History of the city of Quakenbrück
The history of the town of Quakenbrück in the district of Osnabrück in Lower Saxony spans around 775 years and is closely linked to the Artland between Osnabrücker Nordland and Oldenburger Münsterland , whose historical, economic and cultural center it has been over the centuries and whose administrative seat it is today.
The former Burgmann and Hanseatic city , first mentioned in a document in 1235, borders directly on the districts of Cloppenburg and Vechta and in earlier times served the Diocese of Osnabrück as security to the north. Burgmannen defended the former episcopal state castle on the Hase with their Burgmannshöfe .
Origin of name
There are different interpretations of the strange name of the city, which first appeared in writing in 1235 as quakenbrugge . The dispute about the origin of the name is not yet over. Even if the last syllable is obvious as a designation of a river crossing over the Hase, the first part poses all the more problems.
An old name for juniper is quakeln , and some researchers therefore interpret the name as a bridge in the juniper . However, it is doubtful that there was ever juniper in the former marshland around Quakenbrück, which is not found in the wild even today. The old Dutch kwak for bridge is also included in the considerations. Most researchers, however, agree with Rothert, who wrote:
- “The name Quakenbrück, like that of the Chauken , is derived from a word that corresponds to the Anglo-Saxon cvacian (to tremble) (cf. Quaker , the tremor). In English there is a quagmire , in Jutian a kvag , both of which mean Bebemoor . The Chauken lived in the quaking land on the coast, and Quakenbrück means the bridge over the swaying footbridge or, more correctly, the bridge over the quaking swamp. "
In any case, the name has nothing to do with tadpoles or the frog, which has recently become a symbol of the city for marketing reasons.
Beginnings and founding of the city
Historian Hermann Rothert suspects that the settlement began in a well-fortified episcopal Meierhof , which secured an important road crossing at a geographically distinctive point over the Hase (the place name in its second part - brück , originally brugge - indicates a crossing).
The city no longer has a charter, a city fire destroyed all of the old documents. But in August of the year 1235, Edelherr von Velber , Bishop of Osnabrück and writer of documents for Bishop Konrad I († 1238), wrote a 12-line Latin text on parchment, which reads as follows:
- “Konrad, by God's grace, Bishop of Osnabrück, offers all readers of this document his sincere greeting. Since We intend, in honor of the house of God, that its veneration should increase and that Christians increase in number to receive the means of grace and salvation, We have built a basilica in honor of the blessed and glorious everlasting Virgin Mary in Quakenbrück ... and in this after the canonical prescriptions living canons and the mills of the place, which We built at our expense, are transferred to the canons serving there for their maintenance. "
This documentary confirmation issued for the establishment of the Quakenbrücker Stift is not only testimony to the first mention of the Canonical Monastery, but also of Quakenbrück as the place where it was founded. She mentions it as a villa , i.e. farmers or village. The original text is: ... et molendina eiusdem ville, que nostris sumptibus edificavimus (... and the mills of the place, which we built at our expense). There is no mention of an episcopal Vorwerk in or next to the village settlement, so that it can be assumed that the Vorwerk and the village had already merged, i.e. the village was founded some time before the monastery. This foundation was in 1236 by Pope Gregory IX. confirmed in a document in which the place belonging to the chapter was mentioned as a peasantry ( " villa " ). In 1257, Quakenbrück was referred to as oppidum in another document .
The founding of this chapter by a corporation of clergymen who lived according to Augustinian rules was an act of systematic church policy, which was accompanied by military interests, since the border area around Quakenbrück was about sovereignty and the formation of borders in the northwest of the Osnabrück area. It was probably the intention of the bishop to form Quakenbrück as the northernmost bulwark of his diocese against the Counts of Tecklenburg , Ravensberg and Oldenburg . The Ettenfeld Landwehr was built around 20 kilometers south of Quakenbrück near Schwagstorf and the Bünner Landwehr a good 10 kilometers south-east near Grönloh to further secure the Osnabrück dominion . Almost 20 kilometers southwest near Bippen, a natural border stretched up to the Hahnenmoor.
