Amenhotep III

Name of Amenhotep III.
Portrait head of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. with Nemes headscarf and double crown ; Egyptian Museum , Berlin
Horus name	Ka-nechet cha-em-maat K3-nḫt ḫˁj-m-m3ˁt Strong bull appearing in / as Maat Ka-nechet heqa-heqau K3-nḫt ḥq3-ḥq3w Strong bull, ruler of rulers
Sideline	Se-men-chepu segerech-taui S-mn-hpw sgrḥ-t3.w (j) Who gives the laws continuity , who calms the two countries Se-men-chepu tsches-taui S-mn-hpw ṯs-t3.w (j) Who gives the laws continuity , who connects and guides the two countries
Gold name	Aa-chepesch hui-setschtiu ˁ3-ḫpš hwj-sṯtjw With great clout that beats the Asians Se-aa-hut = ef-net-djet S-ˁ3-ḥwt = f-nt-ḏt Who enlarges his house of eternity
Throne name	Neb-maat-Re Nb-m3ˁt-Rˁ Lord of the mate is Re Neb-maat-Re iua-Re Nb-m3ˁt Rˁ jwˁ-Rˁ Lord of Maat is Re, heir to Re
Proper name	Amenhotep (Amen hotep) Jmn ḥtp Amun is satisfied Amenhotepheqawaset (Amen hotep heqa Waset) Jmn ḥtp ḥq3 W3st Amun is satisfied, ruler of Thebes Amenhotepneterheqawaset (Amen hotep neter heqa Waset) Jmn ḥtp nṯr ḥq3 W3st Amun is satisfied, God, ruler of Thebes Amenhotepheqawasetiuare (Amen hotep heqa Waset iua Re) Jmn ḥtp ḥq3 W3st jwˁ Rˁ Amun is satisfied, ruler of Thebes, heir to Re
Greek	Ἀμένωφις Aménōphis Josephus : Ὦρος Ō̂ros

Amenhotep III ( Greek ), also Amenhotep or Egyptian Amenhetep / Imenhetep ( Babylonian Nimmurja ) was an ancient Egyptian king ( Pharaoh ) and the ninth of the 18th dynasty ( New Kingdom ), who lived from around 1388 to around 1351 BC. Ruled (after Helck 1379-1340, after Krauss 1390-1353 BC).

family

• Father: Thutmose IV.
• Mother: Mutemwia
• Siblings: Amenemhet, Amenhotep-Meri-chepesch, Tiaa, Amenemipet, Tent-Amun and Petepihu
• Wives: Teje (see statuettes ), Kiluchepa (daughter of Šuttarna II. ), Taduchepa (daughter of Tušratta ), his daughters Sitamun and Isis and others
• Sons: Akhenaten and Thutmose
• Daughters: Sitamun , Isis , Henuttaunebu and Nebet-tah

His main wife, Teje, was of “middle-class” origin. The queen appears next to the ruler on many monuments. Your parents are mentioned several times. They appear above all on the commemorative scarabs : ("[...] her father's name is Juja, her mother's name is Tuja. She is the wife of a strong king [...]"). Her parents were Juja , “Minpriest” and “Chief of the Horses”, “Father of God”, and Tuja (18th Dynasty) , “Supreme Harem Wife of Amun”, “Supreme Harem Wife of Min”, from the Upper Egyptian Achmim . They owned a corridor grave in the Valley of the Kings ( KV46 ), which was discovered in 1905, including the grave inventory, by Theodore M. Davis .

biography

youth

Around 1403 BC Was Amenhotep III. Born as the son of Thutmose IV and a concubine Mutemwia. Hardly anything is known about her, her origin remains in the dark. Understandably , she only bore the title “ King's Mother ” since Amenhotep III ascended the throne. It appears on the so-called Colossi of Memnon , which were only erected at the end of the ruler's reign. This may indicate that she was still alive then.

