hormone by baseball superstars Barry Bonds, Gary Sheffield and Jason Giambi. The appointment was made after several influential members of the U.S. Congress made negative comments about both the effectiveness and honesty of MLB's drug policies and Commissioner Selig.^[56]

According to the report, after mandatory random testing began in 2004, HGH became the substance of choice among players, as it is not detectable in tests.^[57] Also, it was noted that at least one player from each of the thirty Major League Baseball teams was involved in the alleged violations.^[58]

The release of the Mitchell report was front page news on December 14, 2007

On December 12, 2007, the day before the report was to be released, Bud Selig said, regarding his decision to commission the report, "I haven't seen the report yet, but I'm proud I did it."^[59]^[60]

According to ESPN, some people questioned whether Mitchell being a director of the Boston Red Sox created a conflict of interest, especially because no "prime [Sox] players were in the report." Mitchell described his role with the team as that of a "consultant".^[61] Despite the lack of "prime" Boston players, the report had named several prominent Yankees who were parts of World Series clubs. This made some people feel that there was a conflict of interest on Mitchell's part, due to the fierce rivalry between the two teams. Cleveland Indians pitcher Paul Byrd, along with his teammates, felt the timing of publicizing Byrd's alleged use was suspicious, as the information was leaked prior to the deciding Game 7 of the 2007 American League Championship Series between the Indians and the Red Sox.^[62] Former U.S. prosecutor John M. Dowd also brought up allegations of Mitchell's conflict of interest. Dowd, who had defended Senator John McCain of Arizona during the Keating Five investigation in the late 1980s, cited how he took exception to Mitchell's scolding of McCain and others for having a conflict of interest with their actions in the case and how the baseball investigation would be a "burden" for him when Mitchell was named to lead it.^[63] After the investigation, Dowd later told the Baltimore Sun that he was convinced the former Senator has done a good job.^[64] The Los Angeles Times reported that Mitchell acknowledged that his "tight relationship with Major League Baseball left him open to criticism".^[65] Mitchell responded to the concerns by stating that readers who examined the report closely "will not find any evidence of bias, of special treatment of the Red Sox".^[65]

Major League Baseball ethnic demographics

At the start of the 2005 season, there were 750 players on opening day rosters including 204 Latin American Players, accounting for nearly 25 percent of the overall player base. The Dominican Republic had 91 players, followed by Venezuela with 46 and Puerto Rico with 34.^[66]

Major League Baseball in media

Blackout policy

Major League Baseball has several blackout rules.

A local broadcaster has priority to televise games of the team in their market over national broadcasters. For example, at one time TBS showed many Atlanta Braves games nationally and internationally in Canada. Fox Sports Net (FSN) also shows many games in other areas. If the Braves played a team that FSN or another local broadcaster showed, the local station will have the broadcast rights for its own local market, while TBS would have been blacked out in the same market for the duration of the game. A market that has a local team playing in a weekday ESPN or ESPN2 game and is shown on a local station will see ESPNEWS, or, in the past, another game scheduled on ESPN or ESPN2 at the same time (if ESPN or ESPN2 operates a regional coverage broadcasting and operates a game choice), or will be subject to an alternative programming feed. MLB's streaming Internet video service is also subject to the same blackout rules.

Major League Baseball on television

Major League Baseball is in the transition to a new set of television contracts. The league has three current broadcast partners: FOX, ESPN and TBS.

It was announced on July 11, 2006 that FOX Sports will remain with MLB through 2013 and broadcast FOX Saturday Baseball throughout the entire season, rather than the previous May to September format.^[67] FOX will also hold rights to the All-Star Game each season. FOX will also alternate League Championship Series broadcasts, broadcasting the American League Championship Series in odd-numbered years and the National League Championship Series in even-numbered years as part of the new contract. FOX will continue to broadcast all games of the World Series, which will begin on a Tuesday evening rather than the current Saturday evening format.

ESPN will continue to broadcast Major League Baseball through 2013 as well, beginning with national Opening Day coverage.^[60] ESPN will continue to broadcast Sunday Night Baseball, Monday Night Baseball, Wednesday Night Baseball, and Baseball Tonight. ESPN also has rights to the Home Run Derby at the All-Star Game each July.

