Joseph P. Kennedy

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Joseph P. Kennedy

Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy (born September 6, 1888 in Boston , Massachusetts , † November 18, 1969 in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts) was an American businessman and diplomat . He is considered the founder of the Kennedy family .

Life

Kennedy was born in the United States to Irish immigrant son Patrick Joseph Kennedy and immigrant daughter Mary Augusta Hickey. On October 7, 1914, he married Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald (1890–1995), the daughter of Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald , with whom he later had a total of nine children:

The later President John F. Kennedy, who fell victim to an assassination attempt , the likewise murdered politician Robert F. Kennedy and the long-time Senator from Massachusetts , Edward Kennedy, gained prominence . Rosemary Kennedy had a lobotomy at the age of 23 on Kennedy's instructions , after which she became a nursing care case. Kennedy also had an illegitimate son (Joseph) from his liaison with actress Gloria Swanson , who was his business partner and lover after moving to Hollywood in 1925.

school career

A picture from Kennedy's yearbook at Boston Latin School

After the Boston Latin School , Kennedy attended Harvard University from 1908 , which he left in 1912 with a BA . As a result, he decided to pursue a career in banking, although he did not focus on economics during his studies. From then on Joseph Kennedy strove for two goals to which he subordinated everything: to get rich quickly and high social power and recognition; the latter all the more since he was denied membership in all important clubs due to his religion and ethnicity.

Economic activities

Joe Kennedy took up a post at his father's Columbia Trust and first became a state bank auditor, a role in which he traveled through Massachusetts for a year and a half and learned about the banking profession. On January 21, 1914, he was elected President of the Trust. Joseph Kennedy became the youngest bank director in the United States at the age of 25, as the new director of the Columbia Trust. In previous years he had acquired a large part of the bank's share capital and thus expanded his influence. He had borrowed the money for it from the family. Six days later, on January 27th, he was appointed director of the Collateral Loan Company (CLC) by his future father-in-law . She married Rose Kennedy , daughter of former Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald , on October 7, 1914. When a Boston bank - the First Ward National Bank - threatened to take over the Columbia Trust, Kennedy, with skillful negotiation, did enough Raise money to outbid the opposing bank's offer. He borrowed the majority of the sum required for this (US $ 45,000) from his friend from Harvard times, Eugene V. Thayer , who in turn was President of the Merchants National Bank. At the time, the Columbia Trust was making US $ 37,000 a year in profits, with registered capital of US $ 200,000. Due to ongoing investigations against him as part of a financial scandal at the CLC, Kennedy felt compelled to completely withdraw from the banking business for a while from 1917.

Joseph Kennedy (around 1914)

While working as a banker, he made an investment of US $ 1,000 in Old Colony Realty Associates Inc. , whose business purpose was to renovate old houses quickly and cheaply and to sell them on. By the time the company was wound up during World War I, Kennedy's initial investment was worth $ 25,000. On May 29, 1917, Kennedy was appointed to the board of the Massachusetts Electric Company, then one of the youngest board members in a large American corporation. After the United States entered the First World War under Woodrow Wilson, the Selective Service Act of 1917 required all men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for military service. Kennedy tried to get a special permit, which he got from the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation on the Fore River from mid-October 1917, despite his lack of expertise in shipbuilding , because he was active in a company that was indispensable for the conduct of the war. On a recommendation from Bethlehem Steel's attorney Guy Currier , he was promoted to the shipyard's deputy chief executive officer, which included an annual salary of $ 4,000. It was here that Kennedy first met Franklin D. Roosevelt , who was then serving as Secretary for the Navy .

In 1919, Kennedy took over the Maine & New Hampshire Theaters Co., which owned over 31 New England movie theaters as well as rights to several English film productions. During this time it became clear for the first time how closely interwoven Kennedy's economic and political interests were: his father-in-law, John F. Fitzgerald , won the election to represent Boston on November 5, 1918 against the likewise Democratic candidate Peter Francis Tague . Fitzgerald ran against Tague only because Tague was unwilling to participate in a lucrative real estate deal with Fore River Shipyard . Joe Kennedy, who was one of the campaign organizers, hired Italian immigrants and professional boxers to change Tague's voters' minds. On October 24, 1919, Fitzgerald was expelled from the House of Representatives after an eight-month investigation for electoral fraud. In 1919 Kennedy left the company after successful work and from then on worked for the Boston brokerage firm Hayden, Stone and Company.

