Bold Guard

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Bold Guard (in German " Kühne Wacht ") was a multi-national large-scale NATO maneuver in the Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark area . Bold Guard took place every four years in the fall from 1974 to 1986. In the event of a defense and these exercises, the LANDJUT Corps was subordinate to the 6th Panzer Grenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division.

assignment

Bold Guard was a so-called FTX field training exercise. The maneuver was based on strategic planning scenarios of NATO to react to the combination of a ground attack with strong forces from tanks and mot-runners, as well as an amphibious landing of the Warsaw Pact in the area of northern Germany and Denmark.

One of the core tasks under the leadership of the German-Danish LANDJUT Corps was to secure the access to the Baltic Sea and the Kiel Canal against enemy attacks through the concept of forward defense and the use of the delay areas . Bold Guard's land operations were mostly combined with the naval maneuver “ Northern Wedding ” in the Baltic Sea.

organization

The organization of "Bold Guard" was subject to various NATO staffs and command structures such as:

scope

65,000 soldiers from the Federal Republic of Germany, Denmark, the USA, Great Britain and the Netherlands, 2,400 tracked vehicles, 150 aircraft and 20 ships took part in the NATO combat exercise Bold Guard 1986 from September 19 to 27, 1986. Bold Guard was thus considered the largest maneuver in Schleswig-Holstein after the Second World War. The large-scale exercise, in which an "invasion by foreign troops was to be weakened, delayed and repulsed" , "went beyond all dimensions".

procedure

The NATO-GefÜb Bold Guard took place a total of four times in 1974, 1978, 1982 and 1986. Within the framework of the corps, the types of operations delay , defense and counterattack should primarily be practiced. The background was the threat from the Warsaw Pact and the possible "Jutlandic direction of operations" of the 1st Polish Army against Schleswig-Holstein and the Danish Jutland, supported by air landings and sea landings on the Baltic coast.

Bold Guard 1974

In 1974, the Bold Guard took place from September 10 to 13, 1974 (with a pre- and post-run phase; mobilization and deployment from September 6 to 9 and march back from September 14 to 20, 1974). The participating nations included Germany , Great Britain , the USA and Denmark . The so far largest NATO autumn maneuver in Schleswig-Holstein, Bold Guard '74, was under the command of COMLANDJUT Lieutenant General Heinrich Schwiethal .

Troops involved

The troops were divided as follows:

  • ORANGE:
    • 3rd Panzer Division with staff and two brigades (FRG)
    • Parts of the 6th Panzer Grenadier Division (FRG)
    • without a fixed assignment: FRG, UK and DK Air Force Units and amphibious transport group of the US Marines

The 1st Corps (FRG), the Schleswig-Holstein Territorial Command, the Danish Task Force and the British 3rd UKMF acted as referees. The total number of soldiers involved was 40,200, including 26,000 German Army soldiers, 7,000 British, 7,000 Danes and 200 Americans. 800 wheeled vehicles, 2,500 tracked vehicles, 60 helicopters and 100 combat aircraft were in use.

The exercise took place in the greater Schleswig-Holstein area near Flensburg , Husum , Heide , Itzehoe , Ahrensburg , Hamburg-Bergedorf , on the Elbe-Lübeck Canal , Bad Schwartau , Süsel , on the Wesseker See , Kiel , Schleswig and on the Baltic coast . The villages of Flintbek , Hademarschen , Kellinghusen , Schmalfeld , Bad Segeberg and Damsdorf were in the "agglomeration" of the free-roaming troop exercise. The attack by ORANGE against German, Danish and British units came from the area of Pinneberg , Ahrensburg, Ratzeburg and Lübeck. In the course of the day ORANGE reached the heights of Schmalfeld, Bad Segeberg and Bosau . Partly against the resistance of the rural population, who blocked some roads with tractors. A total of 17 traffic accidents occurred in seven hours, including three seriously injured. Only 28 doctors were available for 40,000 soldiers.