His father Thutmose IV ruled his empire from the city of Memphis . Amenhotep III grew up in the so-called Harem Palace in Gurob , near the Fajum oasis . Here he learned hieratic and cuneiform writing , reading and mathematics . He also received military training.

Since his older brother died early, Amenhotep III was. appointed heir to the throne at the age of eight, and he accompanied his father on his campaigns for the next few years. Thutmose IV had already begun to enter into a peace alliance with Mitanni by marrying the daughter of King Artama I , and Amenophis III. should later successfully continue this diplomatic tactic.

Start of government

After the death of Thutmose IV in his 10th year of office, Amenophis III was. already at the age of 12 years on 27th Schemu II raised to the king. His predecessor Thutmose IV. Would have to have died at the end of the third or the beginning of the fourth month , taking into account the embalming time. His throne name was "Neb-maat-Re" and means "The Lord of Truth is Re ". Presumably in the year of his coronation he married the also very young Teje , the daughter of a provincial official from Achmim . Teje's father Juja carried the titles "Priest and Cattle Chief of Min " and "Lord of Achmim". Her mother Tuja was "Singer of Amun ", "Singer of Hathor ", "Supreme Harem Lady of Amun" and "Supreme Harem Lady of Min".

Amenhotep III raised his parents-in-law to a new honor: Juja was appointed "Chief of the Horses" and Deputy "His Majesty in the chariot troops ", Tuja was honored as "Royal Mother of the Great Royal Wife". Teje's brother Aanen received a high priesthood and became one of the young Pharaoh's confidants. Due to his youth, his mother Mutemwia was first appointed regent, and later he took over the government himself.

Construction projects

Like his predecessors, the new Pharaoh was also a builder. In his second year in office, the construction of his grave in the Valley of the Kings ( WV22 ) began. He also had his father's buildings completed and the temple of Karnak expanded. He also had the tenth pylon of the temple built and, on its south facade, the largest statue that was ever in Egypt. Only the feet of the former 21 meter high statue are preserved today.

At the same place he had a temple with 700 statues of the goddess Sachmet built to ward off something extremely dangerous. Researchers believe that this meant the plague . As evidence of this assumption, they used the hastily buried dead and plague prayers of neighboring peoples in the country, in which sick Egyptians are described.

A mortuary temple for Amenhotep III was also built in Kom el-Hetan . built - the largest temple complex ever built in Egypt . Egyptologists recently calculated that this mortuary temple must have been even larger than the temple of Karnak. Colossal statues adorned the temple, and even today the famous Colossi of Memnon stand in the old place, where they mark the eastern entrance pylon of the temple.

In February 2010 it was announced by the antiquities administration and the excavation management of the Amenhotep III Temple Conservation Project that a colossal head of the pharaoh made of red granite had been found in the area of ​​the mortuary temple. Together with other found fragments, this belongs to a seated statue of the young Pharaoh.

In his 11th year of reign, Amenophis III. create a monumental lake for Queen Teje in the city of Djar-wecha. It used to be assumed that it was the Bark el-Mahari east of Malqata . In the meantime, Egyptologists are of the opinion that Djar-wecha was the hometown of Teje and that the lake can therefore be located near Achmim. The layout of the lake is also recorded on memorial scarabs. It was a 3700 by 600 cubit large basin that held back the flood water of the Nile through dams and canals . The dams were closed in early October so that it could fill with water from the Nile. Then the opening ceremony of the dam was held, during which the king rowed the state ship across the lake. By opening the locks and dams, the surrounding fields were irrigated, whereby fertile Nile mud was deposited on the bottom of the basin, so that the lake was transformed into a huge arable land. The entire ceremony was probably a fertility ritual. The construction of the lake seems to have been a show of favor from the pharaoh to his main wife, to show her that her position as queen is incontestable. At this point Tiy already possessed great power and influence.

