Czermna

This article deals with the district of Kudowa-Zdrój ; for the village in Lesser Poland see Czermna (Szerzyny) .

Czermna
	Czermna
Basic data
State :	Poland
Voivodeship :	Lower Silesia
Powiat :	Kłodzko
District of:	Kudowa-Zdrój
Geographic location :	50 ° 27 '  N , 16 ° 14'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 27 '6 "  N , 16 ° 14' 21"  E
Height :	1283 m npm
Residents :
Postal code :	57-350
Economy and Transport
Street :	Kudowa-Zdrój - Pstrążna
Rail route :	Kłodzko – Kudowa Zdrój
Next international airport :	Wroclaw

Czermna (German Tscherbeey , 1525–1937 also German Tscherbeey , 1937–1945: Grenzck ; Czech: Německá Čermná ; later also: Veliká Čermná ) is a district of the municipality of Kudowa-Zdrój ( Bad Kudowa ) in the powiat Kłodzki in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland . Until 1674 it formed a unit with Malá Čermná ( Kleintscherbeney ) across the border to the Czech Republic . After the transition to Prussia in 1763, it belonged together with several villages to the so-called Bohemian angle .

geography

Tscherbeey: Church and rectory

Czermna located one kilometer north of the center of Kudowa-Zdrój in the Valley of Czermnica ( Czech heritage Neyer Bach ), who in the Table Mountains belonging Wilden holes ( Błędne Skały ) rises, beyond the border in Brné with Brlenka united and south of Velké Poříčí in the Metuje ( Mettau ) flows. The typical long village extends over five kilometers along the Czech border. It is densely populated in the lower part and gradually rises in a wide hollow. The valley through a deep cut between two mountains is above - the pork chops ( Swini Grzbiet ) to the east and the Efeuberg ( Bluszczowa divided -) to the west. This is where the sparsely populated upper village begins. The narrow valley is one of the most beautiful in this area due to its mountainous landscape.

In the lower village there is a border crossing for small border traffic to the neighboring Malá Čermná ( Kleintschermna ), a district of Hronov , over which the Heuscheuergebirge cycle path also leads. The spa park and spa pond of Kudowa-Zdrój are directly connected to the lower village.

history

The later Tscherbeey belonged to the old Bohemian Königgrätzer Kreis until 1477 . Together with Machau and the enclaves Zbečník ( Sbetschnik ) and Rokytník ( Roketnik ) it belonged to the Machau rule, which was owned by the Vladiken of the Adršpach branch of the Berka of Dubá . It was first mentioned in 1354 in the confirmation books of the Archdiocese of Prague , to whose district it belonged. In this year the pastor of Machau was introduced into his office by the ( not known by name ) "plebanus de Czrmney". From the fact that the place already had a church and a pastor, it can be concluded that it was of regional importance at that time and that it was probably founded in the second half of the 13th century. Together with 36 other parishes, it belonged to the ecclesiastical deanery in Dobruška in East Bohemia , which was under the Archdeaconate of Königgrätz .

Since two feudal estates already existed in the village area at an early age , which at times had different owners, the pastors were often presented by two patrons : After the death of Pastor Racek, on November 28, 1359, Johann von Adersbach ( Hanuš z Adršpachu ) presented the pastor Nicholas ("Nicolaus, presbyter de Budina "), which was introduced by the Hronow pastor Jakob Mauritz. In 1363, with the consent of the patrons Johann / Jan and Leo / Lév, pastor Nikolaus exchanged his position in "Czirmna" with pastor Johann from Řetová ( Ritouia ) in the diocese of Leitomischl . He was succeeded in 1364 with the consent of the patrons Johann / Jan and Zawisch / Záviš von Adersbach Johann von Vidonice ( Jan z Vidonic ), who was introduced by the dean of Dobruška. In 1378 Pastor Johann exchanged his office with the pastor Ulrich / Oldřich von Richemberg with the consent of the patrons Johann von Dubá and Leo von Adersbach as well as Vznata von Skuhrov . After the death of pastor Hynčík in 1401, the then owner of the estate Nachod Jetřich ( Dietrich ) von Janowitz, as pastor of "Czrmpna" presented the Przibisko from Cowacz ( Přibík z Kovač ), 1404 Wenzel / Václav, son of Paulus von Náchod ( Vlaus natus Pauli ) followed. The parish became extinct during the Hussite Wars .