TBS will air Sunday afternoon regular season games (non-exclusive) nationally from 2008 to 2013. In 2007, TBS began its exclusive rights to any tiebreaker games that determine division or wild card champions at the end of each regular season in the event of a tie with one playoff spot remaining, as well as exclusive coverage of the Division Series round of the playoffs.^[68] TBS carries the League Championship Series that are not included under FOX's television agreement; TBS shows the National League Championship Series in odd-numbered years and the American League Championship Series in even-numbered years as part of the new contract through 2013.^[69]

In January 2009, MLB plans to launch the MLB Network which will air 26 live games that year.^[70]

International Broadcasting

ESPN Deportes televises a large number of Major League Baseball games in Spanish, which air throughout Latin America.^[71]
Five shows MLB on Sunday and Wednesday in the United Kingdom, (including the All-Star Game and the Post Season Games, but not including Spring Training) usually starting at 1 a.m. BST. It is currently presented by Johnny Gould and Josh Chetwynd as "MLB on Five".^[72]
CBC, Rogers Sportsnet, and TSN televise Toronto Blue Jays games in Canada.^[73]
Rogers Sportsnet also carries ESPN Sunday Night Baseball, FOX Saturday games, the All-Star Game, most playoff games, and the World Series.^[74]

Current Major League franchises

Division	Team	Founded	City	Stadium	Reference
American League
East	Baltimore Orioles	1901¹	Baltimore, MD	Oriole Park at Camden Yards	^[75]
	Boston Red Sox	1901	Boston, MA	Fenway Park	^[76]
	New York Yankees	1901²	Bronx, NY	Yankee Stadium¹¹	^[77]
	Tampa Bay Rays	1998	St. Petersburg, FL	Tropicana Field	^[78]
	Toronto Blue Jays	1977	Toronto, ON	Rogers Centre	^[79]
Central	Chicago White Sox	1901	Chicago, IL	U.S. Cellular Field	^[80]
	Cleveland Indians	1901	Cleveland, OH	Progressive Field	^[81]
	Detroit Tigers	1901	Detroit, MI	Comerica Park	^[82]
	Kansas City Royals	1969	Kansas City, MO	Kauffman Stadium	^[83]
	Minnesota Twins	1901³	Minneapolis, MN	Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome¹²	^[84]
West	Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim	1961	Anaheim, CA	Angel Stadium of Anaheim¹³	^[85]
	Oakland Athletics	1901⁴	Oakland, CA	Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum¹⁴	^[86]
	Seattle Mariners	1977	Seattle, WA	Safeco Field	^[87]
	Texas Rangers	1961⁵	Arlington, TX	Rangers Ballpark in Arlington	^[88]
National League
East	Atlanta Braves	1871⁶	Atlanta, GA	Turner Field	^[89]
	Florida Marlins*	1993	Miami Gardens, FL	Dolphin Stadium¹⁵	^[90]
	New York Mets	1962	Queens, NY	Citi Field¹⁶	^[91]
	Philadelphia Phillies	1883	Philadelphia, PA	Citizens Bank Park	^[92]
	Washington Nationals	1969⁷	Washington, DC	Nationals Park	^[93]
Central	Chicago Cubs	1871	Chicago, IL	Wrigley Field	^[94]
	Cincinnati Reds	1882	Cincinnati, OH	Great American Ball Park	^[95]
	Houston Astros	1962	Houston, TX	Minute Maid Park	^[96]
	Milwaukee Brewers	1969⁸	Milwaukee, WI	Miller Park	^[97]
	Pittsburgh Pirates	1882	Pittsburgh, PA	PNC Park	^[98]
	St. Louis Cardinals	1882	St. Louis, MO	Busch Stadium¹⁷	^[99]
West	Arizona Diamondbacks	1998	Phoenix, AZ	Chase Field	^[100]
	Colorado Rockies	1993	Denver, CO	Coors Field	^[101]
	Los Angeles Dodgers	1883⁹	Los Angeles, CA	Dodger Stadium	^[102]
	San Diego Padres	1969	San Diego, CA	PETCO Park	^[103]
	San Francisco Giants	1883¹⁰	San Francisco, CA	AT&T Park	^[104]

A graph showing the historical performance of the 30 Major League Baseball franchises

¹ Milwaukee Brewers 1901; St. Louis Browns 1902-1953

² Baltimore Orioles 1901-1902

³ Washington Senators 1901-1960

⁴ located in Philadelphia 1901-1954, Kansas City 1955-1967

⁵ Washington Senators 1961-1971

⁶ located in Boston 1876-1952; Milwaukee 1953-1965

⁷ Montreal Expos 1969-2004

⁸ Seattle Pilots 1969

⁹ located in Brooklyn 1890-1957

¹⁰ located in New York 1883-1957

¹¹ To be replaced in 2009 by a new stadium also named "Yankee Stadium"

¹² To be replaced in 2010 by a new stadium named "Target Field"

¹³ Hosting 2010 All-Star Game.