In stock trading he used his annual salary of $ 10,000 profitably and became a millionaire from 1926. It is unlikely that Kennedy's salary alone was enough to speculate on the stock market so successfully that he could support his family of five, pursue his passion for betting and become a millionaire on the side. Rather, it is documented by numerous sources that Kennedy got into alcohol smuggling very early at the beginning of Prohibition (January 16, 1920). Probably the clearest indication of Kennedy's alcohol smuggling activities is provided by the Canadian Royal Commission on Customs and Excise , which documents that Kennedy and his company called Silk Hat Cocktail Co. in Vancouver (BC), at 1206 Homer Street (downtown), met with the Henry Reifel's alcohol production company, also registered there, shared the office space. The sole business purpose of the Reifel company was the production of alcoholic beverages and their export to the United States. In a 1928 report, the Royal Commission documents extensive and persistent irregularities by these companies in connection with these export deals.

He obtained the sugar required for this from Diamond Joe Esposito , the head of the Chicago Outfit and at the time probably the most powerful gang boss in the United States. Esposito controlled the distribution of sugar imported from Cuba in the northeastern United States.

Joseph Kennedy with his family, 1931
Joseph Kennedy with his family, 1931

During Prohibition , President Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) assured Esposito and all customers he supplied with sugar - including Joe Kennedy, Lewis Rosenstiel and Joe Reinfeld - protection in return for their political support. In the same meeting that took place in the early fall of 1924, Esposito also forced the president to promise not to prevent the Chicago Outfit from taking over all union activities across the country . This laid the foundation for the massive influence of the Mafia on US economic, domestic and foreign policy in the decades that followed. Esposito's sugar deliveries to Kennedy were mostly made via a certain Sam Giancana , who at that time was still working for Esposito as a driver and so-called enforcer and who would later become the acting boss of the Chicago mafia. After Kennedy had a load of alcohol transported through the area of ​​the Detroit Jewish Purple Gang , the latter challenged his head and had already set a killer on him. The Purple Gang, notorious for its tremendous brutality, was one of the logistical arms of the empire of the Canada- based Bronfman family, who through them and Moe Dalitz's organization smuggled their spirits into the United States via Detroit and Cleveland , and gangsters like Meyer Lansky , Irving Wexler , Lucky Luciano , Abner Zwillman and Joe Reinfeld supplied. Kennedy owed his rescue from this syndicate to the intervention of Joe Esposito , Paul Ricca, and Murray Humphreys . From then on, Kennedy was indebted to the Chicago Mafia. Kennedy also had to rely on cooperation with the mafia when selling his spirits, as practically all of the illegal bars, the so-called speakeasies , were controlled by them. To this end, he founded alliances with gangsters from Boston, Chicago , New Orleans and with Frank Costello in New York , who confirmed his cooperation with Kennedy in 1973. In 1923 he left Hayden and Stone and founded his own office. Kennedy began setting up his own bank in New York while he was still at Hayden and Stone.

Joseph Kennedy was already known at that time for transferring illegally acquired profits from the alcohol business into legal investments - i.e. for money laundering . The industries he selected for this (stock market, film industry and later real estate) were, then as now, predestined for money laundering. Kennedy's approach, which consisted of firstly cooperating with other investors in order to initiate a broadly diversified mix of different sources of money, secondly using as little equity as possible, thirdly, to modify very quickly and extensively within the acquired investments (e.g. merger, partial sale, Renovation), in order to sell them fourth after a very short time with very high profits, corresponds in a classic way to the first stage of the money laundering model, which was developed by the Harvard-trained, Colombian economist and former money launderer of the Cali cartel , Jose Franklin Jurado-Rodriguez , developed, and was certainly not referred to as the “Kennedification stage” for no reason.