Together with Machau, Tscherbeey probably came to the Nachod rule in 1405 . In 1477 Duke Heinrich d. Ä. , to which the Nachod and Hummel reigns and the Glatz county had belonged since 1472 , the entire Tscherbeey parish , to which the villages of Strausseney , Bukowine, Jakobowitz and Lipoltov (later Kudowa) belonged, into the Hummel reign. In the same year, Duke Heinrich d. Ä. the Lordship of Hummel in his County of Glatz. At the same time he transferred the rule of Hummel in 1477 to his follower, the Saxon nobleman Hildebrand von Kauffung as a hereditary fiefdom. Among the towns and villages mentioned in the corresponding document of June 12th, which at that time belonged to the Hummel rule, “Črmna” “with the exception of the two fiefs that We transferred to the Nachod rule” (“kromě dvého manstvie v též vsi , kteréž jsmy k Náchodu obrátili “). Since the country was partially depopulated due to the Hussite Wars, the rule of Hummel, which up until then belonged directly to the Kingdom of Bohemia, and thus Tscherbeey, was probably increasingly populated with Germans under Hildebrand von Kauffung. Presumably for this reason the place name "Deutsch-Tscherbeey" is already in use for the year 1525.

The 1477 under Duke Heinrich d. Ä. Fiefs of Tscherbeey that remained under the rule of Nachod were given to vassals belonging to the lower nobility. In an emergency they were obliged to do duty on foot with a crossbow and with armor suitable for a rifleman at the Náchod Castle , where they, like the castle servants, were entitled to food. The privileges previously granted to the feudal takers were confirmed in 1477. The two fiefdoms located in the Tscherbeeyer area were:

• The first was a fief Vorwerk ( poplužní dvůr ), which probably already existed in the first half of the 14th century. Its exact location is still unknown today. It is believed, however, that it was located above the church where the one-story mansard-roofed rectory was built in the early 19th century. This fiefdom included 1.5 hooves of forest, six rods of desolation, six subordinates and the church patronage. Since 1447 this fiefdom belonged to the descendants of Tamchyn von Doubrawitz and in 1456 it was owned by the Nachoder captain Wenzel / Václav Vrtimák von Rokytník, who was named in the oldest town book of Náchod in 1465 as a royal junker with his seat in Cherbeney ("zeman královy milosti seděním") referred to as. He was followed by Rafuš von Všestary ( Rafuš z Všestar ), who in 1496 sold his fiefdom with all accessories to Hildebrand von Kauffung. Duke Heinrich d. Ä. had already approved the sale on April 6, 1496 at his Glatzer Castle and at the same time consented that this property be detached from the Nachod rule and also incorporated into the Hummel rule.

• The second fiefdom was a small knight's seat. It was an inheritance called "Hartwig" ( Hartvík ) or "Černík" and from 1525 to 1674 as "Malá Německá Čermná". It consisted of a fortress ( Tvrziště , also Tvrdiště ) and was located in the southern part of Tscherbeey, later known as the Kleintscherma . This fiefdom was owned by Ernst / Arnošt von Krawa in the second half of the 15th century. He was followed by Georg / Jiřík von Všestary, from whom it passed to his sons Rafuš and Alexius / Aleš. As can be seen from a document dated June 2, 1477, they sold the festivals to Duke Heinrich d. Ä. on Náchod, who built a courtyard on it, which included fields, meadows, forests and ponds as well as everything that was originally owned by the fortress. Subsequently he forgave it as an inheritance to his servant Simon Sudlitz von Žernov . From 1474 to 1480 he held the post of Náchod burgrave and 1491/1500 of the castle captain. His Tscherbeeyer fiefdom Černík or Hartwig is included in an entry in the country table from 1500. In 1513 Jan inherited it, a son of Simon Sudlitz, who gave his brother Jakob / Jakub a fortress with a farm and the desolate village of Passendorf , which had been connected to this fiefdom since 1494. On January 25, 1525, Jakob von Sudlitz sold this fiefdom and pass village to the owner of the Nachod estate, Johann Špetle von Pruditz ( Jan Špetle z Prudic a ze Žlebů ), who gave the acquired estate to his castle captain Tobias Slansky von Doubrawitz ( Tobiáš Slanský z Doubravic ) and at the same time implemented it emphatically . In 1544 his son Bohuslav Slansky von Doubrawitz inherited it. In 1592 the Černík farm was in the hands of Vladiken Wenzel / Václav Amcha from Borovnice in Deutsch-Tscherbeey, who was a relative of Bohuslav from Doubrawitz. At the end of the 16th century this estate was owned by the Sendražský of Sendražice . In 1653 Bohuslav Adam von Sendražice sold it to Heinrich von Bubna , from whom the knight Karl Christoph von Ullersdorf ( Karel Kryštof z Ullersdorfu ) acquired it in 1667 . It was not until the town of Náchod acquired the free court or knight seat Černík / Hartwig ("svobodný dvůr nebo rytířské sidlo zvané Hartvik") in 1674 that the independent village of Kleintscherma or Malá Čermná arose, which now politically no longer belonged to the County of Glatz.