The first document that has been preserved in the Quakenbrück City Archives is dated January 24, 1353 and is a letter of protection from the Osnabrück bishop Johan Hoet for the citizens of Quakenbrück. The certificate speaks of sympathy for the victims of a fire that probably broke out at the end of 1352. In another letter dated October 1, 1383 - 30 years later - the sovereign, Bishop Dietrich von Horne (1377-1402), guaranteed the rebuilding of the burned down city, reaffirmed his protection and expressly extended it to the suburbs, which was then also had to have already existed. Despite the excavations carried out in 1984, it was not possible to conclusively determine whether there were two fires in a period of 30 years or whether both documents were about the same misfortune.
In the course of the 14th century, the place developed into a city whose rights were determined according to the model of the Osnabrück city law and thus strengthened the bourgeoisie. Quakenbrück's city book chronicle begins in 1462, written by the chronicler Johannes Dene von Hamelen, attested by the subsequent chronicler Vicar Hinrik van Glandorpe around 1470, who continued the city book chronicle. Johannes Dene von Hamelen appears in documents from 1474, 1492, 1510 and 1535 as a notary and town clerk.
Burg, Burgmannen and Burgmannshöfe
In 1276 the chapter had temporarily left Quakenbrück; Low income and above all the growth of the castle team are assumed to be the reasons. The first written mention of a castle in Quakenbrück comes from 1279, but it can be assumed that it was built at the same time as the foundation of the monastery or even before.
The castle was located on a natural hill between the Kleiner Hase and the Großer Mühlenhase, which at that time formed the two main arms of the river.
The defense of the castle was entrusted to the bishop Burgmannen, who were first mentioned in documents in 1248 and whose courtyards were located within the city. The commander was a Drost as an episcopal official, in 1279 the castle team consisted of 13 knights, led by Helenbert von der Horst and his five squires. They carried a seal with a castle in Gothic architectural form, and in 1279 they joined the alliance of Osnabrück servants and lay judges. From the early 13th century the Codex Quakenbrugensis was developed and written in its version of 1230 by Eike von Repgow . The Codex is a textbook of land law as a glossed Quakenbrücker Spiegel der Sachsen , a legal book in which the rights and duties of the Burgmanns are laid down. He resorted to the Saxon land law, but he lacks the feudal law . The copy from 1422 is preserved in the Quakenbrücker Stadtarchiv, which was handed over to the council and the Burgmannen in 1507 by the Osnabrück cathedral vicar Hinrich Meppis. According to this code, the castle men had the duty to live in the castle, to defend it for their master and to pass judgment according to castle law . In return, they received a castle loan, which consisted of capital, rent or real estate, as well as a piece of land near the castle to build a fortified Burgmannshof as a residential building. These Burgmannshöfe were strategically located so that they could provide security at the most endangered points of the fortification.
From the end of the 13th century the Burgmannen formed a legal cooperative and withdrew the castle and place from the direct sovereign leadership. After a campaign against the enemy fortress Cloppenburg had taken place in 1397 and the front shifted to the southwest, the castle lost its importance. In the period that followed, the defense of the Osnabrück region was increasingly taken over by Fürstenau Castle . With the flourishing of the citizenship in the 15th and 16th centuries and the elimination of the need for defense, the importance of the Burgmannen steadily declined. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 15th century, the Quakenbrücker Burgmannen had grown to 38. According to its name, the castle crew remained in existence until the beginning of the 19th century, but only formed part of the Osnabrück knighthood; the affiliation was dependent on the possession of a Burgmannshof.
Quakenbrück developed between the poles of ecclesiastical and military interests to a bourgeois town with a large market square, which displaced the tournament site of the Burgmannen and became a center of trade. Craftsmen associations emerged and trade relations with the wider area were established; Quakenbrück became the center of the freight forwarding trade between inland and coast. Initially, the Burgmannen alone exercised jurisdiction, but since 1469 the citizenry was also represented in the council. Burgmannen and city carried the same seal from this time on. From 1492 four castle men and four citizens formed the council, which from the late 16th century consisted of only six citizens.
The razing of the castle must have taken place at the end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century. Today nothing can be seen of the system. A Burgmannshof that later replaced the castle had to give way to a new building in 1970. The elevation directly behind the Marienkirche can still be seen clearly.
