List of historical world maps

This list of historical world maps includes maps from the period up to 1800, which depict the part of the earth's surface known at the time and place of their creation and which claim to be a world map .

Antiquity

year	cartographer	title	country	Description, projection	Covered area	image
700-500 BC Chr.	Babylonian world map	Babylonian world map	Babylonia
	Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa	World map by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
approx. 375 AD	Named after Konrad Peutinger (1465–1547), who copied a Carolingian model in the late 15th century, which in turn goes back to the original of a Roman road map.	Tabula Peutingeriana

Middle Ages: From the bike map to the old world

year	cartographer	title	country	Description, projection	Covered area	image
around 1290	Richard de Bello	Hereford card	Germany	Bike map oriented to the east	Center Jerusalem , Europe , Northeast Africa , West Asia
around 1300	Gervasius of Tilbury	Ebstorf world map	Germany	East-facing bike map , world as the body of Christ , Noah's Ark , Amazons	Center Jerusalem , Europe with double Mediterranean islands
1321	Pietro Vesconte			Geosted world map, contained in the Liber secretorum fidelium crucis of Marino Sanudo the Elder
1402		Kangnido card (Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Ji Do)	Korea		Korea , China , India , proportionally small Arabia , Africa , South Europe
1411/ 1415	Albertin de Virga	De Virga world map	Italy	North-facing cycling map
1424	Zuane Pizzigano	Pizzigano card	Italy	first cartographic representation of the phantom island Antilia
1436	Andrea Bianco	Bianco world map
1450		Carta Catalana
1457	unknown	Genoese world map		The map is probably based mostly on the travel reports of Niccolo di Conti rather than those of Marco Polo.
1459	Fra Mauro		Italy	Cycling map facing south	Europe , Northeast Africa , West Asia
1448	Andreas Walsperger	World map by Andreas Walsperger	Germany	South-facing cycling map , winds, signs of the zodiac , planets , fixed stars
1467	Jacob d'Angelo
1468	Donnus Nicolaus Germanus	Totius Orbis Habitabilis Brevis Descriptio	Italy
1470		Zeitzer world map	Germany	Cycling map facing south
1493	Hartmann Schedel	Secunda etas mundi	Germany