From 1541, the rule of Hummel and thus Tscherbeey was owned by Johann von Pernstein . Around this time, the Tscherbeey rule, to which the villages Deutsch-Tscherbeey, Strausseney, Bukowine, Jakobowitz and the later Bad Kudowa belonged, must have been dissolved by the Hummel rule, which was in dissolution and soon afterwards became Kammergut . This emerges from a recently found document in Breslau , with which on December 1, 1551, Emperor Ferdinand I, in his capacity as King of Bohemia, confirmed that Johann von Pernstein, who died in 1548, was pledged to Heinrich Přepyšsky von Richemberg ( Jindřich Přepyšský z Rychemberka ) donated the village "Deutsch-Tscherbeey" with some villages and then incorporated them into his county Glatz, of which he had been pledgee since 1537. Presumably, the Přepyšsky von Richemberg owned the Tscherbeey rule until it was sold to the Protestant lords von Stubenberg , who incorporated it into their Neustadt an der Mettau rule . In any case, Tschorbeney was administered from Neustadt from the 1590s. Since the subjects had to accept the religion of their rule, the church of Tscherbeey now served as a Protestant church.

After the Battle of the White Mountains , the Stubenbergs were expropriated because of their participation in the Bohemian uprising . Their possessions went for a short time to Albrecht Wallenstein , who sold them to his brother-in-law Adam Erdmann Graf Trčka . He founded the later Bad Kudowa ( Lázně Chudoba ) on Tscherbeeyer's corridors , whose sour wells had been known since 1580. After 1622, both Bohemia and the County of Glatz were extensively re-Catholicized and Tscherbeey became a branch church of the Catholic parish of Neustadt an der Mettau. After Trčka's death in Eger in 1634 , the imperial field marshal Walter Leslie became the owner of Neustadt and with it the Tscherbeey manor. According to the Berní rula of 1653, Tscherbeey consisted of 10 farmers, three Chalupners and 21 gardeners . The contribution was paid to the County of Glatz.

In 1664, Tschorbeney came to the newly founded diocese of Königgrätz, which was newly founded in the course of the Counter Reformation, because of its ecclesiastical affiliation to the Bohemian Neustadt . In the same year the oldest church register in Tscherbeney was created with baptism and death registries. The Königgrätzer Bishop Johann Joseph Wratislaw von Mitrowitz raised Tscherbeey again to an independent parish in 1738, which also included the villages of Kudowa, Strausseney with Bukowine, Jakobowitz and the Bohemian villages Žďárky and Malá Čermná . After the County of Glatz fell to Prussia after the First Silesian War in 1742 and finally after the Peace of Hubertusburg in 1763, two years later the church conditions were also adapted to the political boundaries. Tscherbeey was separated from the diocese of Königgrätz and assigned to the dean's office in Glatz. From that point on, it again belonged to the Archdiocese of Prague. In 1780 the villages of Schlaney and Brzesowie , which were also in the county of Glatz, and which until then belonged to the parish of St. Laurentius in Náchod, were assigned to the parish of Tscherbeey and the villages of Ždarky and Malá Čermná were reclassified into the Bohemian parish of Hronov.

