Chmeľnica
| Chmeľnica hop garden |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| coat of arms | map | ||
|
|
||
| Basic data | |||
| State : | Slovakia | ||
| Kraj : | Prešovský kraj | ||
| Okres : | Stará Ľubovňa | ||
| Region : | Spiš | ||
| Area : | 12.64 km² | ||
| Residents : | 993 (Dec. 31, 2019) | ||
| Population density : | 79 inhabitants per km² | ||
| Height : | 528 m nm | ||
| Postal code : | 064 01 (Post Office Stará Ľubovňa ) | ||
| Telephone code : | 0 52 | ||
| Geographic location : | 49 ° 18 ' N , 20 ° 44' E | ||
| License plate : | SL | ||
| Kód obce : | 526754 | ||
| structure | |||
| Community type : | local community | ||
| Administration (as of November 2018) | |||
| Mayor : | Zita Pleštinská | ||
| Address: | Obecný úrad Chmeľnica číslo 103 06401 Stará Ľubovňa |
||
| Website: | www.chmelnica.sk | ||
| Statistics information on statistics.sk | |||
Chmeľnica , German Hopgarten (until 1927 Slovak "Hopgart" - 1927 to 1948 "Hobgart"; Hungarian Komlóskert - until 1902 Hobgárt ) is a municipality in northern Slovakia not far from the border with Poland , which was founded in 1248 by German immigrants under the name Petersburg Founded. The village currently has around 900 inhabitants, the majority of whom speak a Silesian German dialect among themselves .
Surname
The name Hobgart, which means "Hofgarten", was first mentioned in 1352. When hop growing increased in the 17th and 18th centuries , the name was reinterpreted as hop garden . The official Hungarian name Komlóskert ( komló "hops", kert "garden"), the Slovak name Chmeľnica ( chmeľ "hops") , which has been valid since 1948, and the local coat of arms go back to this.
history
The first settlement by Germans took place in the years between 1270 and 1284. Like many emigrants at the time , they hoped for a better life than in their homeland. Hopgarten, as it is still called by the Germans today, was only a stopover for some, as many traveled on to Transylvania (today's Romania ). Slovaks , Ruthenians and Magyars rarely came to Hopgarten to settle there. If they did, they had to learn the local German dialect ( Outzäpsersch ) and so they assimilated quickly and became part of the German culture.
Until the Second World War, the Germans lived quite peacefully with the other ethnic groups. After World War II, Czechoslovakia was restored and the Germans were to be driven out . However, since the Germans von Hopgarten had a very good relationship with the surrounding Slovaks and Ukrainians ( Ruthenians ), they were often warned by them as soon as the Czech militia was approaching. The early warning allowed the Germans to hide in the forest or in other villages that were mainly inhabited by Ukrainians. On the evening of June 26, 1946, Czech soldiers surrounded the village and took the Germans to the Stará Ľubovňa (Altlublau) assembly camp . But after the Slovak pastor of Hopgart as well as the Slovak, Ukrainian-Ruthenian and Goral mayors of the neighboring parishes protested and thus showed solidarity with the Germans, they were released again. A second attempt at deportation on July 5, 1946, after warning from Slovak neighbors, evaded the villagers by hiding again in the community forest. For the following weeks, they continued to hide, but were able to continue working their fields. 101 people were tracked down and expelled; the majority - about 600 - managed to remain hidden until in September 1946 the remaining Hopgartern were allowed to declare themselves as Slovaks and thus to stay at home. Finally, in the early 1950s, Germans were granted Czechoslovak citizenship again.
Socialist era
Immediately after the re-establishment of the Czechoslovak state in 1945, the German language was banned and frowned upon, and the number of Germans decreased due to the influx of Slovaks. Immediately after the ban was established by law, the German speakers got a Slovak teacher. Nevertheless, the Germans spoke German among themselves at home in the family, and the Slovak priest also made confessions in German.
The community forest was nationalized in 1948 and cut down in the 1970s. The farms were transferred to the agricultural production cooperative in 1973 after the villagers had resisted for over two decades . The most important employer was the screw factory in Stará Ľubovňa.
Todays situation
Today more than 600 people of the approx. 900 inhabitants, including children, speak the German dialect or Standard German as their mother tongue in Hopgarten. However, only a minority declare themselves to be Germans in censuses, in 2001 only 107 out of 914, i.e. 11.71%. The language of instruction in primary school (1st – 4th grade) is Slovak, but the students there receive seven hours of German lessons (two more than at other Slovak schools that offer German from 1st grade). From the fifth grade onwards, pupils attend the Za Vodou elementary school in Stará Ľubovňa , where there are five German lessons per week. After completing primary school, there is the opportunity in Poprad to attend the state high school UDT Poprad with a bilingual branch (Slovak-German) and also to take the German Abitur there. In spite of these circumstances, it is difficult to say whether the German dialect will last, as there are no new German words in which Slovak ones are used.
With the closure of the screw factory in Stará Ľubovňa after the end of socialism and as a result of the decreasing income opportunities from agriculture, Chmeľnica - like the entire region - is affected by high unemployment. Against this background, increased emigration from the village is expected.
Culture
See also
literature
- Juraj Valiska: The Zipser German dialect of Chmeľnica (Hopgarten). Slovenské Pedagogické Naklad, Bratislava 1967 (Acta Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Safarikanae Presovensis, Philologica, 2).
Web links
- Chmeľnica - hop garden: oficiálne stránky obce (official website of the municipality)
- Soon after this generation nobody will come . In: NZZ , October 29, 2007; about the Carpathian Germans in Slovakia
Individual evidence
- ↑ The Aula (2002): The stubborn village. Archive link ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)
- ↑ Chmeľnica: official website. ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Rainer Hahn: The Germans in Slovakia . (PDF) DVD, praxis-unterrichtsfilm.de, 2006.
- ↑ "More than 800 of the 900 inhabitants" according to Die Aula (2002): The stubborn village , "680 of a total of 800 inhabitants" according to Neue Zürcher Zeitung , January 14, 2004 ( Die Zipser in Hopgarten . )
- ↑ Census in Slovakia, 2001, see www.kdv.sk/dokumenty/Scitanie-Volksrechnung2001.doc
- ^ The national newspaper in conversation with Lenka Kollárová, the cultural advisor of the Carpathian German Association in Slovakia. ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. LZ, 14/2004.
- ^ Elisabeth Altmann: Core areas and need for reform in the federal foreign cultural and educational policy - with special consideration of the work of selected Goethe Institutes and German schools in Europe . Dissertation, University of Bremen, 2003, p. 215 ( d-nb.info ).
- ^ The Zipser in Hopgarten . In: NZZ , January 14, 2004