1500–1628: America arrives

year	cartographer	title	country	Description, projection	Covered area	image
1500	Juan de la Cosa		Spain
1502	Alberto Cantino	Carta de Navigar per le Isole Nouam Trovate in le Parte de India	Portugal	Overall map	Eurasia without the Malay Islands and Japan , Africa , the Caribbean Islands , the east coast of South America
1505	Nicolo de Caveri	Caveri card	Italy	Overall map
1506	Giovanni Matteo Contarini , Francesco Rosselli	Contarini-Rosselli card	Italy
1506/1513 ?	Martin Waldseemüller , Johannes Schott	Orbis Typus Universalis Iuxta Hyrographorum Traditionem	Germany
1507	Martin Waldseemüller , Matthias Ringmann	Universalis Cosmographia Secundum Ptholomaei Traditionem et Americi Vespucii Aliorumque Lustrationes	Germany	Overall map centered on the Middle East in an equal -area cone projection, western and eastern hemisphere (small) in the same way	World north of 30 ° s. Br. , North America very narrow (only east coast), Australia absent
1507	Johannes Ruysch	Universalior Cogniti Orbis Tabula	Germany	Atlantic- centered overall map in true-to-length cone projection	Europe , Asia , Africa , the northeast coast of South America , North America absent except for a few islands as well as Newfoundland as associated with Asia
after 1507?	Martin Waldseemüller		Germany	12 globe segments, Southeast Asia centered
1508	Francesco Rosselli		Italy
1511	Vesconte Maggiolo		Italy
1511	Bernard Sylvanus		Italy
1512/ 1516?	Vesconte Maggiolo		Italy
1513	Piri Reis	Map of the Piri Reis	Turkey		West Africa , East Coast of America (eastern connecting part lost)
1514	Louis Boulengier	Universalis Cosmographie Descriptio tam in Solido quem Plano	France
1516	Martin Waldseemüller	Carta Marina Navigatoria Portugal	Germany
1520	Peter Apian	Tipus Orbis Universalis Iuxta Ptolomei Cosmographi Traditionem et Americi Vespucii Aliorque Lustrationes	Germany
1520	Pietro Coppo		Italy
1522	Laurent Fries	Orbis Typus Universalis Iuxta Hydrographorum Traditionem Exactissime Depicta	Germany
1522	Laurent Fries	Taboo (la) Nova Orbis
1524	Juan Vespucci	Totius Orbis Descriptio tam Veterum quam Recentium Geographorum	Spain
1525	Nuno Garcia de Toreno	Salviati card
1526	Juan Vespucci		Spain
1528	Benedetto Bordone
1529	Diego Ribero		Spain
1529	Girolamo de Verrazano
1531	Oronce Finé		France
1532		Typus Cosmographicus Universalis
1534/1536 ?	Oronce Finé	Recens et Integra Orbis Descriptio	France	Cape Verde -centered Stab Werner projection	Africa , Eurasia west of India , North and South America with valued west coasts, no Pacific , Terra Australis
1540	Battista Agnese		Italy	Ortelius oval projection with Magellanic circumnavigation and Spanish trade route to Peru , twelve anemoi (wind gods)	Africa , Eurasia west of India ( Scandinavia to the North Pole ), South America m. Indication of a southern continent, east coast of North America , from 2nd edition California
1540	Sebastian Munster	Type Orbis a Ptol. Descriptus	Germany	twelve anemoi	Europe , North Africa , Asia west of India , Ind as landlocked
1542	Jean Rotz		France	Atlantic and Pacific hemisphere in stereographic projection , eight anemoi each
1543	Guilaume Brouscon		France
1544	Sebastiano Caboto
1544	Peter Apian	Charter Cosmographica, cum Ventorum Propria Natura et Operatione	Germany
1544
1548	Giacomo Gastaldi	Universal Novo	Italy
1550	Sebastian Munster	Orbis Universalis type	Germany
1550	Pierre Desceliers		France
1550	Antonio Salamanca
1554	Lopo Homem		Portugal
1555	Antonio Floriano
1561	Girolamo Ruscelli	Carta Marina Nuova Tavola	Italy
1565	Paolo Forlani	Universale Descrittione di Tutta la Terra Conosciuta Fin Qui	Italy
1566	Nicolas Desliens		France	South-facing map, eight wind directions [135]		[136]
1569	Gerhard Mercator	Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium	Germany
1570	Abraham Ortelius	Orbis Terrarum type	Netherlands		World with Terra Australis instead of Australia & Antarctica , invented west coast of North America
1571	Benedictus Arias Montanus	Pars Orbis
1572	Girolamo Porro	La Carta da Navigare	Italy
1576	Tommaso Porcacchi	La Carta da Navigare	Italy
1578	George Best
1578	Gerard de Jode	Universi Orbis seu Terreni Globi in Plano Effigies	France
1581	Nicola van Sype	La Herdike Enterprinse Faict par le Signeur Draeck d'Avoir Cirquit Toute la Terre
1583	Sebastiao Lopes