In 1785 the Counts Leslie sold the Tscherbeey manor to Michael von Stillfried on Neurode . After the reorganization of Prussia, Tschorbeney belonged to the province of Silesia from 1815 and from 1816 was incorporated into the district of Glatz , with which it remained connected until 1945. During the Napoleonic Wars , Friedrich Wilhelm III lived from June 9th to 29th, 1813 . in the Tscherbeeyer rectory. With the participation of August Neidhardt von Gneisenau and Ernst Moritz Arndt , he conducted preparatory talks for the anti-Napoleonic military alliance with Russia and Austria and also took part in the negotiations at Opočno Castle at times .

In 1819 the brothers Adolf Sigismund († 1847) and Friedrich Wilhelm von Götzen d. J the Cherbeney reign. Since both died without offspring, their nephew, Count Anton von Magnis , inherited the property. He soon sold the property on, and various owners followed at short intervals. In 1857 Clemens von Mengersen took over the rule of Tscherbeey. Since he also held the church patronage, he donated 500 thalers for the extension of the parish church. In 1863 Tschorbeney was owned by Eduard von Kramsta , who was succeeded by Baron von Otterstedt. In 1873 he sold the Cherbeney estate, which he now outsourced to Kudowa, which he kept for himself. In 1874 the district of Tscherbeey was formed, to which the rural communities Strausseney and Tscherbeney as well as the manor district of the same name belonged.

During the time of National Socialism in 1937 Tscherbeey was renamed Grenzck . As a result of the Second World War , Tscherbeey / Grenzck fell to Poland in 1945, like almost all of Silesia , and was initially renamed Czerwone and later Czermna . Most of the German population was expelled . Numerous residents had already fled to Czechoslovakia across the nearby border . Some of the new settlers were displaced from eastern Poland . In the 1950s, Czermna was incorporated into Kudowa-Zdrój.

In 1993, residents of Czermna, Czechs from Hronov, Žďárky and Malá Čermná, and Germans from Aachen started a project aimed at understanding and meeting peoples. From this initiative the youth meeting place "Marzanka" emerged in 1994 and in 1999 the "Monument to the Three Cultures".

Attractions

Czermna: main altar of the parish church of St. Bartholomew

The skull chapel of Tschorbeney / Czermna

• The parish church of St. Bartholomew was built in the 14th century and was destroyed in the Hussite Wars. The reconstruction took place in the 16th century. In the second half of the 18th century it received its current baroque appearance. The furnishings of the church were renewed and restored several times in the following period. 1888 renewed and staffierte the Munich architect Joseph Elsner , who was baptized in this church in 1845, the main altar. The Landeck sculptor Aloys Schmidt created the side altars and the pulpit in 1930 .
• The free-standing bell tower was built in 1603 as a defense tower.
• The much-visited skull chapel is located between the church and the bell tower . It was built from 1776 to 1804 by Pastor Wenzel Tomaschek with financial support from the then patron Count Leopold von Leslie. The walls and ceiling of the chapel are covered with around 3000 bleached skulls and other human bones. Another 20,000 pieces of bone lie in the chapel's crypt . They are said to come from mass graves in the vicinity, in which the victims of plague and cholera epidemics, but also those who died in the Thirty Years' War and the Silesian Wars, were buried.
• The classical rectory with a mansard roof above the church was built at the beginning of the 19th century.
• In the upper village (ul.Kosciuszki 101), in the living room of a typical small house, you can see a four-meter-long mechanical Christmas crib , which is a replica of the city of Bethlehem and is equipped with 150 figures and 100 sheep carved from linden wood. The nativity scene was carved in the winter months between 1896 and 1924 by the farmer and weaver Franz Stephan and constantly improved.
• In the winter months of 1930–1938, Franz Stephan built an organ with a remarkable organ case. It was equipped with 10 registers for 270 pipes and exhibited in 1938 at the folk art and toy exhibition in the Citizens' Hall of the Wroclaw City Hall . It is still playable and can also be visited.
• The monument of the three cultures , which represents a rainbow spanning three pillars, has been in the upper part of the village since 1999 and commemorates the Czech, German and from 1945 Polish history of the place in three languages.