The Reformation in Quakenbrück
The Reformation was one of the most important turning points in German history and also profoundly changed and shaped Quakenbrück. Even if Martin Luther as the theological originator of the Reformation was of paramount importance, it was only able to assert itself so quickly because men like Hermann Bonnus, who was born in Quakenbrück in 1504, acted as multipliers. It was also Bonnus who co-determined the church development not only in the Diocese of Osnabrück, but in the whole of Northern Germany.
Bishop Franz von Waldeck hoped that a denominational reorganization of his bishopric would strengthen his episcopal power over the Osnabrück cathedral chapter as well as secure the territorial existence against the secularization efforts of the evangelical princes. So he provided Magister Hermannus Bonnus with a power of attorney dated May 12, 1543, in which he called on the St. New Year's Eve chapter, the Burgmannen and the Quakenbrück council, which he had with the creation and enforcement of a "gliknütige Christian prison order and Reformation " commissioned Bonnus willingly to accept and follow his orders, " bit and as long as a common Christian Reformation is made and implemented " . Bonnus' first sermon took place on May 20, 1543 in St. Sylvester Church. He met with no resistance, because part of the population had already turned to the Protestant side or was neutral towards it, so the collegiate church could easily be converted into a Protestant church.
“With a few exceptions, the canons also converted to the Protestant religion in the period that followed. Bonnus himself was in constant contact with his hometown and was pleased that the evangelical denomination had already spread a lot here. This was certainly one reason why he gave his hand copy of the Low German Bible to the church in his hometown as early as 1536. This is known as the 'Bonnus Bible'. "
In Quakenbrück, which had become a member of the Hanseatic League in 1544 and became a wealthy small town, a change of denominations began over a hundred years. An evangelical diaspora developed in Artland and the city of Quakenbrück , which was surrounded by areas with a predominantly Catholic population. The time was accompanied by various catastrophes: 32 houses burned down in Grosse Mühlenstrasse in 1565, and the plague flared up again in 1576/78, which had raged in Quakenbrück as early as 1522 and killed a large part of the population. This time 710 people died in 110 houses, 70 alone in Grosse Mühlenstrasse.
Thirty Years' War
In 1623 the Thirty Years' War began with the entry of a Catholic league "with great horror and impetuosity" in Quakenbrück and heralded a phase in which the city had to suffer from changing occupations of different warring parties. In 1627, Tilly , the general of the Catholic League, issued Quakenbrück a letter of protection, but it had little effect. A year later a protective army of 225 men was billeted, later a Swedish army.
In 1628 the Counter Reformation began in Quakenbrück . The evangelical clergy were chased out of the city; In the city, the Catholic creed dominated again due to the ban on the Protestant religion. The Sylvester Church was awarded to the Lutherans.
In 1635 the Swedish company was attacked by the imperial soldiers of the Catholic League and the city was sacked by soldiers from both parties. As a last protective measure, the city only had to destroy the bridges over the Hase and to send a petition to Osnabrück requesting
- "... to look at this poor, emaciated community with the eyes of mercy, so that a small part of this little town might keep the dry bread."
In 1647 the dean of the Vörden deanery , Vitus Büscher , was commissioned, with the consent of the Swedes, to consolidate the evangelical faith in the region. He settled in Quakenbrück and built a house at the Hohe Pforte (which burned down in 1925). In 1650 the Catholic Bishop Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg , sovereign in Osnabrück, commissioned the Franciscan Order to settle in Quakenbrück and to take over the pastoral care ( cura animarum ) of the few remaining Catholics.
It was not until 1651 that the Thirty Years' War ended for Quakenbrück as well. After the Capitulatio perpetua Osnabrugensis (Perpetual Surrender), which was passed in the same year , the goods of the collegiate chapter were divided between the two denominations. Among other things, the Catholic side fell to the former deanery and vicariate house, including the property, but these were bought back by the Protestant side for 762 Reichstaler . The Catholic parish used these sales proceeds to buy a church property; On May 3, 1651, the order bought a piece of land between the market square and the former castle, including the ruins of a former Burgmannshof with its defensive tower, from Quakenbrück citizen Albert Leuning for 1,500 Reichstaler. In 1652, Bishop Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg laid the foundation stone for the new Marienkirche on the market, which was built according to the plans of the Franciscan Father Gerardus and using the existing buildings. The completion of the church dragged on until 1696. It was only in the 20th century, due to the influx of resettlers, that the Catholic community was able to expand.