1587	Rumold Mercator	Orbis Terrae Compendiosa Descriptio	Germany	Western and Eastern Hemisphere in Stereographic Projection	World with Terra Australis instead of Australia & Antarctica , invented west coast of North America
1588	Sebastian Munster	The first general table. The description and the circle of the whole earth and sea containing	Germany
1589	Gerard / Cornelis de Jode	Totius Orbis Cogniti Universalis Descriptio	France	Atlantic centered Mercator projection , western and eastern hemisphere (small) in stereographic projection	World with Terra Australis instead of Australia & Antarctica , fictional west coast of Canada , excluding Alaska and the like. Eastern Siberia
1589	Giovan Pietro Maffei	Indiarum Orientalium Occidentaliumque Descriptio	Italy
1590	Petrus Plancius	Orbis Terrarum Typus de Integro Multis in Locis Emendatus	Netherlands	Western and Eastern Hemisphere in Stereographic Projection	World with Terra Australis instead of Australia & Antarctica , invented west coast of North America
1594				Western and Eastern Hemisphere in stereographic projection , hemispheres of the celestial sphere , landscape and inhabitants of the continents
1593	Gerard / Cornelis de Jode	Hemisperium from Aequinoctiali Linea, ad Circulum Poli Arctici / Antarctici	France	Two maps: Northern and Southern Hemisphere
1595	Jodocus Hondius	Vera Totius Expeditionis Nauticæ	Netherlands	Atlantic and Pacific Hemisphere in stereographic projection with circumnavigation routes by Francis Drakes and Thomas Cavendish , representation and description of travel details	World with Terra Australis instead of Australia & Antarctica , the fictional west coast of Canada
1596	Giovanni Antonio Magini	Universi Orbis Descriptio	Italy	six anemoi
1596	Rumold Mercator	Orbis Terrae Compendiosa Descriptio	Germany
1596	Lambert Andreas	Orbis Terrarum type
1596	Matthias Quad	Typus Orbis Terrarum, ad Imitationem Universalis Gerhardi Mercatoris	Germany
1596	Michael Florent van Langren	Orbis Terræ Compendiosa Descriptio	Germany
1596/1597 ?	Jodocus Hondius	Typus Totius Orbis Terrarum	Netherlands
1597	Cornelius Wytfliet	Utriusque Hemispherii Delineatio	Netherlands
1597	Giuseppe Rosaccio	Universal Descrittione di Tutto il Mondo [di Gioseppe Rosaccio Cosmographo]	Italy
1598	Jodocus Hondius	Orbis Terrarum type	Netherlands	(Miniature map)
1598	Giuseppe Rosaccio	Orbis Terrae Compendiosa Descriptio
1598	Giuseppe Rosaccio	Orbis Descriptio
1599	Edward Wright
1599	Edward Wright
1601	Arnoldo di Arnoldi	Universal Descrittione del Mondo	Italy
1602	Jean Le Clerc	Orbis Terrae Novissima Descriptio	France	Western and Eastern hemisphere in stereographic projection , lighting zones / zenith course, Latin Bible passage Ps 24.1  EU	World with Terra Australis instead of Australia and Antarctica , invented west coast of Canada
1602	Matteo Ricci	Kūnyú Wànguó Quántú	China	Overall Pacific-Centered Map, North / South Pole Maps, Solar System (?), Ecliptic (?)	World with Terra Australis instead of Australia and Antarctica , invented west coast of North America
1603	Hernando de Solis	Tipus Orbis Terrarum		Atlantic centered overall map	World with Terra Australis instead of Australia and Antarctica , invented west coast of Canada
1605	Paul Merula	Totius Orbis Cogniti Universalis Descriptio
1606/ 1608?	Willem Janszoon Blaeu	Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Geographica ac Hydrographica Tabula	Netherlands	Overall map, north / south pole maps , seven planets ( Roman gods ), four elements , four seasons , seven wonders of the world	World with Terra Australis instead of Australia and Antarctica , excluding Canada
1608	Pieter van den Keere , Jan Jansson	- Copy of the Blaeu map from 1606 -
1609	Agostino Torniello	Situs Partium Praecipuarum Totius Orbis Terrarum	Italy
1610	Giuseppe Rosaccio	Universale Descrittione di Tutto il Mondo [ecc. Gioseppe Rosaccio]	Italy
1612	Hessel Gerritsz		Netherlands	Western and Eastern Hemisphere in Stereographic Projection	World with Terra Australis instead of Australia & Antarctica , excluding Canada / Alaska
1625	Jodocus Hondius	Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Geographica ac Hydrographica Tabula	Netherlands
1628	Robert Vaughan	A New and Accurate Mappe of the World	England	Western and Eastern Hemisphere in stereographic projection , solar and lunar eclipses , four elements , explorers	World with Terra Australis instead of Australia & Antarctica , excluding Alaska / Western Canada

