Kudowa-Zdrój

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kudowa-Zdrój
Coat of arms of Kudowa-Zdrój
Kudowa-Zdrój (Poland)
Kudowa-Zdrój
Kudowa-Zdrój
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Lower Silesia
Powiat : Kłodzko
Area : 33.99  km²
Geographic location : 50 ° 26 '  N , 16 ° 14'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 26 '0 "  N , 16 ° 14' 0"  E
Height : 370 m npm
Residents : 9892
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 57-350 and 57-351
Telephone code : (+48) 74
License plate : DKL
Economy and Transport
Street : Wroclaw - Prague
Rail route : Kłodzko – Kudowa Zdrój
Next international airport : Wroclaw
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Residents: 9892
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Community number  ( GUS ): 0208031
Administration (as of 2015)
Mayor : Piotr Maziarz
Address: ul.Zdrojowa 24
57-350 Kudowa-Zdrój
Website : www.kudowa.pl



The Baroque Zameczek Castle from the end of the 18th century
“Hotel Fürstenhof”, around 1910
The drinking hall and foyer from 1931

Kudowa-Zdrój [ kuˈdɔva ˈzdruɪ̯ ] (German Bad Kudowa , older also Bad Cudowa , Czech Chudoba also Lázně Chudoba ) is a spa town in the powiat Kłodzki in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland . It is one of the oldest spas in the Kłodzko Land and Lower Silesia .

geography

Kudowa-Zdrój lies at the foot of the Heuscheuergebirge in a valley that opens to the south, close to the Czech border and belonged to the Bohemian angle . Due to its location on the European route 67 , which connects Wroclaw with Prague, it has good transport connections. In the district of Słone there is a border crossing that leads over the Metuje ( Mettau ) to the Nachoder district of Běloves.

From village to city

Kudowa arose on the site of the extinct settlement "Lipoltow", which was first mentioned in 1477 and belonged to the Nachod rule in the Königgrätzer Kreis . At that time, Duke Heinrich d. Ä. , to which the reigns Nachod and Hummel and the county Glatz belonged since 1472 , the parish Tscherbeney , to which "Lipoltow" belonged, in the rule Hummel and this in the same year in his county Glatz. The place name "Chudoba" is first documented for the year 1560 and means poverty in Czech . The place was small and insignificant and was in the upper part of the valley. Its history is closely linked to the Tscherbeey manor , to which it belonged from the beginning. It was not until the discovery of the mineral springs in 1580 that the village of Kudowa began to develop slowly. Around this time it came to the Protestant lords of Stubenberg together with the Tscherbeey manor , who incorporated it into their rule Neustadt an der Mettau . They were expropriated after the Battle of the White Mountains in 1620, and the rule of Neustadt came for a short time to Albrecht von Waldstein and then to his brother-in-law Adam Erdmann Graf Trčka . After both deaths in 1634, the Scottish Counts of Leslie became the owners of Neustadt an der Mettau and thus also of the Tscherbeey manor.

After the First Silesian War in 1742 and finally with the Peace of Hubertusburg in 1763, Kudowa fell to Prussia together with the County of Glatz . This ended centuries of political affiliation with Bohemia . The Prussian King Frederick the Great showed Kudowa a special interest. He visited it in 1765 and had the well water examined. The separation from the rule Neustadt an der Mettau took place in the year 1785, when the manor Tschorbeney was sold to the baron Michael von Stillfried auf Neurode . He and his son Imperial Count Joseph von Stillfried tried to plan the expansion of the springs and spa facilities. The new castle was built on the site of the former hunting lodge, and the Protestant chapel was built on the castle hill. The brisk construction activity ensured many craftsmen and workers an income for years.