At the end of the 17th century the city flourished again; In 1667 44 Wullner (cloth makers) had settled around the two municipal mills with their fulling mills and their linen leg , in 1750 the Schröder trading house was founded on the market, which developed into the ancestral home of the merchant family that spread around the world. In 1769 Quakenbrück, with its 10 pewter foundries, was the center of tin processing in western Lower Saxony; the term “Quakenbrücker Krug” has established itself in the professional world.
Napoleonic period
In 1795 Quakenbrück was occupied by English troops who stayed for five years. The Napoleonic era began. In 1806, after Hanover ceded to Prussia, Prussian troops moved in and made Quakenbrück a garrison town . In 1807 Quakenbrück was added to the Kingdom of Westphalia . In 1808 the end came as Burgmannstadt: The own constitution, which had been in effect in Quakenbrück for centuries, was replaced by state laws that were enforced by a municipal council consisting of ten members (a forerunner of the city council).
The expansion of the continental system became the main focus of Napoleon's foreign policy in the following years. The imposition of the continental blockade , which was supposed to prevent trade between the British Isles and the mainland, gave rise to extensive smuggling in Europe . Quakenbrück also developed into a center for smuggling. The English operated their surreptitious trade from Heligoland to Hamburg, among other places, when Napoleon, in order to be able to better control the coast of Northern Germany, incorporated the Hanseatic cities, the Kingdom of Westphalia , the Duchy of Oldenburg and the Ravenstein rule into his empire, Quakenbrück became an administrative seat Sub-prefecture , but still remained a border town, which further encouraged smuggling of goods. The goods from the city and the agricultural products from the area also became popular objects of smuggling and barter.
The sub-prefecture ( arrondissement ), whose administrative seat was Quakenbrück from 1811 to 1814, was formed on the basis of the organizational decree for the Oberems department of July 4, 1811 and comprised the cantons of Ankum , Cloppenburg , Friesoythe , Löningen , Vechta , Vörden and Wildeshausen with 56 mayorries ( Mairie ), an area with around 100,000 inhabitants. A higher court ( Tribunal d'Arrondissement ) was established. In 1813 Napoleon's defeat was looming. After the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig, Hanover took control again. Quakenbrück received a new city constitution and a first mayor, the businessman Anton Schröder.
industrialization
In the 19th century there were dyeing and tannery as well as brush, calico and silver goods manufacturing in Quakenbrück.
On October 15, 1875, the railway line from Oldenburg via Quakenbrück to Osnabrück was opened. The idea to build this line came from the Oldenburg building officer Lasius , who in 1849 suggested a line over Damme , which ultimately turned out to be too difficult to implement. With the small states at the time , it was not easy to coordinate interests with one another, so that it took years of intensive efforts before the route was established and the Oldenburg State Railway was approved. Construction began in June 1873 near Oldenburg, and the work progressed so quickly that it was possible to drive the line to Quakenbrück for the first time in April 1875.
At first there was no station building in Quakenbrück; The tickets were issued in front of the innkeeper Imbusch (later the Gasthof Gösling) on Hengelage until an elongated shed was built at the end of 1875, which was replaced in 1910 by the final station building. To distinguish it from the station of the former Lingen – Berge – Quakenbrück small railway , it was called the Hauptbahnhof.
The building and the station area were purchased by the city of Quakenbrück in 2007 in order to ensure the necessary renovation work and a sensible use of the former freight yard, which has been vacant for a long time, probably as a cultural center. The first renovation work began in 2008.
World Wars and National Socialism
The First World War did not have an immediate impact on the city, but the names of 168 fallen soldiers can be found on the honor grove, which was built in 1930, halfway from the city to the Schützenhof. Another memento is the Iron Burgmann , which Clemens Freiherr von Schorlemer-Lieser gave to the city of Quakenbrück on May 29, 1916 and whose nailing was supposed to raise money for the burden of war. The statue in the conference room of the Quakenbrücker town hall is made of French poplar and represents a castle man from the 13th / 14th centuries. Century in chain armor with shield and sword . It was created by two soldiers from Schorlemer's battalion .