1630–1800: Australia replaces Terra Australis

year	cartographer	title	country	Description, projection	Covered area	image
1630	Philipp Eckebrecht, Johann Philipp Walch	Noua Orbis Terrarum Delineatio Singulari Ratione Accomodata Meridiano Tabb. Rudolphi Astronomicarum	Germany	One and two half hemispheres in stereographic projection , lengths from Uraniborg , framed by double-headed imperial eagles	World with Terra Australis instead of Antarctica , northwest Australia as part of New Guinea , hypothetical mainland North America instead of the Canadian islands and Alaska , California as an island
1634	Jean Guerard	Carte Universelle Hydrographique	France		World with Terra Australis instead of Antarctica , excluding Alaska / Western Canada, Northeast Siberia , South Australia
1634	Jean Guerard	Carte Universelle Hydrographique	France		World with Terra Australis instead of Antarctica , excluding Alaska / Western Canada, Northeast Siberia , South Australia
1641	Matthäus Merian	Orbis Terrarum type	Germany	Sun, moon, tetragram YHWH , four elements
1658	Nicolaes Visscher I	Orbis Terrarum Nova et Accuratissima Tabula	Netherlands	Western and Eastern hemisphere in stereographic projection , north / south pole map , solar zenith course (?)	World without Alaska / Western Canada, Southeast Australia and Antarctica
1662	Frederik de Wit	Nova Orbis Tabula in Lucem Edita	Netherlands	Western and Eastern Hemisphere in Stereographic Projection , North / South Pole Map, Scenes	World without Alaska / Western Canada, Southeast Australia and Antarctica
1664	Joan Blaeu	Nove et Accuratissima Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula	Netherlands	Western and Eastern Hemisphere in stereographic projection , Roman gods , scholars and other scenes	World without Alaska / Western Canada, Southeast Australia and Antarctica
1665	Athanasius Kircher	Tabula Geographico-Hydrographica Motus Oceani	Germany
1666	Pieter Goos	Orbis Terrarum Nova et Accuratissima Tabula / Nieuwe Werelt Kaert	Netherlands	Western and eastern hemisphere in stereographic projection , north / south pole map , solar zenith course (?), Four winds, nature and people	World without Alaska / Western Canada, Southeast Australia and Antarctica
1670	Frederik de Wit	Nova Orbis Tabula, in Lucem Edita	Netherlands
1680	Justus Danckerts	Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula	Netherlands
1685	AJ Boormester	Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula	Netherlands	- Copy of the Visscher map from 1658 -
1689	Gerard van Schagen	Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula	Netherlands	Western and eastern hemisphere in stereographic projection , north and south pole map , four scenes dedicated to the elements , etc. a. with figures from Greek mythology	World without Antarctica , Alaska and the southeast coast of Australia , California as an island
1691	Alexis Hubert Jaillot	Portfolio-Moons Geo-Hydrographique	France	Western and Eastern Hemisphere in stereographic projection , solar zenith course (?)	World with Terra Australis instead of Antarctica , without Alaska and the southeast coast of Australia
1694	Alexis Hubert Jaillot	Nova Orbis Tabula	France	Western and Eastern Hemisphere in stereographic projection , figurative representation of the continents and the cardinal virtues
1696	tooth
1700	Nicolaes Visscher II
17 ??	Vasily Kipriyanov		Russia
1710	Gabriel Bodenehr	Carta Hydrographica
1719		A Map of the World on wch. Is Delineated the Voyages of Robinson Cruso	Great Britain
around 1720	Pieter van der Aa	Nova Delineatio Totius Orbis Terrarum	Netherlands	Western and Eastern Hemisphere in stereographic projection , figures of gods	World without the east coast of Australia , west coast of North America and Antarctica
1720	Johann Baptist Homann	Planiglobii Terrestris Cum Utroq Hemisphærio Cælesti	Germany	Western and Eastern hemisphere in stereographic projection , hemispheres of the celestial sphere , summer and winter solstice , anemoi , natural phenomena	World without Antarctica ; Australia , Oceania and the Malay Archipelago imprecise and partially absent; instead of Alaska and Canadian islands, the hypothetical extent of North America
1721	John Senex	A New Map of the World	Great Britain