Struggle for religious power

Ancient Egyptian deans on a water clock of his time
1: Tepi-a-Kenmut
2: Cheri-cheped-Kenmut
3: Pehui-djat and Hat-djat
4: Temat-heret-cheret
5: Weschati-Bekati
6: Chentet-heret
7: Chentet -cheret
8: Tjemes-ni-chentet
9: Septi-chenwi
10: Heri-ab wia

Like his father and grandfather, he promoted the sun cult of the 5th dynasty and, for example, had the Sed festival celebrated according to ancient scriptures. In Heliopolis he had a limestone temple built for the sun god . Slowly and skillfully, Amenhotep III led. a change of course in religion. This was important because the Amun priests at that time possessed almost as much wealth and power as the king himself. In addition, the priests had gained so much power in previous years that they could even influence the succession to the throne. It was not until Thutmose IV decided to be Pharaoh before the Sphinx and did not ask the priests of Amun.

Amenhotep III wanted to oppose the sun cult around Aton to the power of the Amun priests. He also tried to keep the priesthood of Amun under control by letting his confidants fill high religious offices. His closest confidante and namesake Amenophis (son of Hapu) was honored with the highest political offices. Later the pharaoh moved his palace to Thebes . The majority of researchers today are of the opinion that the ruler wanted to curtail the still strong power of the priests of the Temple of Amun more decisively. In countless temples he had a statue of himself erected next to those of the other gods. The inscriptions on it begin with "Amenhotep, loved by ...", followed by the name of the gods. He also had his claim to power expressed by statues of gods receiving his face.

It is also noticeable that the Pharaoh had numerous female statues of gods erected. The reason for this was his worship of the goddess Maat , the daughter of the sun god, who was responsible for order and harmony and the symbolic figure for the power of a pharaoh.

The pharaoh often appeared in the reliefs accompanied by goddesses. The female members of the family were also depicted with him strikingly often.

Family policy

In the 10th year of reign, Amenhotep III married. with the princess Kiluchepa , daughter of the Mitannian king Šuttarna II. She arrived in Egypt as the first of several foreign brides, with an entourage of 317 women. This marriage re-established the alliance between Mitanni and Egypt.

The 13th year of office can be described as the high point of his reign. The population was estimated to be three to four million at the time. The administrative capital was Memphis, but the largest city in the country was Thebes. Amenhotep III had probably always felt drawn to this city. During his reign he had several parts of Thebes redesigned and rearranged. After almost thirty years of reign, Amenhotep III moved. finally went to Thebes with his court and had the "Palace of the Shining Sun" built there on the west bank. The palace was later given the Arabic name Malqata, the "place where things are picked up". This meant the ancient rubble that can be seen all over the 30 hectare area. The gigantic building project was at the time of Amenhotep III. Death apparently not yet completed.

Amenhotep III with wife Teje and three daughters

In his 30th year of reign, Amenhotep III. celebrate the first of its three big festivals, the so-called Sed-Fest for the government anniversary. On this occasion he also declared himself the living god of Egypt, the image and representative of the sun god Aton on earth. At the same time he took his daughter Sitamun as his wife and gave her the rank of Great Royal Wife. His wife Teje and his mother Mutemwia also carried this title. That three royal women bore this title, had the following reason: As the sun god, Amenhotep III. be surrounded by royal wives with the combined might of three generations. This group symbolizes the roles of the goddess Hathor - as mother, wife and daughter. Therefore, it is also assumed that the marriage between Amenhotep III. and his daughter was not performed.

Around the year 1360 BC In the 32nd year of office, Mutemwia, the mother of the Pharaoh, and Teje's brother Aanen died . The burial place of Mutemwia, who for years was the regent of Amenhotep III. co-governed is unknown. Aanen was probably buried in his Theban grave ( TT120 ).

To secure the position of his country, Amenophis III persecuted. continued his marriage policy and entered into marriages with foreign princesses to show the solidarity of the states. Among them was Taduchepa , the daughter of the Mitanni king Tušratta , who was thus a niece of Kiluchepa. Amenhotep III also took after the death of his mother his daughter Isis as wife and now there were again three Great Royal Wives.