After the reorganization of Prussia, Kudowa belonged to the province of Silesia from 1815 and was incorporated into the district of Glatz from 1816 to 1945 . An economic boom followed from 1819 under the landscape director Sigismund Adolf von Götzen and his brother Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm von Götzen the Elder. J. Since the brothers died childless, their nephew Anton Graf von Magnis (1786–1861) inherited the property. His parents were Anton Alexander von Magnis and Louise von Götzen, a sister of the brothers Sigismund Adolf and Friedrich Wilhelm. In 1863 Kudowa was owned by the entrepreneur Eduard von Kramsta . The separation from the Tscherbeey manor took place in 1873, when Baron von Otterstedt sold the Tschorbeney share and only kept Kudowa. Due to the subsequent multiple changes of ownership, however, economic development was hampered for a few years.

A great contribution to the development of Kudowa was made by Dr. Amand Ferdinand Nentwig, who had worked as a bath and fountain doctor since 1844 and was appointed "Royal Medical Council" in 1862. Because of the exemplary management of the hospital, which was set up during the German War of 1866 in Kudowa for the wounded in the battle of Nachod , he received the Order of the Royal Crown . After the spa doctor Dr. Johannes Jacob also successfully treated heart patients with natural carbonic acid baths from the local springs, around 1870 it became known beyond Germany as "Herzheilbad Kudowa" and was visited by many foreign spa guests. With the opening of Heuscheuerstraße in 1871, tourism increased significantly. A flood after a downpour in 1888 caused great damage and turned the whole valley into a lake.

In 1904 Kudowa, which then had 792 inhabitants, became an independent rural community . In the same year the "Aktiengesellschaft Kudowa" was founded, which enabled large investments with extensive planning and its economic strength. The rural community of Kudowa created the necessary infrastructure. With the opening of the Glatz-Kudowa-Sackisch railway in 1905 , the number of spa guests and those seeking relaxation increased significantly. In the following years, Kudowa received electric light, water pipes and sewerage. The sidewalks and streets were paved and street lights were put on. The community built a hospital, a fire equipment house and a community office building with central heating. The AG Kudowa pursued a generous expansion of the spa facilities and spa houses. The bathhouses were equipped with the most modern hygienic and technical bathing facilities. The luxurious "Hotel Fürstenhof" (after 1945 Hotel Polonia ) and the comfortable sanatoriums and villas also date from this period.

In 1915 the Kudowa District was formed, which consisted of the Kudowa rural community. In 1920 Kudowa rose to the spa and was therefore renamed "Bad Kudowa". In the same year the AG Kudowa was acquired by the "Brothers Martin and Paul Polka OHG". They initiated the construction of the drinking and foyer with the concert hall and a new orchestra shell in the spa gardens. The community, which has since been administered by a paid community and office head, built workers' houses and a community library at the end of the 1920s.

As a result of the Second World War , in 1945, like almost all of Silesia , Kudowa was placed under Polish administration and initially renamed Chudobice-Zdrój and a short time afterwards Kudowa-Zdrój . The majority of the German population was expelled in 1946, unless they had fled before . Some of the new residents were displaced from eastern Poland , which had fallen to the Soviet Union . In 1946 Kudowa-Zdrój was elevated to a town and at the same time Zakrze ( Sacky ) was incorporated. The spa business was nationalized and resumed - partly with the help of the previous local German workers, craftsmen and spa doctors who had not been displaced. A Czech-language school was set up in 1947 in ul. Buczka for the children of these Germans from Kudowa and the surrounding villages. From the school year 1952, at the insistence of the student parents, it was continued as a German-speaking school in the Zakrze district until 1961. There was also a German cultural group in Kudowa in the 1950s. The historical building fabric was not well cared for in the post-war years and was partially left to decay. From 1975 to 1998 Kudowa-Zdrój belonged to the Wałbrzych Voivodeship ( Waldenburg ). After the end of communist rule, the sanatoriums, hotels and other facilities were privatized after 1990. Several villas have been renovated in the style of the time it was built. In 2002 a new indoor swimming pool was opened.