1730	Daniel Stoopendaal	Werelt Caert		Western and Eastern Hemisphere in stereographic projection , ecliptic , heliocentric and geocentric view of the world , scenic representation of four regions of the world
1736	Herman minor	A New Map of the Whole World with the Trade Winds	Great Britain	Western and Eastern Hemisphere in stereographic projection , ecliptic , south pole map, prevailing sea wind directions, tetragram YHWH , scenes	World without Antarctica ; Alaska / Western Canada, Northeast Siberia and Southeast Australia are absent, California as an island
1738	Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr	Basis Geographiæ Recentioris Astronomica	Germany	Western and Eastern hemisphere in stereographic projection , ecliptic , observation data of a solar eclipse , representation of astronomical devices	World without Antarctica , east coasts of Australia , New Guinea and New Zealand , north-east Siberia , Alaska and Canadian islands ; California as an island
1744	Emanuel Bowen	New & Accurate Map of All the Known World	Great Britain	Western and Eastern hemisphere in stereographic projection , ecliptic , prevailing sea wind directions, scenic representation of four regions of the world, hint of the outdated image of the old world	World without Antarctica ; New Guinea and Tasmania as part of mainland Australia, Japan imprecise, Alaska and Canadian islands absent
1750	Gaspar Bailleul the Younger	Nouvelle Portfolio Moons	France	Western and Eastern hemisphere in stereographic projection , hemispheres of the celestial sphere , surface of the sun and moon , solar and lunar eclipses , various theories of the solar system , figurative representation of the continents [137] [138]	World without Alaska / Western Canada and Antarctica ; New Guinea and Tasmania as part of mainland Australia
around 1750	Leonhard Michael Steinberger		Germany	Western and Eastern hemisphere in stereographic projection , solar system , moon phases , season scheme , celestial sphere , armillary sphere , terrestrial globe , figures with sextant , telescope and other devices	World without Antarctica ; Japan , Malay Archipelago , Northeast Siberia , Alaska and Canadian Islands imprecise or absent, California as an island
1763	Mo Yi-Tong		China	(Authenticity disputed)
1774	Jean Denis Robert Janvier	Folder Monde or Description du Globe Terrestre	France	Western and Eastern Hemisphere in Stereographic Projection	World without Antarctica , Alaska and Canadian islands as well as southeast Australia without a precise coastline
1778	Jacques-Nicolas Bellin	Essay d'une Carte Reduite, Contenant les Parties Connuees du Globe Terrestre	France	Atlantic-centered overall map in Mercator projection , lengths of Paris	World without Antarctica , Alaska and Canadian islands as well as southeast Australia without a precise coastline
1778	Robert de Vaugondy	Map Monde Suivant la Projection des Cartes Reduites	France	Atlantic-centered overall map in Mercator projection , lengths of Ferro , religions and skin colors of the population	World without Antarctica , Alaska and Canadian islands without a precise coastline, Greenland as connected to North American and Tasmania as connected to the Australian mainland
1780	Rigobert Bonne	Planisphere Suivant la Projection de Mercator	France	Atlantic-centered overall map in Mercator projection , lengths of Paris	World without Antarctica , Alaska and Canadian islands without a precise coastline, Greenland as connected to North American and Tasmania as connected to the Australian mainland
1792	J. Elwe	Folder Monde or Description du Globe Terrestre & Aquatique	Netherlands	- Copy of the Jaillot map from 1694 -
1794	Samuel Dunn
1799	GG and J. Robinson	A General Chart of the World on Mercators Projection	Great Britain	Pacific-centered overall map in Mercator projection , lengths of London , journeys by James Cook , Samuel Wallis , Tobias Furneaux and many more.	World excluding Antarctica , Tasmania as part of mainland Australia
1800	IM Burucker	General Carte of the whole world	Germany	Atlantic-centered overall map in Mercator projection , lengths of Paris , ice borders, travel of a "Page"	World without Antarctica , Canadian islands without a precise coastline, Tasmania as part of the Australian mainland