Since King Kadashman-Enlil I of Babylon Amenhotep III. had already given one of his daughters to wife, he asked in return for an Egyptian princess as bride. But he was told that "the daughter of a king of Egypt has never been given as a wife to anyone since time immemorial".

art

Relief Amenhotep III. from the tomb of Chaemhet ( TT57 ) in Theben-West, Egyptian Museum Berlin , No. 14503

Art and culture learned under Amenophis III. a new heyday. Above all, the art of round sculpture was cultivated, so that a particularly large number of statues, both royal and private sculpture, have been preserved from the time of this ruler. In the royal area, a spectrum previously unknown in ancient Egyptian art emerges: the round pictures of the king range in size from a few centimeters to several meters, the king is shown in various vestments, with influences from Mesopotamia also being discernible in the late period are. Towards the end of his reign, Amenhotep III was. also portray in a quite naturalistic way as an elderly and corpulent man. This unadorned form of expression was later taken to extremes by his son Akhenaten. The no less rich private sculpture of that time is based on the royal representations, especially in the design of the face.

Foreign policy and military

Amenhotep III took over a powerful empire from his predecessors at the beginning of the reign , which stretched from Karai between the 4th and 5th Nile cataracts to Naharina on the border with the Mitanni empire. Egypt was prosperous and could without a doubt be called a world power . An important goal of foreign policy was to protect the Egyptian borders from possible attackers and to maintain diplomatic relations with the neighboring empires (in particular with the Mitanni and Hittite empires). This was the only way to achieve lasting peace that led to lively trade relations and unprecedented prosperity.

The power of Egypt was so consolidated that Amenhotep III. did not need to wage wars. In his fifth year of reign alone, he went against the insurgent Nubia and defeated the rebels. It was to remain the only significant campaign of his term of office, of which, moreover, it is not even clear whether the king himself took part. It is more likely that he left the suppression of the uprising to his generals and the viceroy of Kush appointed by Egypt .

The Pharaoh used the funds that had previously flowed into military undertakings for his gigantic building projects, but although Amenhotep III. did not have to lead any campaigns worth mentioning, he did not neglect his armed forces . The country lived in peace, but the borders and trade routes had to be protected. He seems to have been the first Egyptian king to turn the chariots into an independent unit. Mounted troops were probably used for the first time at the same time. The army was divided into platoons, companies and divisions. A company consisted of about 250 soldiers, a division could contain up to 5000 men. In terms of weapons, they had sickle-shaped swords, daggers and bows. The first armor appeared in this epoch.

prosperity

The peace under his rule ensured the country's prosperity and the people believed this to be a direct demonstration of the divine abilities of their pharaoh. His reign was called a golden age and Amenhotep III. was the golden king for his subjects.

administration

The country's prosperity was guaranteed through effective administration. Numerous administrative officials are known to this day, because Amenhotep had them depicted in countless pictures and many officials received magnificent graves. Amenhotep III appointed, like many of his predecessors, dedicated and particularly distinguished soldiers as officials of the country, thereby creating a loyal state administration. Eje II owed such a career start to this pharaoh, to whom, according to researchers, he became an adviser in his later reign.

The offices of civil servants were hereditary, but one could also get into high, even highest, positions because of good performance. The Pharaoh's most respected official had risen from a humble background and was later even worshiped as a god. An important official was Amenhotep (son of Hapu) , recruiting clerk , head of the king's work and finally administrator of the royal daughter and wife Sitamun . He had the unique privilege of building his own mortuary temple (Medinet Habu). All these examples are likely to have also confirmed Eje II in his boundless ambition.