Thanks to the efforts of the then spa director Wacław Kaniewski, the first Moniuszko Festival took place in 1962 and has been held annually since then.

Medicinal springs

Fountain in the pump room

The healing properties of the Kudowa springs have been known since around 1580. In 1636 it is said to have had a wooden bathhouse, which was called "Tscherbeeyer Bath" ( Čermenské Lazně ). In 1694 and 1705 the springs were designated as the strongest sour wells in County Glatz. At the end of the 18th century the Sauerbrunnen was sold in Berlin pharmacies for home drinking cures and around 18,000 bottles of it were delivered to Brandenburg , Silesia and Bohemia every year .

Kudowa has two drinking springs and three bathing springs. The upper well, an alkaline acid , was already used for baths in 1622. The Gotthold Spring , which was only discovered in 1887, contains a lot of lithium and radium . The healing springs were described by the doctor Hufeland as follows: "Kudowa has a wealth of carbonate gas that surpasses all steel water I know."

Medicinal indications and climate

Calcification of the arteries , Graves' disease , blood diseases, states of exhaustion, cardiovascular diseases , rheumatism , metabolic diseases, etc. Due to its location protected from the north and the abundance of forests, the climate is also ascribed a healing effect.

Spa gardens

View from Castle Hill ( Góra Parkowa )

The spacious spa park ( Park Zdrojowy ) was laid out by the Counts of Götzen by draining the originally swampy valley and constantly expanded and improved. Many rare trees grow in it, e.g. B. beeches , white poplars , white pines , noble firs and ancient yews , but also rhododendrons and other ornamental plants. The spa promenade crosses the spa park and stretches for about a kilometer to the spa pond ( Hammerteich ). In the park there is an orchestral shell and a covered wooden promenade in the style of spa architecture from the beginning of the 20th century. The bathhouses and the drinking hall and lobby with the concert hall are located directly on the park.

Church affiliation

The Church of St. Catherine in Zakrze, built in 1680, the bell tower in 1713

Since its inception, Kudowa has belonged to the parish of St. Bartholomäus in Tschorbeney / Grenzck. There were chapels for Catholic Sunday services in Kudowa since 1906 in the Marienheim ( Gray Sisters ) and in the Villa Diana ( Maidservants of Mary ). After the incorporation of Zakrze to Kudowa in 1946, the local curate church of St. Catherine ( Kościół św. Katarzyny ) was raised to the parish church, to which Kudowa-Zdrój also belonged. With the construction of the Church of the Divine Mercy ( Kościół Miłosierdzia Bożego ) in 1972, Kudowa is now an independent parish. The branch churches in the districts of Brzozowie and Słone belong to the parish church in Czermna.

Attractions

View of the spa gardens
The former Hotel Fürstenhof (today: Polonia )
Church and skull chapel of Czermna
  • The baroque palace ( Zameczek ) in the park was built at the end of the 18th century by Count Joseph von Stillfried on the site of a burnt down hunting lodge. The next owners, Count Götzen, furnished it with all the amenities of modern living.
  • The Kurhotel "Fürstenhof" (since 1945 Polonia ), which was built around 1906 by the Kudowa corporation and has been the focus of social spa life from the start, is a representative building with over 120 rooms, elegant lounges, large course halls, spa theater and restoration rooms. In 1921 it housed the future British Prime Minister Winston Churchill .
  • The drinking hall and lobby were completed in 1931. The paintings on the history of the bathroom were created by the Viennese painter Arpad von Molnar in 1942–1943.
  • The Church of St. Catherine ( Kościół św. Katarzyny ) in the Zakrze district was built in 1680, the bell tower in 1713. The late baroque interior dates from the second half of the 18th century.
  • Above the spa park is the Schlossberg ( Góra Parkowa , formerly also Sternberg or Stammberg ), which is accessible via walking paths. In the middle of the forest is the Protestant chapel from 1797 with a cemetery, where Count Götzen were also buried.