Events

In advance, nine helicopters and around 100 military vehicles of the British Army were landed by England ferry from Harwich to Hamburg-Landungsbrücken and from there transported on to Neumünster. The 1974 Bold Guard exercise began on September 10 with an air landing near Rendswühren in the Segeberg district . Another on September 12, 1974 at Osterrade , which led to a blockage of the traffic routes and a shutdown of the electricity areas in this zone. The landing was carried out by 800 soldiers of the British 16th Paratrooper Brigade, which started in southern England and jumped over northern Germany . Six paratroopers were injured. The air landing of 800 British soldiers of the Air Transport Brigade took place on schedule at 05:45 after they had taken off from southern England two hours earlier. In difficult wind conditions, there were a total of 27 mislandings (25 of them in trees) and six seriously injured paratroopers. After an initial breakdown in the control center, the fighting began at 11:03 am with the largely smooth participation of the multinational NATO allies. So stayed z. B. at Wakendorf six tanks stuck in the moor for a certain time. Federal Defense Minister Defense Minister Georg Leber personally inspected the major maneuver. The Mayor of Hamburg, Peter Schulz, also accompanied Rahlstedt's Panzer Grenadier Brigade 17 for half a day and witnessed the fighting against the enemy Panzer Grenadier Brigade 7 from Hamburg-Fischbek . Schulz was honorary captain of a company of PzGrenBrig 7 at the time.

On September 11th another air landing took place near Sehestedt and Bovenau , this time at night. 600 soldiers of an English airborne unit were set down over the operational area by 36 C-130K Hercules transport planes . Of the nine soldiers who landed in the Kiel Canal , six drowned, presumably mistaking the canal for a country road. The paratroopers involved in the accident were members of the 15th Scottish Airborne Regiment. The first seasons landed in the target area as planned. However, in the difficult conditions of the cold, wet night, some paratroopers were carried away by gusty ground winds and unexpectedly landed in the channel. Eyewitnesses described the mislanding with the words "ghostly cracking, terrible noises, you stand in the dark and experience the fiasco". "Damn it again, if you end up in combat gear with a parachute in the canal, you are lost. It's too heavy, what should he do. Helpless… ” was another reaction. According to rumors, a GDR freighter and a Russian tanker disrupted radio traffic on the Kiel Canal, but this could not be confirmed later. According to Lieutenant Colonel Brinkmann, head of the press staff Bold Guard, "the shipping traffic on the canal was warned, the pilots informed and the safety effort was optimal." The pilot of the German tanker "Ulkas", who was in the immediate vicinity of the accident site in the Kiel Canal, was later on record, “Three meters from the ship's side a person shouted for help. But before we could react, he disappeared into the canal ”. Another five British Hercules transport planes were made to turn back with red signal rockets. They landed with their paratroopers at the Hohn air base . Initially, two paratroopers were considered fatal and four were missing. When later attempting to rescue the bodies from the canal and the surrounding swamps of the Osterrader wood, only cargo parachutes, dropped jeeps and heavy military equipment such as B. Ammunition pallets found. Later the death toll rose to eight. Lieutenant Colonel Siegfried Mattern, security officer of the commander for the NOK crossings, committed suicide that same night. Possibly a reaction to the fateful airborne operation. Investigations showed that the paratroopers were incorrectly equipped for this situation with standard equipment, which requires a jump height of at least 300 meters. However, due to the enemy's missile and radar technology, and for other “air strategy reasons”, much lower jump heights would be required. These were experiences from the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, in which the Israeli air force unexpectedly lost many machines to surface-to-air missiles. In order not to be detected by the enemy radar, it is now necessary to fly significantly lower. When Sehestedt landed in the air, the parachutes only opened after a height of 75 meters. On the night of the accident, visibility was clear, the paratroopers could have made out the water body of the canal, but there was no longer enough time to steer to the safe bank.

Lieutenant General Schwiethal commented on the accident, “The maneuver continues. The tragic accident is no alternative to the process. The parachute jump at night harbors risks that have occurred here extremely ”. "The tragic accidents could not be foreseen by human judgment," was his further judgment. The so-called Schottendenkmal in Sehestedt still reminds of the events of that time. Forty years after the accident, accusations were again made against the German authorities, who blamed the accident solely on the inability of the British Army.