• Viziers of his reign are: Ptahmose , Ramose , Amenhotep and the Syrian Aperel .
• Treasury rulers are: Sobekmose and his son Sobekhotep, Sebekhotep / Panehesi, Merimose and Meriptah.
• Seal chiefs of the king (chancellor, treasurer ) are: Merire and Ptahmose .
• The administrator of the property is: in Thebes: Amenemhet Surer ; in Memphis: another Amenhotep (perhaps a brother of the vizier Ramose, while the steward of the goods of Queen Teje Cheruef is).
• Viceroy of Kush : Merimose
• High priest of Amun of Thebes: The vizier Ptahmose and Meriptah .

It should be mentioned that the brother-in-law Amenophis III., Aanen, was the 2nd prophet of Amun.

Trade relations with the Aegean

On the place name lists in the mortuary temple of Amenhotep III. Among other things, several places in the Aegean are named with which apparently trade relations existed:

• Tanaja (Peloponnese or the entire Mycenaean Greek mainland): Deqajis (probably the Boeotian Thebes or Tegea ), Mukana ( Mycenae ), Mişana ( Messene or a city ​​or Messenia written in Linear B mezana ), Nupliya (probably Nauplia ), Kutir (a) ( Kythira ), Weleja (very contentious, possibly Elis ). The place Amukla ( Amyklai ) was removed from this list. The reason is unclear.
• Keftiu (Crete): Konoso (Knossos), Bajsata (transcription disputed; Phaistos ), Amniša ( Amnisos ), Kutuna (i) ja ( Kydonia ) and R / Likata ( Lyktos ).

End of the reign

Luxor , West Bank (west bank), in front of the Valley of the Kings: The Colossi of Memnon - guardian figures in front of the no longer existing mortuary temple of Amenophis III.

Teje and Amenophis III. had several children. The eldest son and heir to the throne was Thutmose and was to become the fifth king of that name. But probably in the last third of the reign the young prince died. The cause of death is unknown as his mummy has not yet been identified. Heir to the throne of Amenhotep III. was therefore his second son of the same name, Amenhotep IV, who later changed his name to Akhenaten .

Like many of his predecessors, Amenhotep III. erect a mortuary temple during his lifetime . He chose Kom el-Hetan as the location and historians suspect that the temple, of which only remnants have survived, was larger than his mortuary temple in Karnak . The famous Colossi of Memnon on the eastern pylon still bear witness to this temple today. In the south there was a double statue that showed the ruler with his wife Teje. Three daughters sat at her feet and in the sun courtyard there were several statues of the Pharaoh who represented the king as Osiris . The mortuary temple was also regularly flooded by the waters of the Nile. An effect that was desired, because when the floods receded, it was a sign of a symbolic rebirth of the temple in the form of a rebirth.

The last document from Amenhotep III. comes from the third day of the Heriu-renpet season (mid-July) in his 38th year of reign. That fits well with the statements of Manetho , after Amenhotep III. Ruled for 38 years and 7 months. The Egyptologist Winfried Barta suspects Akhenaten's coronation date in the Amarna handover date of 30th Achet IV (beginning of November) . That would mean that Amenhotep III. died a few weeks after his last recorded date, at the end of the second or beginning of the third month of the eighth (August / September), at the age of almost 50 years.

tomb

The Amenhotep III. attributed mummy

His grave was Amenhotep III. Moor in a western side valley of the Valley of the Kings . Due to the location, the current designation was “WV22” ( West Valley ) instead of “KV” ( King's Valley ). In the 21st Dynasty , the mummy was wrapped in bandages after being damaged by grave robbers and reburied in the grave of his grandfather Amenhotep II ( KV35 ). However, the assignment is doubtful, as it is in a for Ramses III. coffin tub with the inscription, covered with the coffin lid of Seti II.