Artländer Bank (which later became part of the Kreissparkasse) issued four nickel coins in 1917 with the inscription "War Notgeld der Stadt Quakenbrück". The inflation period as a result of the lost war also made itself felt in the city. In 1921 Quakenbrück issued emergency notes .
In the " Golden Twenties " the city was able to recover economically for a while. 1928 Artländer club taught for aviation an airfield on the Mersch country in the later New Town (still in publications of 1993 as the district Mersch country is called) and organized flight days, the nationwide interest aroused, they moved yet known personalities such as Gerhard Fieseler of .
As early as the 1920s, an airport for civil air traffic was established in the southwest, outside the city limits at that time, which initially functioned as an emergency landing area and was expanded into a regular airfield with an aircraft hangar from 1928 by the “Artländer Verein für Luftfahrt”. After the National Socialists came to power in 1933, the government promoted the expansion of aviation as part of the general rearmament. In the same year, a district flying squadron was stationed in Quakenbrück. In 1935, construction work began to expand the airfield and build an air base, which was camouflaged as square . Combat squadrons were stationed from 1940 , equipped with bombers of the Heinkel He 111 and Junkers Ju 88 types ; later on in the war, hunting and night fighter units followed to repel the Allied bomber fleets.
Quakenbrück was particularly important because of its large aircraft yard , in which damaged aircraft were repaired. At the beginning of 1943, however, a large part of the shipyard operations were relocated to the south of France. The air base, which was repeatedly targeted by air strikes, was known to the Allies. During the heaviest attack on Holy Saturday 1944, numerous buildings were damaged or destroyed. Quakenbrück city center was also affected. Shortly before the end of the war, the Air Force cleared the air base. On April 11, 1945 British troops occupied the airfield and ended the Second World War for Quakenbrück. The British left the site to Polish forces, who remained stationed until 1947.
In 1932 Quakenbrück had slipped back into an economically catastrophic situation. There were 220 unemployed, and business tax income had decreased from RM 60,000 to RM 16,000 within two years . In the Reichstag elections of November 6, 1932, the NSDAP received 650 votes, which increased to 1,019 in the March 5, 1933 elections, which corresponds to 36.4 percent of the vote. This was still significantly less than their nationwide result of 43.9 percent, but the National Socialists were by far the strongest party in Quakenbrück. In the same year, Lange Strasse, the city's central shopping street, was renamed Adolf-Hitler-Strasse.
In June 1933 there were 46 Jewish residents registered in Quakenbrück; If you add those who were born or moved to Germany in the following years, the number of Jews who lived in Quakenbrück during the National Socialist era was around 60. From 1935 onwards, there was also an increase in anti-Semitic incidents in Quakenbrück. In August 1935, a sign reading "Jews undesirable" was placed at the municipal swimming pool. By order of the District President of Osnabrück, officials were forbidden from living in the houses of Jews. At the beginning of 1936, the officials and employees of the Quakenbrück authorities, chaired by teacher Meyer, undertook not to buy anything from Jews. On November 10, 1938, the SA Standartenführer von Cloppenburg ordered the Sturmbannführer in Quakenbrück to burn down the synagogue and arrest all Jewish men. Five Jews from Quakenbrück were arrested by the SA, but the cattle dealer Lazarus Cohn, a Dutchman, was released again. The instruction of the district office to release all men over 55 years of age was only followed in that they were taken into “ protective custody ” and transported with the other three men to the Buchenwald concentration camp on November 12, 1938 . The religion teacher Ernst Beer died there - according to the official version - one day after his admission of a "heart collapse". The other three men were released in December and January, respectively, on the condition that they “try to emigrate soon”. On May 23, 1939, there were no longer any Jewish homeowners in Quakenbrück; in the census of May 17, 1939, ten Jewish residents were still registered in the city, all of whom had to move into the house in Hasestrasse 6 in the course of the year. On March 12, 1941, the city announced that Quakenbrück was " free of Jews ".
After the Second World War, six of the people involved in the November pogrom in Quakenbrück were brought to justice. One of the defendants was acquitted and five were sentenced to between six months and two years in prison.
After the war, three Quakenbrücker Jews returned to their hometown. A memorial plaque was erected in 1983 at the place where the synagogue stood.