¹⁴ To be replaced in 2011-2012 by a new stadium named "Cisco Field"

¹⁵ To be replaced in 2011 by a new stadium currently named "New Marlins Stadium"

¹⁶ To be replaced in 2009 by a new stadium named "Citi Field"

¹⁷ Hosting 2009 All-Star Game

^* When the Marlins move out of Dolphin Stadium the team will be renamed the "Miami Marlins"

References

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^ "Team-by-team information". mlb.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ "World Series Winners". ESPN. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
^ "Year In Review : 2000 National League". www.baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
^ "Policy Debate: Should the antitrust exemption for baseball be eliminated?". www.swlearning.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "The Role of Antitrust Laws in the Professional Sports Industry From a Financial Perspective". Howard Bartee, Jr. The Sport Journal. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "National Association of Professional Base Ball Players". britannica.com. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
^ "1884 Union Association". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ "1890 Players League". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ Silver, Nate (2007). "NerdFight: League Quality Adjustments". Baseball Prospectus. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ "The National Pastime". Doc Heritage. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
^ "Minor League Baseball History". roadsidephotos.sabr.org. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
^ "1903 National Agreement". minorleaguebaseball.com. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
^ Daniel Okrent, Harris Lewine, David Nemec (2000) "The Ultimate Baseball Book", Houghton Mifflin Books,ISBN 0618056688 , p.33
^ Burt Solomon (2000) "Where They Ain't: The Fabled Life And Untimely Death Of The Original Baltimore Orioles", Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0684859173 Excerpt
^ "Veterans elect five into Hall of Fame: Two managers, three executives comprise Class of 2008". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2008-01-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b McGookin, Steve (2007-09-28). "Fifty Years Of Loss". Forbes. Forbes.com LLC. Retrieved 2008-04-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Worldwide Timetable" (PDF). American Airlines. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2007-11-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Identifying Locations". colostate.edu. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Walter in Wonderland". Time. Time, Inc. 1958-04-28. Retrieved 2008-04-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Metropolitan Stadium / Minnesota Twins / 1961-1981". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
^ "Scoreboard". Time. Time, Inc. 1957-05-20. Retrieved 2008-04-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Walter O'Malley". Time. Time, Inc. 1958-04-28. Retrieved 2008-04-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Sporting Cartoons". Time. Time, Inc. Retrieved 2008-04-30. {{cite web}}: Text "date1958-08-25" ignored (help)
^ "Year by Year Leaders for Batting Average". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ Bailey, Mary (2000). "When Denny McLain stood baseball on its ear". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ "Bob Gibson Statistics". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ Merron, Jeff (2003). "Blomberg first permanent pinch-hitter". espn.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ Passan, Jeff (2006). "Searching for baseball's Bigfoot". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
^ Crasnick, Jerry (2007). "Changeup is the key to Hoffman's success". espn.com. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
^ Mazzoni, Wayne (1995). "What makes Greg Maddux so good and can we teach it?". findarticles.com. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
^ Kalk, Josh (2007). "Anatomy of a player: Tom Glavine". hardballtimes.com. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
^ Curry, Jack (2008). "Santana's Changeup: Hitters Never See It Coming". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
^ Robert Riles (April 8, 2008). "The American Chronicle". www.americanchronicle.com. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Baseball Uniforms in the Major Leagues: The Evolution of the Battle Suit". www.articlesbase.com. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
^ "Date when the New York Knickerbockers wore the first baseball uniforms and what they were made of". iterpret.co.za. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
^ "History Of Baseball Uniforms In The Major Leagues". interpret.co.za. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
^ "The history of the baseball uniform at the National Baseball Hall of Fame". exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
^ "The history of the baseball uniform at the National Baseball Hall of Fame". exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
^ "National Baseball Hall of Fame - Dressed to the Nines - Uniform Database". exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
^ "A short history of the baseball cap.(The Home Forum) - The Christian Science Monitor — HighBeam Research". www.highbeam.com. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
^ "BBC NEWS". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-05-02. {{cite web}}: Text "Happy 50th, baseball caps" ignored (help); Text "Magazine" ignored (help); Text "UK" ignored (help)
^ "Celebrating the rich history of baseball caps". mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