Personalities

• Gerhard Hirschfelder (1907–1942), 1932–1939 chaplain in Tscherbeney, then youth pastor of the County of Glatz. Died in 1942 in Dachau concentration camp and was beatified in 2010.
• Gerhard Wietek (1923–2012), art historian and former state museum director of Schleswig-Holstein

literature

• Ladislav Hladký: Dějiny Malé Čermné - Obce na Česko-Kladských hranicích - do roku 1850 . Hronov 2010, ISBN 978-80-254-7552-2 .
• Ladislav Hladký: K církevní organizaci tzv. Českého koutku v Kladském hrabstvi . In: Kladský sborník. 1, 1996.
• Aloys Bach : Documented Church History of the County of Glaz. Wroclaw 1841.
• Franz Albert: The history of the Hummel rule and its neighboring areas. First part: The Hummel reign up to 1477 . Selbstverlag, 1932, pp. 80-86.
• Norbert Bartonitschek: 650 years Grenzck / Tscherbeney . In: Grafschafter Bote. 02/2004.
• Norbert Bartonitschek: The church of Grenzck / Tscherbeney . In: Groffschoaftersch Häämtebärnla. 2006, pp. 80-87.
• Norbert Bartonitschek: Pastor Wenzel Tomaschek's records in the parish chronicle of Deutsch Tscherbeney . In: Groffschoaftersch Häämtebärnla. 2014, pp. 44–51 ( with the history of the skull chapel ).
• Joseph Kögler : The skull chapel of Tschorbeney . In: The County of Glatz. 1908, issue 03, pp. 53-54.
• Albert Hantsch: From Hummel to Heuscheuer . Glue 1976, DNB 820662461 .
• Jan Čížek: Kladská ves Německá Čermná v Novoměstké farní kronice . In: Dissertationes Historicae. Hradec Králové 1998.

Web links

• Historical and current views
• Historical views

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Now in Okres Ústí nad Orlicí .
2. ↑ History of Machau (Czech)
3. ↑ Jaroslav Šůla: Jména obyvatel homolského panství v XVI. a XVII. století jako doklad etnicity obyvatel regionu . In: Český koutek v Kladsku. Kladský sbornik, supplementum 5, Trutnov 2008, pp. 153–208, here p. 170.
4. ↑ January Cizek, Jiří Slavík: Manská soustava nachodského hradu . In: Castellologica Bohemica 8, year 2002, pp. 67-88.
5. ↑ January Cizek, Jiří Slavík: Manská soustava nachodského hradu . In: Castellologica Bohemica 8, year 2002, p. 78.
6. ↑ This was probably a descendant of the Königgrätz patrician Rafael ( Rafuš ) Glattner, who was Schulze ( rychtář ) of Königgrätz and also burgrave of Pottenstein after 1395 . During the Hussite Wars he emigrated to Glatz , where he was deputy burgrave . Rafael Glattner was ennobled with the predicate "z Chotělic" and probably also owned Všestary, after whom his descendants were named.
7. ↑ Martín Šandera: Jindřich I. Minsterberský - První hrabě Kladský a jeho majetková základna. In: Kladský sborník 6, 2004, p. 16.
8. ↑ Jaroslav Šůla: Jména obyvatel homolského panství v XVI. a XVII. století jako doklad etnicity obyvatel regionu . In: Český koutek v Kladsku . Kladský sbornik, supplementum 5, Trutnov 2008, pp. 153–208, here p. 173.
9. ↑ Dorf Tscherbeey, belonging to the lordship of Neüstadt in the king [kingdom] Böhm [en], but contributing to the county [Glatz] . In: Marie Ryantová: Berní rula , No. 34, ISBN 978-80-86712-43-7 .
10. ↑ Norbert Bartonitschek: The church of Grenzck / Tscherbeney . In: Groffschoaftersch Häämtebärnla. 2006, p. 80.
11. ↑ The nobility of the Glatzer country
12. ^ Tscherbeey district
13. ↑ Hildegard Berning: Joseph Elsner (1845-1933). In: Joachim Bahlcke (Ed.): Schlesische Lebensbilder , Volume 9. Insingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-7686-3506-6 , p. 300.