In the Hohwachter Bay , in the area of Weißenhäuser Strand , the PzGrenBtl. 182 and a company 17 M48A2 battle tanks , 34 Marder armored personnel carriers and six M113 transport tanks with mortars were used as defense against an amphibious landing. The ORANGE troops landed near Schwansen in the Damp area and thus endangered BLUE's sea defense line. The landing on the beach section was carried out by the reinforced PzGrenBtl 182 and parts of PzBtl 183 under Lieutenant Colonel Seiffert. In this section, ORANGE troops met Homeland Security Command 13 (with the Jägerregiments 38 and 39). ORANGE attacked the interface between two BLUE units and threatened their command post. The tank scouts BLAU captured the ORANGE mortar company. As a result, the management had to interrupt the exercise at this point so that the HschKdo 13 had the opportunity to rearrange its defense. The Panzerartilleriebataillon 185 (PzArtBtl 185) took part in the command and referee service. The enemy attacking part turned to the south with an attack in the direction of Bad Segeberg. Their advance was largely delayed by the BLUE tank reconnaissance aircraft. BLUE paratroopers were to take up the offensive on the Kiel Canal until the main forces of BLUE were ready to defend themselves. On the A1 motorway Hamburg - Lübeck , especially in the area of Reinfeld , Dieksee Kellersee and Hohwachter Bucht , there were more low-level flights (warplanes at around 500 feet, helicopters at 200 feet).

  • "Schottenstein" in Sehestedt

  • Badge on the Schottenstein

Conclusion

Bold Guard 1974 was the largest full force exercise up to that point since the end of World War II , with the Luftwaffe alone flying 360 sorties. Nine people died in traffic accidents and 36 were seriously injured. The total maneuver damage of the exercise was put at 6.5 million DM. In the Segeberg district alone, maneuver damage, mainly through damage to federal and country roads, was caused by five million DM. The balance of personal injuries was three dead, four missing and 49 seriously injured, as well as a number of slightly injured. The British Ministry of Defense announced in a report in view of the accident on the canal: “When British parachutists jumped in the NATO maneuver 'Bold Guard', two soldiers died in West Germany, four have been missing for over 24 hours. There is little hope of finding them alive. ” “ The question of whether the parachutists had to jump at night is an understandable concern. But those affected were experienced soldiers who had all jumped at least ten overnight. Only the investigations will reveal why a calculable risk in Osterrade turned into a fiasco. "

Bold Guard 1978

Bold Guard 78 was held from 19 to 22 September 1978, the participation of 65,000 soldiers, 660 battle tanks , 380 Marder , 36 anti-aircraft armored Cheetah , 800 MTW ( armored personnel carriers ) and 215 artillery pieces instead. In the air, 135 army helicopters and starfighters of the German Navy were in use. The armored artillery battalion 185, which took part in the full troop exercise in which 100 reservists had to be drafted in order to reach 100% military strength (V StAN ), showed great mobility and continuous fire support for the combat troops in all phases of the battle. The focus of Bold Guard '78 was, among other things, the interaction of amphibious units with air forces. For the first time, female NCOs were active in the press information center in Neumünster. From Norfolk / Virginia , 650 US marines were transported across the Atlantic with the USS "Shreveport". On September 21, 1978, Schleswig-Holstein's Prime Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg was personally present at the ORANGE landing in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea island of Fehmarn . The amphibious sea landing was carried out with landing boats of the Bundeswehr. The fire protection from the air was provided by Cobra attack helicopters . The US Marines under the command of Brigadier General AM Gray had received the order on September 20, 1978, using the airmobile corps reserve, to counterattack the ORANGE bridgehead with battalion strength. The motto was, “Whoever has the islands has access to the North Sea” . Only armored reinforcements of the 4th Amphibious Marine Brigade brought in by sea were able to throw the enemy's bridgehead. Helicopters, combat aircraft (including Phantom and Intruder ) and M60 main battle tanks were used in the break-up of ORANGE . When asked about a possible confrontation in an emergency, Brigadier General Gray replied with “We will come, we will be prepared and we will fight.” He commented on the readiness of his troops with: “I pick up the phone and say: go!” The Danish Armed forces were commanded by Lieutenant General POW Thorsen, who defended a line of defense between Kellinghusen , Steinburg district and the Bay of Lübeck . After losing ground, the BLUE forces launched a counterattack in the Reinfeld , Bad Oldesloe , Henstedt-Ulzburg and Kaltenkirchen area . US marines carried out a landing on the Fehmarn peninsula. The resulting damage to the land was examined, assessed and paid out by 30 commissions. The damage amounted to a total of 24 million DM. In the Segeberg district in particular, numerous severe damage to the fields caused by the rapid change in the types of operation were found. In addition, there was property damage, miscarriages of cattle from the sonic boom of fighter planes, broken cattle, deep lanes from tracked vehicles, vehicle damage from battle tanks and destroyed fields. For the community of Seedorf alone , DM 218,000 had to be paid for maneuver damage. The damage was thus far greater than previously assumed. During exercise Bold Guard 78, four soldiers were killed during the preparatory phase.