^ "2003 World Series (4-2): Florida Marlins (91-71) over New York Yankees (101-61)". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2008-09-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "2006 World Series (4-1): St. Louis Cardinals (83-78) over Detroit Tigers (95-67)". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2008-09-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "All-Star Game History". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 2008-09-07. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Newman, Mark. "All-Star MVP Awaits Your Vote", MLB.com, July 10, 2006.
^ "All-Star Game". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 2008-09-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Lamont, Buchanan (1951). The World Series and Highlights of Baseball. E. P. Dutton & Co. pp. page 120. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
^ Okkonen, Marc (1991). Baseball uniforms of the 20th century: The official major league baseball guide. Sterling Pub. Co. pp. page 7. ISBN 978-0806984902. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
^ "Baseball Postseason Playoffs". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
^ "Major League Baseball announces revamped postseason schedule". mlb.com. 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
^ "Players suspended under baseball's steroids policy". espn.com. 2006-06-07. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
^ "MLB Owners, Players Reach Deal On Steroid Testing". wnbc.com. 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
^ Barry M. Bloom (2007-12-13). "Mitchell Report to be released today". mlb.com. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
^ ^a ^b Duff Wilson (2007-12-13). "Baseball Braces for Steroid Report From Mitchell". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ "Mitchell Report" (PDF). pp. SR2. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
^ "Mitchell report: Baseball slow to react to players' steroid use". ESPN.com. 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
^ Phil Rogers (2007-12-12). "Mitchell report will assess the damage done". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
^ ^a ^b "Sources: Players, owners to share blame in Mitchell report". espn.com. 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |firstname= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lastname= ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "espn" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ "Mitchell Report" (PDF). pp. A1. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
^ Ken Rosenthal (2007-10-23). "Mitchell investigation raises questions". Fox Sports. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
^ Mike Dodd (2006-03-31). "Is George Mitchell independent enough?". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
^ Childs Walker (2007-12-11). "Some question Mitchell as report draws near". Baltrimore Sun. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
^ ^a ^b Greg Johnson (2007-12-14). "Mitchell cites unbiased history". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ "Dynamic Demographics". latinobaseball.com. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
^ "Fox, TBS have seven-year, $3 billion TV deal with MLB". espn.com. 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
^ Michael Hiestand (2006). "TBS drops Braves games, joins Fox in rich TV deal". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
^ Barry M. Bloom (2006). "TBS signs on to air LCS games". mlb.com. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
^ Dave Sheinin (2007-05-18). "MLB Network Closer to Fruition". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
^ "ESPN Deportes' Multimedia Coverage of Major League Baseball All-Star Game and Events". hispanicprwire.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ Gould, Jonny (2008-08-08). "Jonny Gould". baseballfan.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ "2008 Broadcast Schedule". cbc.ca. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ "TV Schedule". sportsnet.ca. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ "Oriole Park at Camden Yards". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Fenway Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Yankee Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Tropicana Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Rogers Centre". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "U.S. Cellular Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Progressive Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Comerica Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Kauffman Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Angel Stadium of Anaheim". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "McAfee Coliseum". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Safeco Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Rangers Ballpark in Arlington". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Turner Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Dolphin Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Shea Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Citizens Bank Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Wrigley Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Great American Ball Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Minute Maid Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Miller Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "PNC Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Busch Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Chase Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Coors Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Dodger Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "PETCO Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "AT&T Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