Kennedy made millions more in the film business. Immediately afterwards, he suddenly got out of this investment, but not without previously so-called short-selling - i. H. banking on a falling course - which Kennedy also earned from the dramatic fall in RCA shares. This typical "pump-and-dump" deal was of crucial importance for Kennedy's expansion in the film industry: at the end of 1927 he had succeeded in convincing the owner of RCA, David Sarnoff , to buy himself from his FBO with US $ 0, 5 million to participate, this with the goal set by Kennedy to merge RCA and FBO together. Kennedy, who of course had not informed Sarnoff about this, had weakened Sarnoff financially to such an extent that he was not able to obtain a majority stake in the proposed merger. In order to avoid social exclusion from the traditionally influential Puritan elite in Boston because of his Irish Catholic origins, Kennedy moved to Hollywood in 1926 , which was followed by others in Riverdale , Bronxville , Palm Beach and Hyannis Port over the next few years . His most important business partner and lover remained Gloria Swanson , who gave birth to him a son. Kennedy actually took control of their lives, started Gloria Productions and tried in vain to get a dispensation from the Catholic Church that would have allowed them to live together. Soon after its opening, Joe Kennedy frequently visited the Cal Neva Lodge Hotel and Casino located in California and the tax haven Nevada , on Lake Tahoe , and used it as his headquarters in the west. Here it was possible for him to establish discreet contacts with greats from the economy, such as B. Errett Lobban Cord , politics, such as B. Patrick Anthony McCarran , the film and show business such. B. alongside many others Judy Garland and later Marilyn Monroe , Frank Sinatra , and especially organized crime. After Kennedy had already taken over the FBO in 1926 for US $ 1.5 million , in 1928 he acquired the Radio Corporation of America , which had a then new system for producing sound films. What he was missing now to distribute his productions was a film theater chain. He closed this gap in the same year by taking over the New York-based Keith-Albee-Orpheum Theaters Corp. (KAO) , which had around 700 theaters in the USA and Canada and which he merged with his FBO to form the new Radio Keith Orpheum (RKO) in 1928 . Edward Franklin Albee II , the founder of KAO, only agreed to the sale after Kennedy assured him that Albee would retain control of the chain. But as soon as the contracts were signed, Kennedy said bluntly: “Didn't you know, Ed? You're washed up. Through. "In January 1929, Kennedy bundled all of his shares in film distribution and production (FBO), in sound engineering (RCA) and performance (KAO) in Radio-Keith-Orpheum Pictures (RKO) . Considering that Fortune magazine estimated Kennedy's fortune at only US $ 2.0 million in the mid-1920s, it seems quite realistic that large parts of the investments for Kennedy's massive entry into the film business were from the mafia, namely Paul Ricca and Frank Nitti , came from. Kennedy was in contact with Billy Dwyer , Danny Walsh and Frank Costello .

In the western part of the USA, however, the RKO had no significant position. The undisputed market leader west of the Mississippi was Alexander Pantages , a Greek immigrant who ran 30 vaudeville theaters and was involved in around 60 other film theaters, and who had already entered into a partnership with the film distributor Famous Players , a subsidiary of the production company Paramount Pictures , in 1920 . Since Kennedy saw his expansion efforts by Pantages' company severely limited, he made him a takeover offer for US $ 8 million in February 1929, which Pantages refused. Kennedy then let his contacts to banks and the film industry play, which he caused that Pantages' theater were largely excluded from premieres.

Kennedy's main interest in getting involved in the film industry was primarily in making money rather than making good films. He had realized that the theater chains could be blackmailed by the production companies and had therefore decided not to be blackmailed. With the strong growth of the film industry, production costs rose to astronomical heights - stars like Charlie Chaplin received up to US $ 10,000. weekly, which necessitated the increasing funding from banks. Too often, however, the banks refused to act. The director of De Mille-Pathé , Cecil B. DeMille , once described the situation as follows: “When banks came into pictures, trouble came in with them.” He defiantly commented on this situation to a colleague at Hayden, Stone: “Look at that bunch of pants pressers in Hollywood making themselves millionaires. I could take the whole business away from them. ”Kennedy succeeded in subverting this Jewish dominance in Hollywood by stirring up fears that American politicians would distrust a major industry and pass laws to censor it if it were to be censored by Eastern European Jews dominated and would be used for their purposes. He presented himself as the new, fresh and non-Jewish face of this industry who would succeed in protecting the film industry from such developments.