When Victor Loret discovered the coffin in 1898, there were still dried flower garlands on the mummy . The body was completely tied with six ties. The age determination showed an age of death between 40 and 50 years. The skull is described as strong and elliptical with no head hair. The body was quite stout and with a length of 156 cm corresponded to the average height of an Egyptian. Amenhotep probably died of severe inflammation of the tooth and jaw area , as severe tooth abscesses were found.

literature

Biographies

• Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs, Volume I: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty (3300-1069 BC). Bannerstone Press, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9 , pp. 44-49.
• Joann Fletcher : Sun King of the Nile: Amenophis III. The personal chronicle of a pharaoh . Munich 2000.
• Arielle P. Kozloff, Betsy M. Bryan, Lawrence M. Berman: Egypt's dazzling sun: Amenhotep III and his world. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press; Bloomington, Distributed by Indiana University Press 1992, ISBN 0-940717-17-4 .
• Susanne Martinssen-von Falck: The great pharaohs. From the New Kingdom to the Late Period. Marix, Wiesbaden 2018, ISBN 978-3-7374-1057-1 , pp. 90-98.
• David O'Connor, Eric H. Cline (Eds.): Amenhotep III, Perspectives on His Reign. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1998, ISBN 0-472-10742-9 .
• Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 , pp. 61-66.

Questions of detail

• James P. Allen: Further Evidence for the Coregency of Amenhotep III and IV? In: Göttinger Miszellen 140, Göttingen 1994, pp. 7–8.
• Jürgen von Beckerath : Some remarks on the presumed coregence of Amenophis III. and IV. In: Göttinger Miszellen 83, Göttingen 1984, pp. 11-12.
• Marianne Eaton-Krauss, Biri Fay: Observations on the Colossi of Memnon. In: Göttinger Miszellen 52, Göttingen 1981, pp. 25-30.
• Raphael Giveon: Amenhotep III. in Athribis. In: Göttinger Miszellen 9, Göttingen 1974, pp. 25-26.
• Manfred Görg: A seal amulet Amenhotep III. from Palestine. In: Göttinger Miszellen 60, Göttingen 1982, pp. 41–42.
• Manfred Görg: Further remarks on the gift list Amenophis' III. (EA 14). In: Göttinger Miszellen 79, Göttingen 1984, pp. 15-16.
• Manfred Görg: On some Mesopotamian toponyms in the list of Amenhotep III. in the temple of Soleb. In: Göttinger Miszellen 94, Göttingen 1986, pp. 39-40.
• Manfred Görg: "Byblos" in the mortuary temple of Amenophis III. In: Göttinger Miszellen 98, Göttingen 1987, pp. 45-46.
• Wolfgang Helck : On the pursuit of a princess under Amenophis III. In: Göttinger Miszellen 62, Göttingen 1983, pp. 23–24.
• Wolfgang Helck: The office of Vezirs Ramose under Amenophis III. In: Göttinger Miszellen 129, Göttingen 1992, pp. 53–54.
• Erik Hornung : The New Kingdom. In: Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, David A. Warburton (eds.): Ancient Egyptian Chronology (= Handbook of Oriental studies. Section One. The Near and Middle East. Volume 83). Brill, Leiden / Boston 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5 , pp. 197-217 ( online ).
• Rosemarie Klemm , Dietrich Klemm , L. Steclaci: The pharaonic quarries of silicified sandstone in Egypt and the origin of the Colossi of Memnon. In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 40, von Zabern, Mainz 1984, pp. 207–220.
• Nicholas B. Millet: Some Canopic Inscriptions of the Reign of Amenhotep III. In: Göttinger Miszellen 104, Göttingen 1988, pp. 91-94.
• Jürgen Osing: On the Koregenz Amenophis III - Amenophis IV. In: Göttinger Miszellen 26, Göttingen 1977, pp. 53–54.
• Werner Peek : On the poems on the Colossus of Memnon at Thebes. In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Cairo Department (MDAIK) 5, 1934, pp. 95–110.
• Alexandre Piankoff , Erik Hornung : The grave of Amenophis III in the western valley of the kings. In: Communications from the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 17, 1961, pp. 111–127.
• Ali Radwan: Amenophis III., Represented and called as Osiris (wenen-neferu). In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 29, von Zabern, Mainz 1973, pp. 71–76.
• Thomas Schuller-Götzburg : To the deification of Amenophis III. in Egypt. In: Göttinger Miszellen 135, Göttingen 1993, pp. 89-96.
• Hourig Sourouzian, Rainer Stadelmann: The Temple of Amenhotep III at Thebes: Excavation and Conservation at Kom el-Hettân; (Second report on the third and fourth seasons in 2000/2001 and 2002). In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 59, von Zabern, Mainz 2003, ISBN 3-8053-3104-5 , pp. 425–446.
• Hourig Sourouzian, Rainer Stadelmann u. a .: The Temple of Amenhotep III at Thebes: Excavation and Conservation at Kom el-Hettân; Third Report on the Fifth Season in 2002/2003. In: Communications from the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 60, von Zabern, Mainz 2004, ISBN 3-8053-3353-6 , pp. 171–263.
• Rainer Stadelmann : The Origin of the Colossi of Memnon: Heliopolis or Aswan? In communications from the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 40, von Zabern, Mainz 1984, pp. 291–296.
• Rainer Stadelmann, Hourig Sourouzian: The mortuary temple of Amenhotep III. in Thebes: excavations and restoration at Kom el-Hettan. In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 57, von Zabern, Mainz 2001, pp. 271–280.
• Roland Tefnin: Amenophis III sur son traineau: Mise en abyme et / ou cryptogramme? In: Göttinger Miszellen 138, Göttingen 1994, pp. 71-80.