External links

Major League Baseball (official site)
ArmchairGM MLB Portal
Ballparks.com
Baseball History Site
Baseball Prospectus
Baseball Think Factory
ESPN Baseball Index
ESPN Video Archive: Major League Baseball
The Hardball Times
HaveBalls.Net Baseball News
Historical Team Names
MLB Power Rankings
Aerial and Satellite Photography of American League and National League Stadiums

[selig-1] "Selig Given 3-Year Contract Extension". rpl.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[mlb-2] "Team-by-team information". mlb.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[3] "World Series Winners". ESPN. Retrieved 2008-07-27.

[2000nl-4] "Year In Review : 2000 National League". www.baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

[5] "Policy Debate: Should the antitrust exemption for baseball be eliminated?". www.swlearning.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[6] "The Role of Antitrust Laws in the Professional Sports Industry From a Financial Perspective". Howard Bartee, Jr. The Sport Journal. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[base_ball-7] "National Association of Professional Base Ball Players". britannica.com. Retrieved 2008-09-10.

[u-8] "1884 Union Association". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[players_league-9] "1890 Players League". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[union-10] Silver, Nate (2007). "NerdFight: League Quality Adjustments". Baseball Prospectus. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[nap-11] "The National Pastime". Doc Heritage. Retrieved 2008-09-10.

[hotel-12] "Minor League Baseball History". roadsidephotos.sabr.org. Retrieved 2008-09-10.

[nabpl-13] "1903 National Agreement". minorleaguebaseball.com. Retrieved 2008-09-10.

[14] Daniel Okrent, Harris Lewine, David Nemec (2000) "The Ultimate Baseball Book", Houghton Mifflin Books,ISBN 0618056688 , p.33

[15] Burt Solomon (2000) "Where They Ain't: The Fabled Life And Untimely Death Of The Original Baltimore Orioles", Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0684859173 Excerpt

[16] "Veterans elect five into Hall of Fame: Two managers, three executives comprise Class of 2008". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2008-01-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[FYOL-17] McGookin, Steve (2007-09-28). "Fifty Years Of Loss". Forbes. Forbes.com LLC. Retrieved 2008-04-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[18] "Worldwide Timetable" (PDF). American Airlines. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2007-11-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[19] "Identifying Locations". colostate.edu. Retrieved 2007-11-24.

[WiW-20] "Walter in Wonderland". Time. Time, Inc. 1958-04-28. Retrieved 2008-04-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[21] "Metropolitan Stadium / Minnesota Twins / 1961-1981". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved 2008-05-16.

[22] "Scoreboard". Time. Time, Inc. 1957-05-20. Retrieved 2008-04-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[23] "Walter O'Malley". Time. Time, Inc. 1958-04-28. Retrieved 2008-04-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[SC-24] "Sporting Cartoons". Time. Time, Inc. Retrieved 2008-04-30. {{cite web}}: Text "date1958-08-25" ignored (help)

[yaz-25] "Year by Year Leaders for Batting Average". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[denny-26] Bailey, Mary (2000). "When Denny McLain stood baseball on its ear". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[gibson-27] "Bob Gibson Statistics". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[dh-28] Merron, Jeff (2003). "Blomberg first permanent pinch-hitter". espn.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[gyroball-29] Passan, Jeff (2006). "Searching for baseball's Bigfoot". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

[hoffman-30] Crasnick, Jerry (2007). "Changeup is the key to Hoffman's success". espn.com. Retrieved 2008-09-09.

[maddux-31] Mazzoni, Wayne (1995). "What makes Greg Maddux so good and can we teach it?". findarticles.com. Retrieved 2008-09-09.

[glavine-32] Kalk, Josh (2007). "Anatomy of a player: Tom Glavine". hardballtimes.com. Retrieved 2008-09-09.

[santana-33] Curry, Jack (2008). "Santana's Changeup: Hitters Never See It Coming". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-09.

[34] Robert Riles (April 8, 2008). "The American Chronicle". www.americanchronicle.com. Retrieved 2008-06-25.

[articlesbase-35] "Baseball Uniforms in the Major Leagues: The Evolution of the Battle Suit". www.articlesbase.com. Retrieved 2008-07-15.

[36] "Date when the New York Knickerbockers wore the first baseball uniforms and what they were made of". iterpret.co.za. Retrieved 2008-06-30.

[37] "History Of Baseball Uniforms In The Major Leagues". interpret.co.za. Retrieved 2008-05-02.

[38] "The history of the baseball uniform at the National Baseball Hall of Fame". exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org. Retrieved 2008-06-14.

[The_history_of_the_baseball_uniform_at_the_National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame-39] "The history of the baseball uniform at the National Baseball Hall of Fame". exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org. Retrieved 2008-05-11.

[40] "National Baseball Hall of Fame - Dressed to the Nines - Uniform Database". exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org. Retrieved 2008-05-02.

[41] "A short history of the baseball cap.(The Home Forum) - The Christian Science Monitor — HighBeam Research". www.highbeam.com. Retrieved 2008-05-02.

[42] "BBC NEWS". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-05-02. {{cite web}}: Text "Happy 50th, baseball caps" ignored (help); Text "Magazine" ignored (help); Text "UK" ignored (help)

[43] "Celebrating the rich history of baseball caps". mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved 2008-06-29.