Economic history
The existence of mills, mentioned for the first time in 1235, indicates an economic branch of the high medieval settlement. In his contribution to the economic history of Quakenbrück in the 13th to 16th centuries, Carl-Hans Hauptmeyer sees the place as a central agricultural settlement of the regional nobility, which has been organized as a cooperative since 1278, and as a stately secured place with handling functions for cattle, grain and other products from the immediate vicinity Settlement from which the local canon monastery also benefited.
From the middle of the 15th century, at the same time as the Burgmannen were pushed back, small-town economic life developed in the city. In 1435 the shoemaker's company came into being, in 1443 the cloth processing trades merged, in 1476 the tailors. These Quakenbrücker guilds initially emerged from religious brotherhoods comprised of men and women. The Liebfrauengilde has been known since 1407 or the St. Sylvester's Guild since 1435, which obviously only accepted more respected people in the village and is not necessarily to be regarded as a craftsmen's or traders' corporation. In 1494 the guild of wool weavers was founded, whose supra-local trade is documented from 1488. They had a municipal fulling mill and a number of dye places available.
Up to the present day, the fact that Quakenbrück was founded as a border fortress has had an impact. The dividing line to the Oldenburger Land , which until 1972 ran just 500 meters from the market square, was moved a little further north by the regional reform, but for centuries it was a hindrance to the development of the city. This is where the Vorngau and Hasegau met in the old Saxon period , later the Hochstift Osnabrück and the Niederstift Münster and finally the Kingdom of Prussia or the Prussian Province of Hanover and the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg .
When the district was formed in 1885, Quakenbrück tried to get the district seat, but because of its peripheral location, the village of Bersenbrück, which had 200 inhabitants at the time, was designated where the district court and vocational schools were later centralized. Quakenbrück was nevertheless able to attract many central institutions.
Pewter foundry
From the second half of the 17th century, Quakenbrück pewter casters can be identified. In the 18th century there were up to four workshops at the same time, which speaks for an enormous demand for pewter dishes at this time. Their products included the Quakenbrücker jugs, which are characterized by a hunched lid with a jointed pen. As a rule, the workshops remained in the same family, which is why certain family names occur more frequently among the master pewter foundries, such as Bahlmann, Schnackenberg, Eckholt or Hölscher. The most productive was Lubert Diedrich Bahlmann, born in 1710, whose stamp can be found countless times on the still existing pewter tools. The stamp of the master Gerhard Matthias Hölscher (1753–1841) is also extremely frequently documented. A number of these exhibits can be viewed in the museum village of Cloppenburg or in the Quakenbrück city museum. Shortly after 1850 the pewter foundry business in Quakenbrück came to a standstill, after the craftsmen had already started to migrate to the surrounding villages a few years earlier. The prerequisite for this was the lifting of compulsory guilds during Napoleonic rule.
Agriculture and Forestry
The area around Quakenbrück scores better than the areas in the immediate vicinity with a yield indicator (EMZ, measure of soil quality) of 35–45. The total area of the region is geest , moor or heathland that was settled relatively late . The Hase, which flows through many arms of the river with a slight gradient, stored minerals and fertile alluvial sands from the Osnabrück mountainous region for a long time, thus ensuring good soil. Today, however, efforts are being made to avoid flooding of agricultural land.
Like the entire Osnabrück region, Artland is an area with traditional small-scale farming structures. A lot of arable farming has always been done around Quakenbrück and the otherwise high livestock density is much lower. Oats , rye , barley and the more demanding wheat could be grown on the fertile arable land . After there were often grain surpluses, people spoke of the granary of the bishopric of Osnabrück . Over the centuries, this led to the emergence of a wealthy rural upper class.
In 2003, 23 farms in the urban area of Quakenbrück cultivated a usable area of 1269 hectares, of which twelve were devoted to plant fodder cultivation , six to arable farming and two to horticulture . Two more worked as processing companies and one in livestock farming . Seven businesses were run as full-time businesses. A total of 74 people were employed in agriculture, 25 of them full-time. Around 50 percent of the cultivated area is used for growing grain, with a focus on corn and feed grain for pig and poultry farming; around 35 percent are green areas .