At the end of 1930, Kennedy arranged for the RKO to take over the American branch of the French film producer De Mille-Pathé, before he sold his last RKO shares to Nelson Rockefeller and his brothers in 1931 . In the course of the global economic crisis, the RKO suffered from a sharp drop in audience numbers and, due to its insufficient capital resources, could no longer bear the high burdens from the numerous takeovers. In the same year, the RKO applied for an orderly bankruptcy, due to which it was placed under administration until 1940.

With the lifting of prohibition, profit margins in the alcohol business fell significantly, but were still very reasonable due to an alcohol and import tax levied at the same time as the lifting of prohibition. Because now it was worthwhile to satisfy the dramatically increased demand for imported products with locally distilled fusel, which was filled in bottles with import labels. With this, Kennedy also made millions in profits. Immediately after the end of World War II, Kennedy began to invest heavily in real estate. In 1945 he acquired the Merchandise Mart in Chicago for just under US $ 13 million, using only $ 800,000 of equity capital. Marshall Field originally built it in 1930 for $ 30 million and at that time, with its 372,000 m², it was not only the largest commercial property in the country Outfit-controlled gambling and prostitution flourished after he had bought a thirteen-story building from Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. in Albany for US $ 1.8 million two weeks earlier . The purchase of the merchandise mart is noteworthy in that Kennedy acquired it for a little less than half its original construction cost, even though the national real estate index of construction costs more than doubled in 1930 to its commercial value in 1945. The Merchandise-Mart was able to change the index. a. therefore incomprehensible because a large part of their offices were occupied by government agencies who paid very little rent for them, but at the time of their sale it was still on the books at Marshall Field's for US $ 21 million. Immediately after the acquisition, Kennedy managed to persuade the state authorities to move out and replace them with commercial tenants, increasing the annual rental income from this property to US $ 13 million and its market value to US $ 75 million. Kennedy conducted almost all of his real estate business through the New York realtor and real estate tycoon John J. Reynolds , who was also mainly busy regulating the real estate business of the New York Archdiocese and Kennedy had been recommended by his friend, Cardinal Francis Joseph Spellman . Through the real estate deals concluded through Reynolds, Kennedy increased his fortune by an estimated US $ 100 million. Kennedy used the strategy known as leverage on equity for his real estate engagements : for the acquisition of a property worth, for example, $ 2 million, he borrowed $ 1, 8 million at 4.0% p. a. (= $ 72,000.-). With a net rental income of 6.0% (= $ 120,000.-) he achieved a surplus of $ 48,000.— pa, which corresponds to a return on his equity capital of 24.0% pa.

Political career

In the election campaign for Roosevelt

In the 1932 presidential election in the United States , Kennedy supported Franklin D. Roosevelt , also during the primaries against the Catholic Alfred E. Smith . Kennedy served on the campaign committee for Roosevelt. In addition to a donation of US $ 100,000, his support was primarily that he succeeded in getting the newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst involved in the election campaign for Roosevelt. To the surprised audience, why Roosevelt had chosen Kennedy of all people, who was seen by many not only as a beneficiary of the Great Depression, but also as a contributor to it, the President explained that thieves are the best at catching thieves. In addition to Kennedy's influence in the business world, his Catholic ancestry also proved useful to Roosevelt. So Roosevelt tried to influence the popular radio sermons of Charles Coughlin through Kennedy and to be able to convince him of the New Deal. When Kennedy did not receive the Treasury Department after the election, as he had hoped, but William H. Woodin and a few months later Henry Morgenthau , he reacted disappointed. Instead, Kennedy was appointed chairman of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from July 1934 , an office he held until September 1935. During this time he made friends with the future federal judge William O. Douglas and campaigned for him to be his successor in the chairmanship of the SEC. From 1936 to 1937, Kennedy was chairman of the United States Maritime Commission (MARCOM).

In the 1936 presidential election in the United States , Kennedy again supported Roosevelt. During the election campaign, he published the book I'm for Roosevelt , in which he defended the New Deal, also against allegations by media tycoon Hearst that these measures were a communist conspiracy, and stressed that this saved capitalism from capitalists be.

ambassador

Macdonald House , American Embassy in London from 1938 to 1960

In December 1937 he was appointed US ambassador to London by Roosevelt . The President had previously offered to succeed Daniel C. Roper as Secretary of Commerce of the United States . Kennedy achieved the most prestigious diplomatic post America had to offer. Inexperienced in foreign policy and without having agreed with Roosevelt on Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler , he traveled to London with his family in March 1938. There he put his sons Joe junior and John in prominent positions in the embassy staff and encouraged them, as always as a father, to go their own way. Joseph P. Kennedy junior later stayed in the First Czechoslovak Republic during the Sudeten crisis and in the Second Spanish Republic during the last months of the Spanish Civil War . John experienced the Czechoslovak Republic and the smashing of the rest of the Czech Republic on site.