[44] "2003 World Series (4-2): Florida Marlins (91-71) over New York Yankees (101-61)". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2008-09-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[45] "2006 World Series (4-1): St. Louis Cardinals (83-78) over Detroit Tigers (95-67)". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2008-09-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[46] "All-Star Game History". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 2008-09-07. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[47] Newman, Mark. "All-Star MVP Awaits Your Vote", MLB.com, July 10, 2006.

[48] "All-Star Game". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 2008-09-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[The_World_Series_and_Highlights_of_Baseball-49] Lamont, Buchanan (1951). The World Series and Highlights of Baseball. E. P. Dutton & Co. pp. page 120. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

[Baseball_uniforms_of_the_20th_century-50] Okkonen, Marc (1991). Baseball uniforms of the 20th century: The official major league baseball guide. Sterling Pub. Co. pp. page 7. ISBN 978-0806984902. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

[playoff_stages-51] "Baseball Postseason Playoffs". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 2008-09-10.

[alds-52] "Major League Baseball announces revamped postseason schedule". mlb.com. 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-07.

[53] "Players suspended under baseball's steroids policy". espn.com. 2006-06-07. Retrieved 2007-07-20.

[wnbc-54] "MLB Owners, Players Reach Deal On Steroid Testing". wnbc.com. 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

[MLB_pre-55] Barry M. Bloom (2007-12-13). "Mitchell Report to be released today". mlb.com. Retrieved 2007-12-13.

[NYT_20071213-56] Duff Wilson (2007-12-13). "Baseball Braces for Steroid Report From Mitchell". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[report_pg_SR2-57] "Mitchell Report" (PDF). pp. SR2. Retrieved 2007-12-13.

[58] "Mitchell report: Baseball slow to react to players' steroid use". ESPN.com. 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2007-12-13.

[Chicago_Tribune_20071212-59] Phil Rogers (2007-12-12). "Mitchell report will assess the damage done". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-12-13.

[espn-60] "Sources: Players, owners to share blame in Mitchell report". espn.com. 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |firstname= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lastname= ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "espn" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[report_pg_A1-61] "Mitchell Report" (PDF). pp. A1. Retrieved 2007-12-31.

[62] Ken Rosenthal (2007-10-23). "Mitchell investigation raises questions". Fox Sports. Retrieved 2007-12-24.

[63] Mike Dodd (2006-03-31). "Is George Mitchell independent enough?". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-24.

[64] Childs Walker (2007-12-11). "Some question Mitchell as report draws near". Baltrimore Sun. Retrieved 2007-12-24.

[gregjohnson-65] Greg Johnson (2007-12-14). "Mitchell cites unbiased history". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-12-19.

[66] "Dynamic Demographics". latinobaseball.com. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

[fox-67] "Fox, TBS have seven-year, $3 billion TV deal with MLB". espn.com. 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

[tbs-68] Michael Hiestand (2006). "TBS drops Braves games, joins Fox in rich TV deal". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

[tv-69] Barry M. Bloom (2006). "TBS signs on to air LCS games". mlb.com. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

[washpost-70] Dave Sheinin (2007-05-18). "MLB Network Closer to Fruition". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-12-21.

[deportes-71] "ESPN Deportes' Multimedia Coverage of Major League Baseball All-Star Game and Events". hispanicprwire.com. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[five-72] Gould, Jonny (2008-08-08). "Jonny Gould". baseballfan.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[jays-73] "2008 Broadcast Schedule". cbc.ca. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[net-74] "TV Schedule". sportsnet.ca. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[75] "Oriole Park at Camden Yards". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[76] "Fenway Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[77] "Yankee Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[78] "Tropicana Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[79] "Rogers Centre". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[80] "U.S. Cellular Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[81] "Progressive Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[82] "Comerica Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[83] "Kauffman Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[84] "Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[85] "Angel Stadium of Anaheim". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[86] "McAfee Coliseum". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[87] "Safeco Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[88] "Rangers Ballpark in Arlington". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[89] "Turner Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[90] "Dolphin Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[91] "Shea Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[92] "Citizens Bank Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[93] "Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[94] "Wrigley Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[95] "Great American Ball Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[96] "Minute Maid Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[97] "Miller Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[98] "PNC Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[99] "Busch Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[100] "Chase Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[101] "Coors Field". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[102] "Dodger Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[103] "PETCO Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[104] "AT&T Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

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