100 years ago the area around Quakenbrück had very little trees. Outside of the populated areas, the urban area was surrounded by bushy wasteland , wet meadows and heathland , the formation of forests prevented overexploitation . The ancient oak trees typical of Artland were almost exclusively on the private grounds of the courtyards. In the course of land consolidations after the liberation of the farmers, most of the communally used areas were privatized and the overexploitation stopped suddenly. The new owners upgrade their new properties and maintain the communal areas as planned. In the north of the city of Quakenbrücks, around 140 hectares of urban forest was created, which was enlarged by 0.5 hectares in 2008 with the planting of 1,300 new oaks and connected to the marriage forest . Nowadays, the city park and the Haseufer are also rich in mixed trees, mainly oak and birch.
School town
Quakenbrück is often referred to as a school town , as it has one of the oldest north German grammar schools, the Artland grammar school , which traces its existence back to a Latin school from 1354. Three elementary schools , a primary and secondary school ( high school Artland ), a special school (in 1966, founded as a school for children with learning difficulties Hasetalschule ), the vocational school business and administration of the district Osnabrück and technical schools for educational method care, podiatry , Diabetology and physiotherapy , a nursing school and community college complete the educational offer. There are plans to set up a branch office for the Nursing bachelor's degree at Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences . There are also the Osnabrück district music school, the music school of the Burgmannskapelle Quakenbrück eV, a private language school and several tutoring schools on site.
So far it has not been possible to conclusively clarify when the first higher educational institution in Quakenbrück was built. It is certain that in 1354 a rector scolarum in Quakenbr. (School director in Quakenbrück) is mentioned in a document. The chroniclers agree that it was an institution of the Collegiate Chapter St. Sylvester, which originally trained for the clergy. The city must have participated since 1507 at the latest, which is evident from a number of invoices. Until 1893 the school was housed in an annex to the St. Sylvester Church.
In 1647 the dean Vitus Büscher redesigned the school system. The old Latin school was connected to the Protestant elementary school, with a Catholic school remaining in place. When the monopoly of Latin teaching fell in the course of the 19th century, the Quakenbrücker Magistrate applied for the conversion to a Progymnasium , which began operations in 1832 with three teachers, three classes and 40 students, although the number of students steadily decreased until the city developed via the "authorized higher citizen school" to the Realgymnasium and achieved increasing numbers of pupils. In 1874 the school moved to a new building on Grosse Mühlenstrasse, which was subsequently expanded and rebuilt several times. In 1964 a new building was necessary again after the number of students had risen to 550. The inauguration of the new school complex, designed for around 700 students, took place on January 20, 1967; The keynote address was given by the then Minister for Economics and Transport, Karl Möller , who came from Quakenbrück .
Recent history
Since the regional reform in 1972, Quakenbrück has formed the joint municipality of Artland with the municipalities of Badbergen , Menslage and Nortrup . Furthermore, the Hengelage and the area of Gut Vehr were incorporated.
On July 1, 1972, parts of the neighboring community of Essen (Oldenburg) with at that time significantly more than 1,000 inhabitants (Hengelage) were incorporated.
With the rise of the Artland Dragons to the basketball league in 2003 and subsequent sporting successes, such as qualifying for the Eurocup from 2006/07, followed by reaching the round of 16 as well as playing-offs in the Bundesliga and winning the German Cup in 2008 , Quakenbrück gained national attention at times.
Trivia
Wilhelm Raabe writes in his story Mrs. Salome when he introduces a protagonist to the Judiciary Scholten:
- "It cannot be everyone from Quakenbrück in the Principality of Osnabrück , but the judicial councilor's cradle really had stood here ... these are peculiar stretches of earth that produce peculiar creatures."
What prompted Raabe to make this remark and whether he was ever in Quakenbrück in person is not known.
Also from Ricarda Huch , from the novella The Cock of Quakenbrück comes, the backgrounds are unknown that made her choose this title, especially since the work otherwise takes no visible relation to the city.
Individual evidence
- ^ Werner Dobelmann: History and Industry in the Bersenbrück District. in: Communications from the District Home Federation Bersenbrück, Bank 10/1962
- ^ A b Hermann Rothert: History of the city of Quakenbrück in older times. in: Communications of the Association for History and Regional Studies of Osnabrück (OsnMitt), Bd 43, 1920, p. 3f.