As an ambassador, Kennedy got into constant disputes with the State Department under Cordell Hull . Contrary to what Roosevelt had hoped, Kennedy got along very well with Chamberlain from the start, despite his Irish origins, and spoke publicly in terms of the appeasement policy , including on Trafalgar Day . Reacting to this speech, too, Roosevelt affirmed in a speech seven days later his rejection of the policy of appeasement and a peace in fear. Kennedy himself wavered between believing in America's strength to endure a Third Reich victory undeterred and desperation in the face of a victory by the Axis Powers and the isolated United States in a hostile environment. He failed to develop a clear position and reacted to Chamberlain's declaration of war on the German Reich after the attack on Poland with deep resignation and hopelessness. He sent his family back to America in September 1939. Kennedy himself soon suffered from severe homesickness, especially after a family visit to America in December 1939, repeatedly stressed in public that the Second World War was none of the United States' business, and complained about the insignificance and unpretentiousness of his post to the American consul in Paris, Robert Murphy . His indiscretions and the constant emphasis on America's neutrality meant that his popularity was damaged not only in the UK. At the latest when Kennedy's defeatism, which was partly understood as Nazi-friendly, went so far that London had even considered declaring him a persona non grata , the State Department minimized the connection to the embassy. When Winston Churchill succeeded Chamberlain as Prime Minister in May 1940 , he and Roosevelt, also in view of the Tyler-Kent affair, came to the conclusion that the American embassy in London was an undesirable diplomatic channel and henceforth isolated it.

In addition to the close connection to Chamberlain, Kennedy quickly formed a close friendship with the US-born, British House of Commons Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor , who led an ultra-conservative circle on her luxurious country estate with the so-called Cliveden Set , which, among other things, was the founder and leader of the British Fascist Party (BUF) Oswald Mosley belonged to. Nancy Astor was a proven anti-communist and anti-Semite and wrote in a letter to Kennedy that Adolf Hitler could possibly be the solution to both problems. Kennedy also had plenty of early contact with the German ambassador, Herbert von Dirksen , and once informed him that Roosevelt was a "victim of Jewish influence", whereupon von Dirksen reported to Berlin that Kennedy was Germany's best friend. Kennedy's ingratiation to representatives of Nazi Germany was also suspicious of Winston Churchill , who therefore had him observed by MI5 and, in addition to his contacts with Nancy Astor and Oswald Mosley, a secret meeting between Kennedy and Goering's deputy, Helmuth Wohlthat , which took place on May 9, 1939 Roosevelt's explicit ban took place, documented. In particular, Interior Minister Harold L. Ickes informed the President of Kennedy's friendly relations in the Cliveden Set and disloyal remarks towards him.

Joseph P. Kennedy in New York City on November 1, 1940

After the end of the Seat War and during the Western Campaign , Kennedy stuck to his defeatism, despite telegrams from the President encouraging him, and assumed that the United Kingdom would be quickly defeated unless a peace treaty with the Axis powers was reached. Since Roosevelt and Churchill left him outside of communication and decision-making, and given his isolation, he threatened to resign from his post as ambassador. Roosevelt asked Kennedy to stay, probably not wanting to lose in the 1940 presidential election in the business community and among Catholic voters. As a result, Kennedy was offered the chairmanship of the Democratic National Committee to succeed James Farley , so that when he returned to America, he would be firmly anchored in the president's camp. Kennedy declined this request and stayed in London for the time being. Still, he wanted to be back in America before election day, typically resentful to cause serious damage to Roosevelt in the election campaign. In October 1940, Kennedy Sumner Welles informed the State Department that he wanted to return home immediately, otherwise he would make public that he had been cut off from all important political communication for three months. To avoid a scandal, he was invited to the White House . When he was received there, Roosevelt was able to win him over again and persuade him to get involved again in his election campaign. Kennedy's promised speech on the radio in support of Roosevelt's re-election is considered one of the best of that campaign. One day after the re-election, Kennedy phoned the president and submitted his resignation.