Bold Guard 1982

Bold Guard '82 was scheduled for September 20-24, 1982 with the participation of 46,000 German, American, Danish, British and Dutch soldiers, 1,400 tracked and 8,000 wheeled vehicles. In addition, 125 helicopters, 250 fighter planes and 50 warships. The supreme command was Lieutenant General OK Lind (BALTAP) and Lieutenant General G. Asmussen (LANDJUT). After years of deletions in both the German and Danish defense budgets, the Jutland Division and the 6th Panzer Grenadier Division could only compete with a reduced number of troops. British and American associations were landed in Schleswig-Holstein and on the Danish islands of Møn , Lolland and Falster as reinforcement. Among them were 700 American marines who were housed in the Lettow-Vorbeck barracks in Hamburg-Jenfeld after the field deployment . The order of the US Marines was to land on the beach at Oksbøl north of Esbjerg and from there to intervene in the land operations.

Bold Guard 1986

The NATO north maneuver Bold Guard 86 ran according to a new concept as a combined combat exercise with full force and framework exercise and ended as planned on September 27, 1986 with a victory for the defending force BLUE. In parallel with Bold Guard, the naval exercise " Northern Wedding " took place on the Baltic Sea from September 22 to 25, 1986 . Both belonged to the “Autumn Forge 86” maneuver network. Extensive preparations were started in advance. The US Army used C141 Liftmaster transport machines to load heavy pioneering and radar equipment into the operational areas. In addition to the active soldiers, the Bundeswehr drafted an additional 1,900 reservists. The 1st Btl / Duke of Wellington's Regiment took part in the major maneuver as part of the United Kingdom Mobile Force (together with the 1st Battalion Royal Hampshire Regiment, part of the UKMF) and took up position at Itzehoe . PzGrenBtl 182 defended its combat section in the Bad Bramstedt and Wiemersdorf area . After an attack by ORANGE, the unit had to evade and be absorbed by its own forces. Thereafter, the Panzergrenadiers moved to their disposal area north of the Kiel Canal and, with the support of engineers, carried out a counterattack on the opposite bank. Panzerbrigade 18 was faced with the challenge of continuously improving the organization of its brigade command post. Here, the tank artillery battalion received the order to form two command posts (front and rear, command cell with 1.5 t truck ) in order to be able to lead the battalion in rapid deployment. The Danish Jutland Division was led by Major General Holger Dencker . Above all, Dencker praised the readiness of his female soldiers in the telecommunications service and in the artillery . In the Danish units, these troops consisted of up to 1/3 women. The maneuver was initiated on September 22, 1986 by an amphibious landing by 4,500 soldiers of the United Kingdom / Nederlands Landing Forces (infantry, armored forces and engineers) in Eckernförde Bay . At the same time, the NATO maneuver “Frankenschild” began in Lower Franconia and Baden-Württemberg. The aim of Bold Guard 86 was a demonstration of strength against the Eastern bloc states in order to be able to react at high speed to a war scenario in Germany. From the point of view of the NATO armed forces " Baltic Approaches " ( Allied Command Baltic Approaches ) and their commander, the Danish Lieutenant General Niels-Aage Rye Andersen , the cooperation of all international units involved in the maneuver and the preparedness for defense in the first days of an attack by the Warsaw Pact stand in the foreground. The aim is to prevent the enemy from breaching the Atlantic . "Bold Guard" 86 was NATO's first computer-aided military maneuver. In order to save fuel and protect the environment, 1,200 tanks were transported to the operational area by rail. The maneuvers were observed by 31 high-ranking military personnel from 15 countries. Due to the participation of 300 airplanes and helicopters, there was in some cases greater noise pollution for the rural population. In response to the offensive of the exercise troops ORANGE began Armored Reconnaissance on VRV with the delay, while paratroopers at the Kiel Canal defended. The main forces of BLAU were alerted in their loosening rooms so that they could take defensive positions from Neumünster to Bad Segeberg. ORANGE occasionally achieved local break-ins which, however, were thrown back onto the original line of defense after counter-attacks by BLAU. In Barmstedt in Pinneberg there was a suicide of a first lieutenant and company commander of the tank battalion 164 from Schwarzenbek .