Web links

Commons : Amenhotep III.  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Literature by and about Amenhotep III. in the catalog of the German National Library
• Further names of Amenophis III.
• GEO 2008: Colossus Amenophis III.
• Manethos indication of the length of the reign and dating approaches

Remarks

1. ↑ There are different spellings: Ni-im-mu-u-re-ja, Ni-im-mu-re-ja, Ni-mu-wa-re-ja, Nim-mur-ja, Ni-im-mu -u-ri-ia (š). See Erich Ebeling Reallexikon Assyriologie p. 320.
2. ^ M. Berman, in: David O'Connor, Eric H. Cline (Eds.): Amenhotep III, Perspectives on His Reign. Ann Arbor 1998, pp. 5-6.
3. ^ M. Berman, in: David O'Connor, Eric H. Cline (Eds.): Amenhotep III, Perspectives on His Reign. Ann Arbor 1998, pp. 3-5.
4. ^ Siegfried Schott: Ancient Egyptian festival dates . Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz / Wiesbaden 1950, p. 94.
5. ↑ Dr Hourig Sourouzian ( Memento from July 14, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Retrieved November 23, 2015.
6. ↑ Thomas Kühn: Amenhotep III. - kings of kings. In: Kemet issue 4/2003. P. 9.
7. ↑ Thomas Kühn: Amenhotep III. - kings of kings. In: Kemet issue 4/2003. P. 10.
8. ↑ s. on this Elmar Edel , Manfred Görg : The place names lists in the northern columned courtyard of the mortuary temple of Amenophis III. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 978-3-447-05219-1 , pp. 161ff. Compare u. a. also Gustav Adolf Lehmann : The 'political-historical' relations of the Aegean world of the 15th – 13th centuries Jhs. v. About the Middle East and Egypt: some references. In: Joachim Latacz (Ed.): Two hundred years of Homer research. Review and Outlook (= Colloquium Rauricum. Volume 2). Teubner, Stuttgart a. a. 1991, ISBN 978-3-519-07412-0 , pp. 107ff.
9. ↑ Winfried Barta In: Studies on ancient Egyptian culture (SAK) 8 . Buske, Hamburg 1980, p. 43.
10. ↑ Thomas Kühn: Amenhotep III. - kings of kings. In: Kemet issue 4/2003. P. 16.

predecessor	Office	successor
Thutmose IV.	Pharaoh of Egypt 18th Dynasty	Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten)