Ober-Liebersbach

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Ober-Liebersbach
Municipality Mörlenbach
Coordinates: 49 ° 36 ′ 19 ″  N , 8 ° 42 ′ 31 ″  E
Height : 220 m above sea level NN
Area : 1.83 km²
Residents : 134  (Dec 31, 2015)
Population density : 73 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1970
Postal code : 69509
Area code : 06209

With just under 150 inhabitants, Ober-Liebersbach is the smallest district of the municipality of Mörlenbach in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hesse .

geography

Geographical location

Ober-Liebersbach is located northwest of Mörlenbach-Mitte on the upper reaches of the eponymous brook, the Liebersbach , which initially flows south through the neighboring village of Nieder-Liebersbach and flows into the Weschnitz from the right in the center of Birkenau . The place essentially consists of a few agricultural farms scattered in the valley, between which some residential developments have arisen. The district is limited to the catchment area of ​​the upper Liebersbach . Forest is mainly found north of the locality up to the southern slope of the Großer Köpfchen (376 meters). The highest point in the district is around 350 meters. The hamlet of Balzenbach , which belongs to the town of Hemsbach in Baden-Württemberg , lies southwest of Ober-Liebersbach . In between, the Hinkelstein (approx. 321 m) rises on the national border , bearing a small wood that was modeled out of the softer rock in the area by erosion.

The closest localities are Nieder-Liebersbach in the south, Bettenbach and the core community of Mörlenbach in the south-east, Klein-Breitenbach in the east, Bonsweiher in the north-east , Juhöhe and Ober-Laudenbach in the north-west and Balzenbach in the south-west.

geology

The area around Ober-Liebersbach belongs geologically to the → Weschnitzpluton , which is the largest unit of the crystalline Odenwald and consists of granodiorite . This pluton , which was formed in the Lower Carboniferous about 333 to 329 million years ago with the Variscan mountain formation , is still tapped in the old quarry west of Nieder-Liebersbach. During the ore formation processes, cracks tore open in the rock mass west of Ober-Liebersbach, into which ore-bearing barite and quartz solutions penetrated and crystallized there. Due to the addition of copper, iron and manganese, these silicified barytes received a folded brown-black band and are qualified as natural monuments. In the northern part of the hamlet, in the Kohlplatte area , younger aplit-like granites also rubbed through older granodiorite stands.

Years ago, about 45 million of Barytquarzgang to the mountain ridge, which was Hinkelstein . The cause was tectonic movements, which led to the lowering of the Upper Rhine Rift and to a fissure and division of the Odenwald into many mountain blocks. In addition, the warm and humid tertiary climate promoted weathering and the Liebersbach and Balzenbach saws the mountain range. Large parts of the Weschnitzplutons around the more resistant menhir disintegrated into grus , the brooks carried away the rubble and exposed the hardling.

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Although the discovery of five stone axes from the Neolithic near Nieder- and Ober-Liebersbach indicates that there were homes, there was no evidence of settlement in the region for the following 2000 years up to the Franconian period.

Liebersbach arose in the area of ​​the former "Mark Heppenheim" which designated an administrative district of the Franconian Empire . On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the city of Heppenheim and its district, the extensive "Mark Heppenheim", to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . From here the reclamation and settlement of the area was carried out, including the Weschnitz valley with its side valleys. The heyday of the Lorsch Monastery was followed by its decline in the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1232 Lorsch was subordinated to the Archdiocese of Mainz . In 1461, Kurmainz pledged these properties to the Electoral Palatinate . This changed to the Protestant faith in 1556 and closed the monastery in 1564.

The first documented references to the Liebersbach name only one place and do not differentiate between Ober- and Nieder-Liebersbach , nor do they provide information about the location of the farms. The earliest written mention as Liberesbach comes from the year 877 and is in the Lorsch Codex , a list of the property of the Lorsch Monastery, when Liuthar von Hausen donated the Villa Liebersbach to the abbey. In 879, Bishop Adelbert von Worms was given the Villa Liberesbach as a fief for life .

However, the landforms of the two localities point to a different settlement history: Nieder-Liebersbach is a non-planned block conglomerate community, while Ober-Liebersbach, like many villages in the neighboring Weschnitznebentäler, z. B. Bonsweiher, a planned Waldhufensiedlung . In other words, the farms were more or less regularly spaced as “ hooves or hooves ” within a broad strip of arable land and meadows that was marked out by the field.

The two hamlets are named separately for the first time in a document dated July 27, 1355, after the territory of the Lorsch Monastery had been transferred to the Elector of Mainz as early as 1232 : Knight Anselm von Hemmispach (Hemsbach), as a feudal man of the Archbishop of Mainz, had previously separate areas Nydern Libirspach and Ober Lybersbach taken into his possession. In the following centuries the development of the two communities was different at times: Parts of Nieder-Liebersbach were given as fiefdoms and belonged to the " Zent Birkenau ", while the rest, together with Ober-Liebersbach, belonged to the " Zent Mörlenbach ", first mentioned in 1508 .

In 1232, Emperor Friedrich II subordinated the imperial abbey of Lorsch to the Archdiocese of Mainz and its bishop Siegfried III. von Eppstein on reform. The Benedictines opposed the ordered reform and therefore had to leave the abbey. They were replaced by Cistercians from the Eberbach monastery and in 1248 by Premonstratensians from the Allerheiligen monastery . From this point on, the monastery was continued as a provost's office.

In 1267, a burgrave is mentioned for the first time on the Starkenburg (via Heppenheim), who also administered the “ Office Starkenburg ”, to which Ober-Liebersbach belonged. Cent Mörlenbach developed as a court of the " lower jurisdiction " and a subordinate administrative unit, the oldest surviving descriptions from the years 1504 and 1654, in which Ober-Liebersbach was not yet mentioned.

In the course of the Mainz collegiate feud , which was fateful for Kurmainz , the Starkenburg office was pledged redeemable to Kurpfalz and then remained in the Palatinate for 160 years. Count Palatine Friedrich had the “Amt Starkenburg” pledged for his support from Archbishop Dieter - in the “Weinheimer Bund” concluded by the Electors on November 19, 1461 - whereby Kurmainz received the right to redeem the pledge for 100,000 pounds.

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran , Reformed and Calvinist religions. As a result of the Reformation, the Electoral Palatinate abolished Lorsch Abbey in 1564. The existing rights such as tithe , basic interest, validity and gradient of the Lorsch monastery were from then on perceived and administered by the "Oberschaffnerei Lorsch".

When Spanish troops of the " Catholic League " conquered the region during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) , Kurmainzer rule was restored in 1623. As a result, the Reformation introduced by the Count Palatine was largely reversed and the population had to return to the Catholic faith. Although the Spanish troops withdrew from the approaching Swedes after 10 years, after the catastrophic defeat of the Evangelicals in the Nördlingen in 1634, the Swedes also left the Bergstrasse and with the Swedish-French War began the bloodiest chapter of the Thirty Years' War from 1635. The chroniclers of that time report from the region: "Plague and hunger rage in the country and decimate the population, so that the villages are often completely empty". With the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the redemption of the pledge was finally established.

In 1654 2/3 of the tithe went to the winery of the Starkenburg Office in Heppenheim and 1/3 to the Lorsch Abbey. In 1682 Ober-Liebersbach belonged to the parish in Mörlenbach.

When there was a restructuring in the area of ​​the Kurmainzer Amt Starkenburg in 1782 , the area of ​​the office was divided into the four subordinate district bailiffs Heppenheim, Bensheim, Lorsch and Fürth and the office was renamed Oberamt. The Zente Abtsteinach , Fürth and Mörlenbach, in the upper-Liebersbach was that were Amtsvogtei Fürth subordinated and had to give up their powers largely. Although the central order with the central school remained formally in place, it could only carry out the orders of the higher authorities ( Oberamt Starkenburg , Unteramt Fürth). The “Oberamt Starkenburg” administratively belonged to the “Lower Archbishopric” of the Electorate of Mainz .

From the 19th century until today

Ober-Liebersbach becomes Hessian

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the “ Left Bank of the Rhine ” and thus the left bank of the Rhine from Kurmainz was annexed by France as early as 1797 . In its last session in February 1803, the Perpetual Reichstag in Regensburg passed the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and reorganized the territorial relations in the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) . The Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt was awarded parts of the dissolved principalities of Kurmainz , Electoral Palatinate and Worms as compensation for lost areas on the right bank of the Rhine . The Oberamt Starkenburg and with it Ober-Liebersbach also came to Hessen-Darmstadt. There the "Amtsvogtei Fürth" was initially continued as a Hessian office while the Oberamt Starkenburg was dissolved in 1805. The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg". In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg . The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords . The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate . With this the Zente and the associated central courts had lost their function.

Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806, with which the old empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion.

In 1812 the former Palatinate Oberamt Lindenfels was dissolved and Wald-Michelbach, which already existed as a center, was given its own district bailiwick , whose area of ​​responsibility was also assigned to Ober-Liebersbach.

Konrad Dahl reported in 1812 in his historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or church history of the Oberrheingau about Ober-Liebersbach as the place of the "Zent Mörlenbach":

»Oberliebersbach ( Lieberesbach 877) is a hamlet of 4 farms with 50 selenium, half an hour away from Mörlenbach. In this place the Lorsch head shop has a third part of the toe. "

After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse, and in 1816 provinces were established in the Grand Duchy. The area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg”, which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed “ Province of Starkenburg ”. In 1814 serfdom was abolished in the Grand Duchy and with the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse introduced on December 17, 1820, it was given a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained composed until 1848.

In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and administrative districts were introduced, with Ober-Liebersbach becoming part of the Lindenfels district . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Mörlenbach was also responsible for Oberliebersbach, Groß- and Kleinbreitenbach and Untermumbach (today Nieder-Mumbach) . According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports about Ober-Liebersbach in 1829:

»Oberliebersbach (L. Bez. Lindenfels) cath. Branch village; is 3 St. von Lindenfels has 9 houses and 64 catholic. Inhabitants- The place already occurs in 877 and came from Mainz to Hesse in 1802. «

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which Ober-Liebersbach now belonged, alongside the Bensheim district. In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

The following entry can be found in the latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845:

»Ober-Liebersbach b. Lindenfels. - Village belonging to the Catholic parish of Mörlenbach. - 9H. 64 Catholic E. - Großherzogth. Hesse. - Starkenburg Province. - Heppenheim district. - Fürth district court. - Hofger. Darmstadt. - The village of Ober-Liebersbach, which appears in 877, passed from Mainz to Hesse in 1802. "

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Ober-Liebersbach became part of the newly created Lindenfels district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Ober-Liebersbach: Catholic branch village with 54 inhabitants. The district consists of 790 acres , including 436 acres of arable land, 78 acres of meadows and 251 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the Ober-Liebersbach branch with the mayor's office in Mörlenbach, 5 houses, 45 inhabitants, the Lindenfels district, the Fürth district court, the Protestant parish Rimbach of the Lindenfels dean's office and the Catholic parish Mörlenbach of the dean's office in Heppenheim.

In 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Even before its official end on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which it was now called the German Empire . On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths. With the Reich Coin Act , Germany only had one currency, the mark with 100 pfennigs as a sub-unit. After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into effect on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the reintegration of Ober-Liebersbach into the Heppenheim district .

The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out and put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed after the German defeat on November 11, 1918, Ober-Liebersbach also had many casualties, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human lives. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed. In the period from 1921 to 1930, there were 566,500 emigrants in Germany who tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

In 1927 the size of the district was given as 197.6  ha .

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship. The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims estimated at 60 to 70 million people. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms, from where they advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American troops were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

Post-war and present

As the population figures from 1939 and 1946 show, Ober-Liebersbach also had to cope with many refugees and displaced persons from the former German eastern regions after the war .

In 1961 the size of the district was given as 183  hectares , of which 27 hectares were forest.

In the run-up to the regional reform in Hesse , the previously independent municipality of Ober-Liebersbach joined the municipality of Mörlenbach on December 31, 1970, together with the municipalities of Ober-Mumbach and Vöckelsbach . For Ober-Liebersbach and the other former municipalities, local districts with local advisory councils and local heads were set up in accordance with the Hessian municipal code.

Courts in Hessen

In 1813, jurisdiction was transferred to the new justice office in Fürth. With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Fürth regional court was the court of first instance from 1821 . On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the Fürth Local Court and assigned to the district of the Regional Court Darmstadt .

Territorial history and administration

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which Ober-Liebersbach was located and the administrative units to which it was subordinate:

Population development

The settlement of Ober-Liebersbach developed only slowly and even declined sharply in the 19th century. From four Hubengüter in 1654, over seven houses with 70 inhabitants in 1885 and 10 houses with 56 inhabitants in 1961, the number of inhabitants only doubled with the development of new residential areas.