In political retirement

In the weeks after his resignation, Kennedy visited the bitter political opponent of 1932, ex-President Herbert Hoover , who were now deeply concerned about the United States entering the war. He turned down attempts by the isolationist America First Committee to get him to join. When he was heard before the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs on the Lending and Lease Act , he expressed his trust in the President, his hatred of National Socialism and that he advocated the support of countries with war material in the fight against the Axis powers. He avoided the political and commercial life of New York City and moved to Palm Beach. Kennedy rarely appeared in public. A speech at Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, Georgia aroused wide criticism because it described America's entry into the war as far worse, including for domestic democracy, as a victory for the Axis powers. Nevertheless, after the attack on the Soviet Union , Kennedy refused Hoover's request to sign a manifesto against any American intervention with him, Alf Landon , Robert Maynard Hutchins and others. When Joseph junior and John enlisted for military service in early 1941, in competition with one another in the spirit of their father, he put no obstacles in their way. On the contrary, he promoted John through his personal contact with the Director of the Office of Naval Intelligence , Alan G. Kirk . This could get Kennedy's second youngest son despite his weak constitution a health qualification for the United States Navy . Immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor , Kennedy offered his services to the President, but Roosevelt made no response. Even a later meeting did not lead to his being entrusted with a public office.

In the Primaries for the United States Senate in Massachusetts in 1942 Kennedy participated again actively. On the one hand, he wanted to beat Roosevelt's candidate, Joseph E. Casey , and, on the other , he wanted to eliminate a politician popular with Irish Americans as a competitor for his eldest son, whom he wanted to build up as a man for the next election. To this end, he had his father-in-law, John F. Fitzgerald, run for the Senate seat in the Democratic primary . Casey prevailed among the Democrats, but he was defeated by Republican Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , who received campaign support from Kennedy.

The death of his eldest son Joe in August 1944 hit Kennedy hard; he had already prepared plans for his political career after the war. In 1946 he was involved in the successful election campaign of his son John for the traditionally democratic 11th constituency of Massachusetts in the House of Representatives of the United States . To do this, he initiated contacts with older politicians for him, did press work and made funds available for the campaign. From 1947 to 1949 he was a member of Harry S. Truman 's Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government , the so-called Hoover Commission . Kennedy was also a member of the committee that followed a few years later and was again headed by Herbert Hoover , and from August 1953 onwards he brought his son Robert F. to the staff.

Beliefs

According to his biographer Cari Beauchamp , who had access to Kennedy's private archive and analyzed it, Kennedy was in his political mindset racist (blacks were “niggers”), anti-Semitic (he called Jews “kikes” or “pants pressers”) and reactionary (already He saw liberals as communists). He "railed loudly" against the Jews who would produce anti-Nazi films. Like Chamberlain, he saw the real warmongers, especially in Jewish lobby groups, and since his speech on Trafalgar Day he felt himself exposed to constant attacks by Jewish journalists and editors. On the other hand, he criticized the attacks on the Jewish Germans in the Third Reich and was involved in the planning of rescue operations for Jewish refugees.

Old age and death

In 1946 Kennedy retired from public life. In December 1961 he suffered a severe stroke that severely affected the rest of his life. The head of the family disregarded warnings from his doctors, who hated not having everything under control. After the hospital stay following his stroke, he was barely able to speak and was in a wheelchair. The patriarch died in 1969 at the age of 81 at the family home in Hyannis Port.

Others

Kennedy was a playboy all his life . His lover, the actress Gloria Swanson , whose films he financed for a while, was just as frequent a guest at his house as the film star Marlene Dietrich , who was considered a friend of the family.

literature

  • Robert Dallek : John F. Kennedy - An Unfinished Life. Munich 2003. (Contains essential information on the life of Joseph Kennedy).
  • David Nasaw: The Patriarch - The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy. Penguin Books, New York 2014, ISBN 978-0-14-312407-8 .
  • Ronald Kessler: The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded . Grand Central Publishing, New York City 1996, ISBN 978-0-446-51884-0 .