The battalion commander of the PzGrenBtl. 161, Lt. Col. Moderow, said in a speech at Exercise Bold Guard:

“ Dear comrades! As the commander of the 161 Panzer Grenadier Battalion, I am delighted to be able to take part in the BOLD GUARD exercise with you. This exercise documents that we, together with our NATO allies - here Americans, British, Danes and Dutch - are willing and able to defend Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein against any aggressor. Contribute - everyone in his or her place - through your commitment and your willingness to work to ensure that this intention is clearly recognizable to observers from non-NATO countries and that our people see that they can rely on their Bundeswehr and their allies. They thus serve the preservation in peace and freedom in a special way. Our battalion has the special status that it only meets during mob exercises and then has to grow up quickly and be efficient. In this exercise, alarm reservists, soldiers on standby and active support personnel "fight" together. There are particularly high demands on camaraderie, motivation and performance, and I was pleased to see that you have lived up to this claim so far. Let's continue to tackle it together! "

- Lieutenant Colonel Moderow, battalion commander PzGrenBtl 161

Controversy at Bold Guard 1990

Due to interventions by the state government of Schleswig-Holstein , Bold Guard 1990 (planned from September 17 to October 5, 1990) was to be carried out on a much smaller scale than originally planned. Defense Minister Stoltenberg still considered the maneuver to be important in order to test the inclusion of Allied reinforcement troops by a division of the Bundeswehr. The SPD Prime Minister Björn Engholm also spoke out against the “Bold Guard” maneuver, as it was no longer up-to-date in view of the rapid developments in the Eastern Bloc. In Denmark, too, the mood among the Social Democrats against the autumn maneuver, which was considered unnecessary and too costly, increased. In Defense Area I, with 96,328 members of the Bundeswehr, Schleswig-Holstein provided 83,993 people, with the structurally weak areas being hit above average by a planned reduction in troops. Due to the worsening Gulf crisis, the planned 6,500 US marines were not sent. The maneuver was canceled in the end.