See also

• History of cartography
• Development history of the nautical chart
• Mappa mundi
• Portolan

Web links

Commons : Old maps of the world  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• http://www.myoldmaps.com/

Individual evidence

1. ↑ [1]
2. ↑ [2]
3. ↑ [3]  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
4. ↑ [4]
5. ↑ [5]
6. ↑ [6]
7. ↑ [7]
8. ↑ [8]
9. ↑ recently discovered and not yet dated [9]
10. ↑ [10]
11. ↑ [11]
12. ↑ [12] Archived copy ( memento of the original dated June 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
13. ↑ [13]
14. ↑ [14]
15. ↑ [15]
16. ↑ [16]
17. ↑ [17]
18. ↑ [18]
19. ↑ [19]
20. ↑ [20]
21. ↑ [21]
22. ↑ [22]
23. ↑ [23]
24. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from March 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. [24]  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
25. ↑ [25]
26. ↑ [26]
27. ↑ [27]
28. ↑ [28]
29. ↑ [29] [30]
30. ↑ [31]
31. ↑ [32]
32. ↑ [33]  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
33. ↑ [34]  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. [35]  
34. ↑ [36] Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
35. ↑ [37]
36. ↑ [38]
37. ↑ [39]
38. ↑ [40]
39. ↑ [41]
40. ↑ [42]
41. ↑ [43]
42. ↑ [44]
43. ↑ [45]
44. ↑ further editions 1544 (shown) and 1553, cf. [46]
45. ↑ [47]
46. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
47. ↑ [48]
48. ↑ [49]
49. ↑ [50]
50. ↑ [51]
51. ↑ [52]
52. ↑ [53]
53. ↑ [54]
54. ↑ [55]
55. ↑ [56]
56. ↑ [57]
57. ↑ [58]
58. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated May 31, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
59. ↑ [59]
60. ↑ [60]
61. ↑ [61]
62. ↑ [62]
63. ↑ [63]
64. ↑ [64]
65. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from March 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
66. ↑ [65]
67. ↑ [66]
68. ↑ [67]  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. [68]  
69. ↑ [69]
70. ↑ [70]
71. ↑ [71]
72. ↑ [72]
73. ↑ [73]
74. ↑ [74]
75. ↑ [75]
76. ↑ [76]
77. ↑ [77]
78. ↑ [78]
79. ↑ [79]
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81. ↑ [81]
82. ↑ [82]
83. ↑ [83]
84. ↑ [84]
85. ↑ [85]
86. ↑ [86]
87. ↑ [87]
88. ↑ [88]
89. ↑ [89]  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
90. ↑ [90]
91. ↑ [91]
92. ↑ [92]
93. ↑ [93]
94. ↑ [94]
95. ↑ [95]
96. ↑ [96]
97. ↑ [97]
98. ↑ [98]
99. ↑ [99] [100]
100. ↑ [101]  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
101. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from November 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. [102] 
102. ↑ [103]
103. ↑ [104]
104. ↑ [105]
105. ↑ [106]
106. ↑ [107]
107. ↑ http://www.pyroskin.com.ua/en/works/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=391  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
108. ↑ [108] Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
109. ↑ [109]
110. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original dated August 31, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
111. ↑ [110]
112. ↑ [111]
113. ↑ [112]
114. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from November 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
115. ↑ [113]
116. ↑ [114]
117. ↑ [115]
118. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated February 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
119. ↑ [116]
120. ↑ [117]
121. ↑ [118]
122. ↑ [119]
123. ↑ [120] [121]
124. ↑ [122]
125. ↑ [123]
126. ↑ "Eruption of Mount Etna , Rainbow , Norway. Maelstrom , tides , ... u. a. " [124]
127. ↑ [125]
128. ↑ [126]  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
129. ↑ Published this year in Introduction à la Geographie , according to other sources around 1730  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , 1740 , 1742 or 1745 produced or published  
130. ↑ [127]
131. ↑ [128]
132. ↑ General Scholarly Lexicon, p. 1351
133. ↑ [129]
134. ↑ [130]
135. ↑ [131]
136. ↑ [132]
137. ↑ [133]
138. ↑ [134]