Web links

Commons : Joseph P. Kennedy  - Collection of Images, Videos, and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ronald Kessler: The Sins of the Father. Warner Books, New York 1997, ISBN 0-446-60384-8 .
  2. ^ Robert Dallek: John F. Kennedy - An Unfinished Life. Munich 2003, p. 27f.
  3. ↑ Knox Beran, Michael in The New York Times: The Last Patrician - Bobby Kennedy and the End of American Aristocracy. http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/beran-patrician.html
  4. ^ Nasaw, David: The Patriarch - The remarkable life and turbulent times of Joseph P. Kennedy, The Penguin Press, New York, 2012, ISBN 978-1-59420-376-3
  5. ↑ David Nasaw: The Patriarch - The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy . Penguin Press, New York City 2012, ISBN 978-1-101-59591-6 , p. 39.
  6. ^ Robert Dallek: John F. Kennedy - An Unfinished Life. Munich 2003, p. 29.
  7. ↑ David Nasaw: The Patriarch - The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy . Penguin Press, New York City 2012, ISBN 978-1-101-59591-6 , pp. 39-41.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f John N. Ingham: Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders. Volume 2, pp. 704 f.
  9. ^ A b Richard J. Whalen: Joseph P. Kennedy: A portrait of the founder (Fortune Classics, 1963). ( Memento of the original from July 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. April 10, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / features.blogs.fortune.cnn.com
  10. ↑ David Nasaw: The Patriarch - The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy . Penguin Press, New York City 2012, ISBN 978-1-101-59591-6 , pp. 47 f.
  11. ^ A b c Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 5
  12. ↑ David Nasaw: The Patriarch - The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy . Penguin Press, New York City 2012, ISBN 978-1-101-59591-6 , p. 48.
  13. ↑ http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/The-Kennedy-Family/Joseph-P-Kennedy.aspx
  14. ↑ a b c Seymor Myron Hersh: Kennedy - The end of a legend. (The Dark Side of Camelot, 1998) 3rd edition. Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-455-11257-9 .
  15. ↑ Sam and Chuck Giancana: Giancana - The Godfather of Power.
  16. ↑ Frank Collier, David Horowitz : The Kennedys - An American Drama. Encounter Books, 1984, ISBN 1-893554-31-7 .
  17. ↑ Stephen Schneider: Iced - The Story of Organized Crime in Canada. 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-83500-5 , p. 207.
  18. ↑ a b Sam and Chuck Giancana: Giancana - The Godfather of Power. P. 34 f.
  19. ↑ Sam and Chuck Giancana: Giancana - The Godfather of Power. P. 35.
  20. ↑ Sam and Chuck Giancana: Giancana - The Godfather of Power.
  21. ↑ a b Sam and Chuck Giancana: Giancana - The Godfather of Power. P. 126.
  22. ^ Sifakis, Carl: The Mafia Encyclopedia, 3rd edition, 2005, Facts on File Inc., New York, pp. 61 f.
  23. ↑ Kenneth C. Davis: Everything You need to know about American History - but never learned. Harper Collins Publishers, New York 2012, ISBN 978-0-06-196054-3 .
  24. ^ Bongard, Kai: Economic factor money laundering, Dt. Universitätsverlag, Wiesbaden, 2001, 1st edition, ISBN 978-3-8244-0622-7 , pp. 87 ff.
  25. ^ Friedrich Schneider, Elisabeth Dreer, Wolfgang Riegler: Money laundering - forms, actors, order of magnitude and why politics is powerless. Gabler-Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8349-0158-3 , p. 190.
  26. ^ Robert Dallek: John F. Kennedy - An Unfinished Life. Munich 2003, p. 32f.
  27. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 6.
  28. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 13 f.
  29. ↑ Peter Collier, David Horowitz: The Kennedys. Pp. 7-54.
  30. ^ Sally Denton & Roger Morris: The Money and the Power - Rise and Reign of Las Vegas. Epub, ISBN 978-1-4090-0203-1 , Randomhouse.uk, London 2002.
  31. ↑ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0448132/bio
  32. ^ Arthur Frank Wertheim: Vaudeville Wars: How the Keith-Albee and Orpheum Circuits Controlled the Big-Time and Its Performers. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, ISBN 1-4039-6826-8 .
  33. ↑ Sam and Chuck Giancana: Giancana - The Godfather of Power. P. 123 f.
  34. ↑ TJ English, Paddy Whacked: The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster. Regan Books, 2005, ISBN 978-0-06-059003-1 .
  35. ↑ http://www.pittsburghquarterly.com/index.php/Historic-Profiles/money-power-and-purpose.html
  36. ↑ http://www.pittsburghquarterly.com/index.php/Historic-Profiles/money-power-and-purpose.html
  37. ^ Betty Lasky: RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All. Roundtable, Santa Monica, California.