In the neighborhood

  • Heuscheuergebirge
  • Wild holes ( Błędne skały )
  • Church and skull chapel ( Kaplica czaszek ) in Czermna
  • The village of Pstrążna with the open-air museum (Skansen)
  • Forest Chapel in the Green Valley ( Leśna Kapliczka Matki Boskiej Bolesnej ) near Słone
  • Town and castle Náchod in the Czech Republic

City structure

The districts belong to the municipality of Kudowa-Zdrój

  • Brzozowie ( Brzesowie , 1924–1945: Birkhagen )
  • Bukowina Kłodzka ( Bukowine , 1937–1945: Tannhübel )
  • Czermna ( Tscherbeey , 1937–1945: Grenzck )
  • Jakubowice ( Jakobowitz , 1937–1945: Wachtgrund )
  • Pstrążna ( Straußeney , 1937–1945: Straussdörfel )
  • Słone ( Schlaney , 1937–1945: Schnellau )
  • Zakrze ( Sacky ).

Twin cities

  • Hronov , Czech Republic
  • Horn-Bad Meinberg , Germany
  • There is also a partnership with the association Kudowa & Kultur e. V. from Kudowastrasse in Berlin.

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

  • Jan Koplowitz (1909–2001), German writer, since 2001 honorary citizen of Kudowa-Zdrój
  • Horst Kuss (* 1936), German historian and history teacher
  • Ralf Thenior (* 1945), German writer

Personalities who have worked on site

  • Anna Bernard (1865–1938), German writer, lived and died in Bad Kudowa
  • Franz Gescher (1884–1945), theologian and lawyer, died in Bad Kudowa

literature

  • František Musil: K počátkům "Českého koutků" v Kladsku . In: Český koutek v Kladsku. Kladský sborník , Hradec Králové 2008, ISBN 978-80-903509-8-4 , pp. 15-22.
  • Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 10-11.
  • Kudowa bathing administration: Bad Kudowa - heart and nerve spa . In: Monographs of German Cities, Vol. XIX, Berlin 1927, p. 121.
  • Karl Schindler: The community Bad Kudowa . In: Monographs of German Cities, Vol. XIX, Berlin 1927, p. 108.
  • Norbert Bartonitschek: The Graf-Götzen-Schloss in Bad Kudowa . In: Groffschoaftersch Häämtebärnla 2005, p. 78.
  • Anna Bernard: Bad Kudowa parish . In: Der Grafschafter, No. 1, 1935.
  • Jürgen W. Schmidt: "The up-and-coming spa town of Kudowa and its completely unexpected problems with its new sewage treatment plant", in: "Schlesische Geschichtsblätter", Volume 40 (2013) Issue 3 pp. 101-106

Web links

Commons : Kudowa-Zdrój  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ^ City website, Urząd Miasta , accessed on February 21, 2015
  3. ↑ Ladislav Hladký: Původ a vývoj místního jména Chudoba v tzv. Českém koutku v Kladsku . In: Český koutek v Kladsku , Kladský sborník 5. supplementum, Hradec Králové 2008, ISBN 978-80-903509-8-4 , pp. 143–151.
  4. ↑ The nobility of the Glatzer country
  5. ↑ District
  6. ↑ Marek Šebela, Jiři Fišer: České Názvy hraničních Vrchů, Sídel a vodních toků v Kladsku . In: Kladský Sborník 5, 2003, p. 374
  7. ↑ Krysztof Koźbiał: Szkoła z czeskim językiem nauczania v Kudowie-Zdroju . In: Kladský Sborník 5-2003, pp. 177-185.
  8. ↑ Arno Herzig / Małgorzata Ruchniewicz : History of the Glatzer Land, Hamburg - Wrocław 2006, ISBN 3-934632-12-2 , p. 82.
  9. ↑ History of the Princely Court (Polish)