- ^ Justus Möser : Osnabrück History. Stettin, 1824. u. a. P. 27
- ↑ The original of this document in Latin is in the Osnabrück State Archives. The translation into German reproduced here in excerpts comes from August Schröder: Explanations on written sources of the 13th / 14th centuries. Century. In: Methodical manual for local history research in Lower Saxony. Lax 1965
- ^ August Schröder: Quakenbrück and the beginnings of the Osnabrück territorial formation. In: Jarck (ed.): Quakenbrück. From the border fortress to the commercial center. P. 112ff.
- ^ Hermann Rothert: The settlement of the district of Bersenbrück. A contribution to the settlement history of north-west Germany. Publications of the Historical Commission for the Province of Westphalia. Quakenbrück 1924, p. 64.
- ↑ Werner Delbanco: Beginnings and early history of Grönloh. In: 750 years of Grönloh. Published by the festival committee for the organization of the 750th anniversary celebration in cooperation with the Bersenbrück district home association. 1990.
- ^ Kuhlmann: The Artland and the city of Quakenbrück in their historical development. P. 4f.
- ↑ Osnabrück Document Book, Vol. 2, No. 536
- ^ Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch, Vol. 2, No. 488 and 500
- ↑ Horst-Rüdiger Jarck: Quakenbrück. From the border fortress to the commercial center. Pp. 10/11
- ↑ a b Böning: Quakenbrück. History of a small North German town.
- ^ Parish of St. Sylvester ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Archives of the former Franciscan residence, today owned by the St. Marien parish in Quakenbrück, archive signature: A, p. 8 and p. 27
- ↑ See Diocese of Osnabrück # History of the Diocese
- ↑ Archive of the former Franciscan residence, today owned by the St. Marien Congregation Quakenbrück, archive signature: F, Paquetum 7, no. 13, pp. 16–20
- ↑ a b City Museum: Quakenbrücker Zinn. ( Memento of the original from February 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Peter Claus Hartmann: French kings and emperors of the modern age. From Louis XII. to Napoleon III, 1498-1870. CH Beck 2006. ISBN 3-406-54740-0 . P. 356.
- ^ Friedrich-Wilhelm Schaer, Albrecht Eckhardt: Duchy and Grand Duchy of Oldenburg in the Age of Enlightened Absolutism (1883-1847) , in: History of the Land of Oldenburg. Oldenburg 1987. ISBN 3-87358-285-6 , p. 289.
- ↑ Osnabahn.de: Oldenburg Southern Railway. ( Memento from August 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Heiko Bockstiegel: The Iron Burgmann in the town hall of Quakenbrück. in: Heimat-Jahrbuch Osnabrücker Land 1980, p. 54ff.
- ↑ Bockstiegel: The Air Base in Quakenbrück.
- ↑ a b c d Historical manual of the Jewish communities in Lower Saxony and Bremen . Tamar Avraham, Daniel Fraenkel: Osnabrück. Pp. 1196-1220
- ^ Friedrich W. Rogge: Quakenbrücks way into the Third Reich. In: H.-R. Jarck (ed.): Quakenbrück. From the border fortress to the commercial center. Pp. 460-489.
- ^ Theodor Penners: The Jewish community in Quakenbrück. in: Quakenbrück. From the border fortress to the commercial center. Pp. 490-509
- ↑ Jarck (Ed.): Quakenbrück. From the border fortress to the commercial center. Pp. 176-186
- ↑ Richard Bindel: News about the Guilds of the City of Quakenbrück. In: Program of the Realgymnasium Quakenbrück, H. 342, 1895, pp. 3–26
- ↑ State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony, jump picture 3
- ↑ Helmut Ottenjann: On the building, economic and social structure of Artland in the 18th and 19th centuries. Schuster Verlag 1979, p. 1, ISBN 3-7963-0168-1 .
- ↑ Statistical Reports Lower Saxony: Agricultural Structure Survey 2003 , p. 58 ( Memento of the original from February 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 449 kB)
- ↑ Statistical Reports Lower Saxony: Agricultural Structure Survey 2003 , p. 77 ( Memento of the original from February 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 449 kB)
- ↑ State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony, jump picture 2
- ↑ Richard Bindel: History of the college in Quakenbrück. 1904. (In connection with an extensive correspondence between the magistrate and the royal provincial school council in Hanover (StAOs Dep 50b No. 2191))
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 275 .