 Source: Historical local dictionary

• 1961: 18 Protestant (= 32.14%), 33 Catholic (= 58.93%) residents
Ober-Liebersbach: Population from 1829 to 1970
year     Residents
1829
  
 64
1834
  
 79
1840
  
 89
1846
  
 89
1852
  
 54
1858
  
 63
1864
  
 46
1871
  
 42
1875
  
 57
1885
  
 70
1895
  
 55
1905
  
 52
1910
  
 61
1925
  
 59
1939
  
 47
1946
  
 84
1950
  
 58
1956
  
 54
1961
  
 56
1967
  
 57
1970
  
 57
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Other sources:

Transport and infrastructure

Ober-Liebersbach is for the supra-local traffic through the county road opened K 11, Birkenau and low-Liebersbach in the south, turns behind top-Liebersbach east and between Bonsweiher and Mörlenbach Center in the country road L 3120 opens. South of Nieder-Liebersbach, the district road is connected to the federal highway 38 , just before the east portal of the Saukopftunnel , which offers a fast connection to Weinheim and the other cities of the Rhine-Neckar metropolitan region (Heidelberg, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen).

Hiking trails

  • Marked paths starting from the Ebertsklingen car park (see also hiking and cycling map no.8 of the Bergstraße-Odenwald nature park : Bergstraße-Weschnitztal)
  • Forest and mountain trails to the Juhöhe

literature

  • Otto Wagner (editor): Heimatbuch Mörlenbach. Self-published by the municipality of Mörlenbach, 1983
  • Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or church history of the Upper Rhinegau , Darmstadt 1812. ( online at google books )
  • Georg W. Wagner: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg, volume October 1 , 1829.
  • Literature on Ober-Liebersbach in the Hessian Bibliography

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Ober-Liebersbach, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of May 8, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  2. ↑ Budget 2018. (PDF; 7 MB) In: Internatauftritt. Mörlenbach community, p. 4 , archived from the original ; accessed in June 2018 .
  3. ^ Nickel, Erwin: Odenwald - Vorderer Odenwald between Darmstadt and Heidelberg . Collection of geological guides (2nd edition) 65, Borntraeger Berlin 1985, p. 12, 98ff.
  4. ↑ LUBW State Institute for Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg: Geological natural monuments in the administrative district of Karlsruhe.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Exposure of a barite-quartz corridor on the hilltop Hinkelstein, Hemsbach, in an abandoned open-cast mine.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.fachdokumente.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de
  5. ^ Pfeifer, Johannes: Contributions to the settlement history of the area around Weinheim during the Stone Age. In: Die Windeck 9 No. 7, 1933.
  6. ^ A b Wilhelm Müller: Hessisches Ortnamesbuch - Starkenburg , Darmstadt 1937, p. 527
  7. ^ Wilhelm Müller, 1937, p. 507
  8. ↑ Wagner, 1983, p. 64.
  9. ↑ Nitz, Hans-Jürgen: The rural settlement forms of the Odenwald . Heidelberg geogr. Work H. 7, Heidelberg / Munich 1962.
  10. ↑ Reg. Archbishops of Mainz, No. 346; Original Reichsarchiv Munich (Mz Domkapitel fasc. 109b) - copy Bayer. State Archives Würzburg, Ingrossaturbuch 4f 134v
  11. ^ Wilhelm Müller, 1937, Unter-Liebersbach p. 507
  12. ↑ Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or Church history of the Upper Rhinegau, Darmstadt 1812. S. 178ff ( online at google books )
  13. ^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  14. ↑ Konrad Dahl, p. 243
  15. ↑ Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the Principality of Lorsch, or Church history of the Upper Rhinegau , Darmstadt 1812. P. 244 ( online at Google Books )
  16. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  17. ↑ Georg W. Wagner: Volume 1, p. 173 ( online at Google Books )
  18. ↑ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states , Naumburg 1845, Volume 2, p. 270 ( online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  19. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  20. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  21. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  22. ↑ Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse according to history, country, people, state and locality. Jonghans, Darmstadt 1854, p. 348 ( online at google books )
  23. ↑ Alphabetical index of the residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. 1869, p. 66 ( online at google books )
  24. ^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .
  25. ↑ Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7
  26. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  27. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  28. ↑ Gerstenmeier, K.-H. (1977): Hessen. Municipalities and counties after the regional reform. A documentation. Melsungen. P. 214
  29. ↑ Main statutes of the community of Mörlenbach. (PDF file 297 KB) p. 3 § 6 , accessed in May 2019 .
  30. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  31. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  32. ^ Grand Ducal Central Office for State Statistics (ed.): Contributions to the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . tape 1 . Großherzoglicher Staatsverlag, Darmstadt 1862, DNB  013163434 , OCLC 894925483 , p. 43 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  33. ↑ Wagner, 1983, p. 280.