See also

Web links

literature

Notes and individual references

  1. ↑ West Europe Report (PDF; 5.5 MB)
  2. ↑ United Press International: About 115,000 NATO troops on maneuvers in Germany , September 22, 1986
  3. ↑ 125,000 combined with the simultaneous maneuver “Frankenschild” in southern Germany
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i 40,000 soldiers "fight" in Schleswig-Holstein. For six tanks the maneuver ended in the bog. Hamburger Abendblatt dated September 11, 1974
  5. ↑ In conversation: Bold Guard. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 16, 1974
  6. ↑ also KorpsGefÜbg
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h NATO plan: ORANGE (enemy) wants to roll over Schleswig-Holstein, BLUE stops the attack and drives ORANGE back. Land damage runs into the millions. Autumn maneuvers: "Orange" begins the attack. Hamburger Abendblatt dated August 30, 1974
  8. ↑ 294th Artillery Group (Wh Spt), Flensburg
  9. ↑ ORANGE as the Anglo-Saxon "weakening" of the enemy image RED
  10. ↑ United Kingdom Mobile Force
  11. ↑ Helicopter by ferry. Hamburger Abendblatt, September 7, 1974
  12. Jump up to tanks. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 12, 1974
  13. ↑ 11th September 1974 15th Battalion (V) and 4th Battalion
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h Eyewitnesses describe the course of the fateful night exercise. Red missiles prevented even greater chaos. Hamburger Abendblatt dated September 13, 1974
  15. ↑ Eighth fatality in the NATO maneuver? Hamburger Abendblatt, September 16, 1974
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g The drama on the Kiel Canal. British officer claims: parachutists were improperly equipped. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 11, 1974
  17. ↑ Schottendenkmal. »Memorial stone for the fatally injured Scottish paratroopers«. In: sehestedt.de. Retrieved April 15, 2018 .
  18. ↑ Cover-up claims 40 years after fatal NATO exercise. The Scotland Herald. September 11, 2014
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Chronicle of the Panzer Grenadier Battalion 182
  20. ↑ a b c d Chronicle of the PzArtBtl 185
  21. ↑ Bold Guard data sheet
  22. ↑ High damage during maneuvers. Hamburger Abendblatt No. 285 of December 7, 1974
  23. ↑ 25 paratroopers were seriously injured by landing in trees
  24. ↑ At the service of everyone. Hamburger Abendblatt No. 213 of September 13, 1974
  25. ↑ Autumn maneuvers. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 21, 1978
  26. ↑ Subtle make-up and heavy boots. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 23, 1986
  27. ↑ 650 'Leather Neck' as a guest in the harbor. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 29, 1978
  28. ↑ a b c d e "Bold Guard" maneuver: Landing on Fehmarn. Counterstrike at the "bottleneck". Hamburger Abendblatt. September 21, 1978
  29. ↑ Small maneuver damages are paid for on the spot. Hamburger Abendblatt No. 212 of September 12, 1978
  30. ↑ "Leo" flattened the limousine. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 28, 1986
  31. ↑ "Transformed into a battlefield for 3 days". The leather necks dug here. Hamburger Abendblatt. 5th October 1978
  32. ↑ A symbol for NATO. Hamburger Abendblatt. November 23, 1978
  33. ^ Heeresflieger 1978. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013 ; accessed on April 15, 2018 .
  34. ↑ 26.08.82 "Kühne Wacht" after "Northern Wedding" Hamburger Abendblatt. August 26, 1982
  35. ↑ Beer and beds were free for the leather necks from Ohio. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 25, 1982
  36. ↑ Chronicle of the PzGrenBtl. 164. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013 ; accessed on April 15, 2018 .
  37. ↑ Bold Guard ended. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 27, 1986
  38. ↑ The big maneuvers begin in September. Hamburger Abendblatt September 2, 1986
  39. ↑ Neues Deutschland, Archive, August 20, 1986
  40. ↑ US vans land in Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 15, 1986
  41. ↑ When teacher Lange "skips" school for the armed forces. The world champion in military training. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 22, 1986
  42. ^ British association preparing for maneuvers. To the “Kühnen Wacht” in Hamburg. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 16, 1986
  43. ↑ dan. Jyske division command
  44. ↑ in Denmark voluntary service for women was also allowed in the combat troops since 1984
  45. ↑ With lipstick and powder into the maneuver. Hamburger Abendblatt. September 24, 1986
  46. ↑ also "Franconian Shield"
  47. ↑ from 1984 to 1987 Commander Enhedskommandoen, the Allied Forces "Baltic Sea Access"
  48. ↑ 15,000 soldiers in the autumn maneuvers. Hamburger Abendblatt No. 221 of September 23, 1986
  49. ↑ a b 300 aircraft in action - aircraft noise from NATO maneuvers "Bold Guard." Hamburger Abendblatt dated September 23, 1986
  50. ↑ Front room of defense
  51. ↑ Suicide in Maneuvers, Hamburger Abendblatt. September 27, 1986
  52. ^ Chronicle of the Panzer Grenadier Battalion 161. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013 ; accessed on April 15, 2018 .
  53. ↑ CDU member of the Bundestag Klaus Francke , in view of the European familiarization process, called for the deletion of the major NATO maneuver, Hamburger Abendblatt, No. 153 of July 4, 1990
  54. ↑ DER SPIEGEL 32/1990, August 6, 1990, Multinational Test
  55. ^ SPD and CDU unanimously say no to "Bold Guard". Grand coalition against NATO maneuvers. Hamburger Abendblatt from July 12, 1990
  56. ↑ Bold Guard in www.edumagazin.de ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  57. ↑ “Because of the Gulf Crisis, the USA canceled its participation in the NATO major maneuver 'Bold Guard' planned for the fall in the Federal Republic of Germany. This was announced by the Federal Ministry of Defense. ” Hamburger Abendblatt No. 191 of August 17, 1990