  38. ↑ David Nasaw: The Patriarch - Joseph P. Kennedy.
  39. ↑ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0448132/bio
  40. ^ Roy Pickard: The Hollywood Studios. Frederick Muller, London 1978, ISBN 0-584-10445-6 .
  41. ^ Roy Pickard: The Hollywood Studios. Frederick Muller, London 1978, ISBN 0-584-10445-6 .
  42. ↑ Sam and Chuck Giancana: Giancana - The Godfather of Power. P. 145 f.
  43. ↑ http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/01/17/page/20/article/just-browsing
  44. ↑ http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/glimpse-kennedy-fortune-article-1.802334
  45. ^ Michael Newton: The Mafia at Apalachin. Mac Farland & Co., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2012, ISBN 978-0-7864-6640-5 , p. 164.
  46. ↑ TIME Magazine, July 30, 1945: https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801691,00.html
  47. ↑ Yale University: US National Index Levels from 1890 (MS Excel; 156 kB)
  48. ↑ http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/01/17/page/20/article/just-browsing
  49. ↑ http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/01/17/page/20/article/just-browsing
  50. ^ Wagoner, Walther H. in The New York Times: John J. Reynolds sr., 78, a broker for real estate transfers in city; http://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/27/obituaries/john-j-reynolds-sr-78-a-broker-for-real-estate-transfers-in-city.html
  51. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from July 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / features.blogs.fortune.cnn.com
  52. ↑ http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/01/17/page/20/article/just-browsing
  53. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from July 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / features.blogs.fortune.cnn.com
  54. ↑ http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/01/17/page/20/article/just-browsing
  55. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 8
  56. ^ Peter Collier, David Horowitz: The Kennedys - An American Dream. Pp. 73-85.
  57. ^ Hugh Sidey: The Dynasty - The Kennedys. In: TIME Magazine. June 14, 1999.
  58. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 23
  59. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , pp. 8, 9
  60. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , pp. 24, 25
  61. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 11
  62. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 25
  63. ^ Robert Dallek: John F. Kennedy - An Unfinished Life. Munich 2003, p. 55f.
  64. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , pp. 26, 27
  65. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , pp. 27-29
  66. ↑ Joseph P. Kennedy. on the website of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  67. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , pp. 31, 32
  68. ↑ a b Edward Renehan: History News Network: Joseph Kennedy and the Jews.
  69. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 29
  70. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , pp. 33-36
  71. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , pp. 36, 37
  72. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , pp. 38-40
  73. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , pp. 46, 47
  74. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , pp. 48, 49
  75. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 56
  76. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 64
  77. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 107
  78. ↑ Excerpt from "Joseph P Kennedy's Hollywood Years", literaryreview.co.uk (English) ( Memento of the original from October 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.literaryreview.co.uk
  79. ^ Cari Beauchamp: Joseph P. Kennedy's Hollywood Years.
  80. ↑ On Joseph P. Kennedy's anti-Semitism, see also Robert A. Caro : The Passage of Power ( The Years of Lyndon Johnson , Volume 4), The Bodley Head, London, 2012, pp. 230 f., ISBN 978-0-679 -40507-8 .
  81. ↑ Wolfram Knorr: Hollywood at War , Weltwoche 41/2018, page 54ff with reference to Norbert F. Pötzl: Casablanca 1943: The secret meeting, the film and the turn of the war
  82. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger : Robert Kennedy and his times. Ballantine Books 1978, ISBN 0-345-32547-8 , p. 34
personal data
SURNAME Kennedy, Joseph P.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Kennedy, Joseph Patrick (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American politician and diplomat
DATE OF BIRTH September 6, 1888
PLACE OF BIRTH Boston , Massachusetts
DATE OF DEATH 18th November 1969
Place of death Hyannis Port , Massachusetts